Constitutional Aspect of The Prophet's Sira Part-2


             

                 
         
                 
                    
            
      
       
  
           
               
    
             

         
(Principles of Constitution in Holy Quran)
            
      
  
               
     
                
                  
    
 
                       
     
www.MinhajBooks.com   
   
     
      
            

          
          o   
        
                       
   
                    
  o

                
           
      
         

             o    
               
                   
          
       
  o            
                       
  o           
       
     
   
               
  o   

                  
        
      

      
   
       
   
                         
  o      
           
    
                


           
     
       
          
                   

               
  o  
                          
 
                   
  o      
               

                   
                
             
    
    
             
                  
  o  
                       

  
          
         
       

     
     
   
     
      
                    
         

             
  
 
   
  
   

   
       
  
                          
                      
  o                 
                    
 
       
            
                    


               

                  
  
                
  o
  o            
          

     
         
o  
   
              

           
     

     
      
   
       
   
                     
  o                  
                 
            
 
          
 
      
      
              
 
o 
  
        

(Principles of Constitution in the Hadith)
    
         
                
 
                  
               
           
               

                 
           
           
                 

      

        
   
     
      
    
  
                  

                  
                     
               
                 
   
              
               
   
                    

    
    
          
                 
              

                   
                    
       

         
       
         
       
   
       
   
  
      
           
       
   
       
  
                
         
               

      
          
  
          
              
            
                   

                
             
    
           
          
   
    
       
                

               
                 

                  
   
        
   
     
      
            
   
          
              

                 
                 
               
            
                
     
              


         
    
             
                

               
                
             
                  
                  
   
          

         
   
       
   
                 

                 
           
               
             
           
              
                
             
               
                   
                 

              
 
       
       
              
              
                    
               
 
                    
              
   
         
   
     
      
                    
                      
                 
               
                  
               
                
                 
                  

               
            
  
                

    
          
      
         
                 

                
               
   
       
         
       
         
   
       
   
              

   
         
       
  
                  

               
  
   
       
          
           

          
       
 
    
(Supreme         
 
   
 Authority of Almighty Allah and Holy Prophet)
 
(Q u r a n & Sun na h          
 Supreme Law of State)
 
   (Supremacy of Judiciary)    
    

(Essentaility of Enforcement of 
      
    Constitution)
         
   
     
      
  (Rule of Law) 
     
(Q u a li f ic a t io n f or       
 
    Constitutional and Political Office)
  
   

    (Muslim Head of State)   
(State Responsibilities   
       
 
     as Trust)
(C ons t it ut iona l St a t us of   
 
  
    Trustee for every Citizen)
(Conditional Superordination   
       
   of State)
   (Adult Franchise)      
  
(No Gender Disc rimina tion in      
     Adult Franchise)
(D iffer enc e of O pinion a s   
     
     Fundamental Right)
 
(Respect of Majority Opinion)          
 
(Elec t e d a nd        
     
   
       
   
  Representative Govt)
   
  (Structure of Govt System)    
  


 
  (Govt - a Bilateral Contract)    

(Pur pos e of Gov t :  
           
    Maintenance of Justice & Welfare System)
       
(Duties & Rights of Govt      
   
    & People)
(Vice regency of Holy             
  Prophet in Exercise of Govt Powers)
(Guarentee of Religious Freedom)     
  
   
(Guarentee of Political Freedom)     
  
   
(Guarentee of Equal Human   
        
  Rights)
     
(Accountability in Exercise of  
  
       Govt Powers)
   
     
      
   

(Constitutional Aspect of Seerah )
             
         
       
                
 
   

              

                  
        
             
                
                 
              
         
              
                 
                
                     
                   
              
           
  
  
         
       
                    
     
   
       
   
           
      
              
    
              
  
 

      
        
     
 
                  

 
       
 
(Analysis of Constitution of Madina)
               
             
             


    
       
             
   
          
     
  
  
 
(Fundamental Principles of Constitution of M adina)
     
(Real & ultimate Soveresiguty of Almighty Allah )
        
(State Authority of the Holy Prophet )
   
     
      
 Written Constitution  
 
Establishment  
of State 
 
 Spirit of Democracy   
 Moral Foundation of State       

     
  
(Establishment of Multi Cultural Society)
 NationalUnity     
   

  
(Recognition of Different Nations of State)
System   
of State 

 Devolution of Authority   
     
 Balance of Powers        
 Regional Autonomy     
 Rule of Law  
     
        
(Recognition of Local Customs & Laws)

