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4.2.1 Segmentation
The interval at which the depth of water is measured along the cross-section for channels with different widths is given in Table. Description of Channel Number of Observation (m) verticals Width less than 15 15 Width between 15 and 90 15 Width between 90 and 15 150 Width greater than 150 25 Maximum width of segments (m) 1.50 6.0 15.0 -
The intervals specified are also such that not more than 10 percent and preferably not more than 4 percent variations in the discharge between two adjacent segments occur. The discharge through any segment is also not allowed to be more than 10 percent of the total discharge. For measurement of velocity, the maximum spacing between adjacent verticals is so maintained that the mean velocity does not differ by more than 20 percent with respect to the lower value of the two velocity measurements. In no case less than five velocity verticals are permitted.
Hydraulics
In case of canals allowing the variation of 2 percent in discharge and adopting as 15 verticals as a standard of comparison a lesser number of verticals 15 is adopted. The verticals for depth and velocity measurements are kept the same according to Table shown below. Widths of segments for measurements of depths and velocities in canals Channel capacity m3/s (a) Above 85 (b) Between 15-85 (c) Between 0 - 15 Approximate surface width (m) Above 35 Between 15 - 35 Between 0 - 15 Number of verticals for depth and velocity 11 9 5
Method of marking segments varies according to the method of discharge observation. Pivot point method is common, the details of which are available in the ISI : 1192-1959. Angular, Stadia method and method of linear measurement are also used for locating depth and velocity verticals under special circumstances.
Hydraulics
made at 0.2 and 0.8 depth below the surface while in one point method observations is made at 0.6 depth below the surface. Both the two-point and one point methods are in common use in India, though sub-surface method comprising making velocity observations just below the surface is also used during floods when other methods are not feasible. In high floods at times, even surface measurement of velocity by current meter may not be possible, float measurements are then used using surface floats, double floats or special types of floats (IS 3911 - 1966). Velocity rods (IS 4858 - 1968) are also used generally for velocity observations in canals. Details of the method are given in IS: 1192 (1959). In adopting the float method or the surface velocity method in which current meter is used, a reduction coefficient is used to change surface velocity into mean velocity in each vertical. Measurements on Indus River in Sind at Mithankot, Sukur and Kotri during 1911-1920 (Indus River commission records, "discharge, silt, velocity and miscellaneous observations", parts I to IV, 1911 - 1920 printed at Commission press 1922, part II, pages 1 to108) showed that reduction coefficient varied between 0.74 and 0.92 when the depth variation was from 2.44 to 13.72 m and surface velocity from 0.19 to 5.09 m/s. The studies in canal were similarly made by Mysore Engineering Research Station at 32 sites. The mean velocity V of the cross-section was obtained by the current meter whereas the surface velocity was measured using floats. The following relationship was obtained
V (m/s) = 0.8529 Vs + 0.0085
A relationship between the surface velocity Vs and the mean velocity V in terms of Chezy C has been developed and is given by:
Vs =1 + 2.5 g / C V V The usual assumption made in practice is that s = 0.85 which corresponds to 'C' value V
Hydraulics
Theoretical considerations based on the logarithmic velocity distribution law indicate that the reduction coefficient would be applicable only to a particular stream for which it has been determined, since it would depend on the relative roughness of the channel, depth, slope, etc., and hence it would be different for different streams, and for fluctuating flood stages even in a given stream. It is therefore, recommended by the BIS that the reduction coefficients should be found out from actual field observations made by a current meter and only if such determination of the coefficient is not possible during high flood stages then the reduction coefficient should be extrapolated to the stage from data collected at lower stages.
Hydraulics