 Economics Self Reliance     
 Defence Pacts & Alliances    
  
 Contemporary Distinctions   
   
       
   
  
       
(Guarantee of Fundamental Human Rights)
    
(Protection of Religious Freedom)
     
(Protection of Minority Rights)
 Protection of Women Rights       
   
 
(Gaurantee of Constitution's Enforcement)
 
      
(Eradication of Conspiracies)

      
   
(Madina was Declared Sanctuary)
       
           
Watt                  
               
  M. Watt
In the main ear ly sour ce (apar t fr om the Qur 'an) for
the car eer of Muhammad ther e is found a document
which may conveniently be called 'the Constitution of
Medina'. (1)
(1) Watt Mont gome r y Wa tt, Is la mic Poli tica l Th ough t: The
Bas ic Con cepts, p . 4.
   
     
      
document     
         
   
  
        
 

Thus the t er m 'M essenger of G od' in cont r ast t o
'Pr ophet' may indicate that the pr actical and political
ac t i v i t y in whi c h M u hamm ad e ngag ed w as
commissioned by God. If we look mor e gener ally at
the r elat ion between r eli gi on and p oli ti c s, i t is
helpful to consider fir st the place of r eligion in the
life of an individual. In the case of a per son to whom
r eligion means something and is not a mer ely nominal
adher ence, two points may be emphasized. Fir st, the
ideas of his r eligion constitute the intellectual fr ame
- wor k wit hin whic h he sees all hi s act iv ity t aki ng
place. It is fr om this r elationship to a wider context
that his act i vi ti es gai n t heir signif ic ance, and a
consi der at ion of thi s r elationship may influence hi s
gener al plan for his life in par ticular ways. Secondly,
because r eli gion br i ngs an awar eness of this wid er
context in which the possible aims for a man's life ar e
set , it may of t en gener ate t he mot iv es f or hi s
ac t iv i ty ; i ndeed, wi t hout t he mot i ves gi ven b y
r eligion some activities cannot be car r ied out. Fr om
these two points it is seen that r eligion has a centr al
posi tion in a man's life, not because it d eter mines
many of the details (though in some cases it may),
but because it giv es him gener al ai ms i n life and
help s t o c onc ent r ate his ener gies i n t he pur sui t of
   
       
   
these aims.(1)
 (Messenger of God)      (Prophet)  


             
          
   
     
        
           

        
      
  
  
   
                 
          
    
            
  
  
  
        
     
    
              

            
   
       
       
     

              
 
   
              
            
(1) Watt Mont gome r y W att, Is la mic Poli tica l Th ough t: The
Bas ic Con cepts, p. 28.
   
     
      
     
      

 Preliminaries   
 
(Supreme Authority of State)        
 Fundamental Principles    
 FundamentalRights   
 
 Legislation     
(Judiciary)   
(Executive Matters)   
(State defence)  
(Foriegn Affairs)   
 Minorities    
 Continuty of System   
Constitution of         
      
  
Madina & World Constitutions: Development &
 Execution
  
 Preliminaries  
                
 
         
  
  
   
       
   
                       
 
               
       
                 
  
 
 
   
(Concept of Constitutional Nation)
           
             

    
    
(Territory of the State)    

 
  
                 
                  
 
                  
   
        
     
         
   

             
         
 
        

      
      
   
     
      
     
   
                 

              
                
                 
              
          

        
                  
                
                   
                
                
    
                  

              
             
                  
        

   
     
       

        
        
   
       
   
                

                
                   
                  

      
  Watt M. Watt    
 
   
    
Fr om most par ts of Ar abia tr ibes or sections of tr ibes
sent r epr esentatives to Medina seeking alliance with
him. By the time of his death in June 632, despite
r umbli ngs of r ev olt, he was in contr ol of muc h of
Ar ab ia. The Islamic state had no pr eci sely defined
geogr ap hi c al f r ont i er s, but i t was c er t ainly i n
exist ence. (1)
              


        (alliance)  
     
 
        
               
  
       
Population of the State    

    
                 
   
     
      
             

             
  
               
                
         
           
     
    
 
       
               
   
     
                    
                    
     
           
           
                
  

                    
               
    
                 
       
               

                  
  
        

      
   
       
   
          

                 
                
                 
                  
                  
                   
              
          
         
                      
                 
                  
     
       confederation   
          
      
 
        
 
               
 
                   
         

        
   
     
      
               

                 
                   

                 
         
        
                 
 Multicultural Society         


                 
   
            
     
   

              

               
    
                 

          
       

                 
         

      
      
   
       
   
    
                

              
                 


            
   
              
 
        
(Supreme Authority & Sovereignty of State)
             

                      
   
                   
                
     
                        
                      
                
               
  
                     
                   
               
      
   
     
      
  
                
                     
             
              
    
             
      
 
  
  
     
 Allah & Prophet Muhammad  are the Sovereign
      
        
 

                 
     
             
  
               
  
                     
   
        

       
        
      
      
      
   
       
   
               

       
         
 
       
               
                 

        
                

                 
                 
                

            
    
    
        
       
 

                    
                 

           
                
          
       
      
      
      
   
     
      
                
  
  
 (Law Giving Authority        
                
         
     
                
       
            
     
         
            
  
         
      
    
  
         

        
     
 
    
           
    
  
          
      
 
                  
               
  
          
       
             

        Nomenclature    
     
   
       
   
  
   
 
   
        
  Vicegerency           
     
              
 Fundamental Principles   

                
                     
                  
                  
                   
                     
 
                 
 
           
      

  
                   
                 
               
                
    
              
        

       
        
            
   
     
      
    
    
(State Matters would be under Constitution)
                     

                  
                   
   

                  
                
     
                      

                 
    
                   
        
        
                   

   
              
       
   
 
      

      
      
   
       
   
                
        
       
  
            

    
   Watt M. Watt   

The essential points defining the natur e of the state
(apar t fr om the functions and pr ivileges of the head
of state) ar e the following:
The believer s and their dependents constitute a

si ngle-c ommuni ty ( umma).  Befor e we di sc uss
these points in mor e detail the gener al comment may
be mad e that thi s d oc ument is no i nv ention of a
political theor ist, but is r ooted in the mentality and
mor es of pr e-Islamic Ar abia. So any consider ation of
the natur e of the Islamic state must begin by looking
at t he poli ti c al conc ep t i ons whic h gui d ed the
activities of the pr e-Islamic Ar abs.(2)
 
   
           
 
       
         
      
             
      
    
      
   
     
      
         
     
                
      
  

(Prohibition to Violate Constitution)
                  
                  

   
            
                   

   
              
       
   
 
(Rule of law)     

                    
                 
                
          

    
      

      
      
   
       
   
 
       
  

   
       
        
     
         
                

                  
                
                  

            
  
  
      
           
         

                  

            
    
                 

    
               
          
                  
         
        
      
      
      
   
     
      
                    

   
             
       
   
 
                
        
       
  
      
 
(Prohibition of Violating Law)
                     

                  
                   
   

                  
                
      
             
     
                
        
      

      
      
   
       
   
  
   
(Distinguished Status of Muslim Ummah)
                  
       
       

(Identity of State Citizens)  


  
           
    
          

      
      

(Supervision and Leadership of Defence Affairs)
              
                 

        
      

      
      
   
     
      

     
(Observance of International Treaties)
                
      
         
                 

   
 Fundamental Rights    

 
   
       
      
 
             
 
           
       
 
     
             
          
   Have nots)  
     
             
     
      
  
  
   
(Protection of Fundamental Human Rights)
                 
      

      
   
       
   
           
         
   
    

                    

      
         
            
                
          
                 
           

 
   
                
            

    
                  
           

   
      

      
      
      
   
     
      
                

             
   
                 
              

   
                     

               
             

          
     
     
      
              
 
             
    
        
               

   
      

      
      
      
      
   
       
   
              

  
         
            
          

              
         
      
Right    
of Constitutional Identity   
               
          
            
     
                 
             
 
      
   
(Right of Constitutional Equality)   
                
                
      

      
      
      
   
     
      
              
                
     
    
(Equality in Rights)   

                 
              

   
                
             

    
                 
           

    
                 

              
   
      

      
      
      
   
       
   
                 
            

   
                    
               
              

          
     
     
      
               
 
             
    
        
                   
   
           

     
  
          
            
      

      
      
      
      
   
     
      
            
             
         
      
  
   
        
Right of Equality in Obedience of Law 
                   
               
  

             
    
    
(Right to Continue Just Laws)
              

               
    
                 

                 
               
   
      

      
      
   
       
   
                

              
                 


            
   
              
                  

                   
                   

         
     
               
   
                

              
             

   

        
     
   
            
  
                 
      

      
      
   
     
      
              

                     
            
   
               
                  

                
                    

            
   
               
             

                   
                 


      
          
               
   
                    

                 
      

      
      
      
   
       
   
               

  
    
            
    
               
                  

              
                   


          
         
               
  
 
  
   
(Right of State Security on Abiding State Law)
                   
       

        
                   
                 

         
      

      
      
   
     
      
     

(Right of Justice for Oppressed)
                  
               

             
 
      
(Freedom from the Penalty of Undone Crimes)
                   

       
                    

                  
 
                
      

(Right of Protection from Unjust Favouritism)
                
      

      
      
   
       
   
              

    
(Right of Economic Support )  

  
                  
       
                
   
 
    
     

    
(Right of Protection for Women)
              
   
                 
     
        
     
(Right of Religious Freedom )
                 

              
      
      

      
      
   
     
      
            
                  
        
      
  
            
     
   
(Right of Cousultation in State Matters)
              
  
                 
  

(Legislation)    
              
             
          
            
             
          
            
            
       
           
      
                  
 
                

         
 
      
   
       
   
               

            
                    
                  
               

              
     
                 
  
                 
                    
                  
          
      
(Recognition of Local Laws and Conventions)

           
 
              

              
                 
            
   
                  

      
www.MinhajBooks.com    
  
     
      
     
          
   
                 

            
                 
          
         
                
     
              

             
                    
       
           
                 
   
                 

          
               
   
        
          
               
  
  
       
   
                 

          

                     
          
         
               
  
                  

          
                    
          
         
               
  
                

             
                  
        
          
                
   
                

          
  
     
      
                 
   
          
         
               
  
                 

              
                   

                    
                  
(Judiciary)  
                   
                     
               
                  

                 
                  
                
                   
                   
               
         
  
       
   
          

       
               
             
               
                  
              
  
                  
         
                
              
   
                
      
             
                
   
                
           
  
              
   
                   
          
                 

   
              
     
                   
  
     
      
      

(Supreme Judic ial Authority : The Holy Prophet)
                 

    
             

        
       
 
    
                

                 
                 
                  

              
    
   
          
        
  
       

                

      
      
  
       
   
(Executive Matters)   

             
                
                
                  
       
         

                 
             
     
             
              
                
              
                 
                
 
                
                      
       
      
          
   
        

         
            
  
     
      
            

     
  
             
         
     
   Double Way Traffic        
                  

    (Secretaries)          
           
  
        
                 
                   
                    
                  
      
           
                
                 
          
          
 
               
    
     
 
       
     
        

       
        
  
       
   
                      
                      
  o           
           
                  
           
       
                  
               
    
              
  o  
         
            
     Financial Management       Budgeting


               
 

    
 
    
  
(Resistance against Aggression & Terrorism)
       

(Unjus t ic e, Mis c hief,  

   
     Aggression & Terrorism)
       
  
     
      
                     

                    
              
                  

     
   

   
       
    
     
         
  
   
 
(Resistance against Human Killings)
                     
      
       
      
                
           
         
   
                    
       
      

      
      
      
  
       
   
                   
 
           
      
                 
                  
                   

   
 Right of Retaliation     

                    
                 
       
            

                
               
   
 
      

      
      
  
     
      
       
(Equal Enforcement of Retaliation Law)
        

            
      
     

 
   
(Administrative Orders for Regions Affiliated w ith Madina)
   
          
 
     

              
                    
                   
                  
   
    
        
     

     

    

   

  
     
    
 
     
  
       
   
      
 
       i
     
             
                  
            
             
 
                  
                 
                   
               
              
     ii 
  
               
                  
       
                
              
              
       
  
     
      
                  

               
                 
              
                  
              
              
            
  
 
     
         
           

               
  
       
  
                 
    
         
  
         

            
     
             
           
  
       
   
            

                 
              
               
               
             
                 
     
            
   
           
   iii
 
          
             
                   
               
                 
                
                
                  
               
                  
  
     
      
                  

                   
                   
              
     
                
                 
                   
                      
                    
                 
                      
      
              
                     
  
             
  
                
  
       
   
                  
 
             
                
              
          
                 
                
                  

 
            
 
    
    
            
                  
                
 
                   
         
        
        

           
         
     
        
       
         
  
     
      
               
   
                 
  

  
      
         
       
         
               
   
                  
             
                  
              
                

   
            
                   
                 
                   
                  
             
                    
          
            
      
      
                
  
       
   
               
      

    iv 
               
                 
 
              
                
               
                  
                
                 
                  
                 
       
             
                   
               
             
  
     
      
               

             
              
        
                 
          
             
                
          
   
                
              
                 
               
                
                    
               
                     

              
  
       
   
                

                   
                
                
                     
           
               
               
                
                 

                 
    
             
           
                  
              
             
                  
            
  
     
      
                

           
    
 
            
        
       
             
 
             
                
                
           
               
    
                
               
                       
                 
                 
              
         

         
  
       
   
                 
  
        
         
   
                     
              
  
           
       
       
         
     
 
       

                
             
               
                 
     
  
 
                   
         
  
                  
      
   
       
   
                 
    
               
   
 
    
       
      
  
     
      
              
   
         
     
            
    
  
      
         
                
         
   
 
             
                
     
                 
             
   
           
         
                
                     
            
 
   
  
             
    
    
               
 
                    
     
              

                   
                     
                   
  
       
   
  
  
       
        
              

            

   
   
             

   
              
         
        
           
      

       
             

   
           
           
                   

               
               

      
          
 

               
             
              
     
       
        
  
     
      
                 
 
                

     
 

 
       v 

   
              
                  
                 
 
              
                  
                  
                  
                 
                
                  
                   
                  
           
          
         
  
       
   
                   

              
     
 
              
     
            
                 

         
                    
                
              
                 
              
     
            
     
                
           

       
       
       
             
       
           
  
     
      
               
          
        
            
    
               
              
                 
                
       
          
         
  
              
    
       
         
             
   
   vi 
             
     
                
                   
                 
                  
   
  
       
   
                    

                   
              
            
               
     
                     
             
                   
               
 
                
 
               
             
  
                     
                 
                 
                
         
       
  
     
      
          
  
                
             
             
 

               
            
       
        
                   
             

       
 
               
                     
           

               
      
  
      vii
  
             
                  
             
                  
               
  
       
   
              

                  
                    
                  
                
              
     
                   
               
               
                     
              
               
   
        
                 
                 
               
                 
                 
               
  
     
      
             

                     
 
                
                  
                 
             
           
     
                   
              
  
    
    

      
  
    
 
            
       
                 

      
            

           
 
      
  
                 
     
        
      
     

                       

   
        
  
       
   
                

          
     
  
               
      
         
        
              
                
              
       
       
     
   
             
 


         
        
                  
 
              
    
 
                 
 
      
           

                   
                 
  
               
     
  
           

    viii 
 
               
  
     
      
                  

            
      
   
                    
                  
 
                     
 
          
                   
                   
 
          
                 
             
                  
                   
                    
       
  
       
   
                    

                  
          
              
                  
                
                
               
              
            
   
                 
           
             
              
             
  
            
                   
                
  
  
     
      
                

 
                     
      
              
               
       
                  
                
               
                    
     
                 
                
 
               
           
  
           
     
           

        
        
  
        
   
   
           
      
    
           
                

           
              
 
        
                 
 
            
       
        
       
    
 
             
  

         
      
               
 
 
         
       

            
 
      
  
     
      
        
  
      

  o         

  o       
            
    
                 
   
             
                 
     
      
         
 
          
 
         
               

                 

             
   
    
          
               
   
          
 
                 

         
       
     
  
        
   
     
  
                  
 
               

               
               
               
  
          
   
    
         
           
    
  
 
         
         
               
       
           
          
 
       
        
     
 
  
     
      
 
 
  
              
          
  
     
       
               
                 
                
                
     
      
          
           
                 
                 
           
(State Defence)    
           
 
            
             
      
                
      
            
 
               
   
      
 
    
            
                 
             
 
        
    
   
  
        
   
      
   
               

 
   
   
 
    
     
               
            
  
 
         
 
     
         
  
     
               
 
               
                 
               
       
        
      
    
    
       
                
             
           
       
  
            
  
               
 
          
 
          
     
  
  
     
      
  
 
        
        
    
    
    
        
      
  
             


     
            
                  
                
     
    
             
       

 
 
)
(Supr em e Defence A utho r ity o f State: The Ho ly Pr o phet
             
               

     
  
  
  
(Eradication of State Enemies)
            
      

      
  
        
   
            

   
   
   
(Prohibition of Conspiracy Against Islamic State)
               

   
                 
                
   

  
(Involvement of all Communities in State Defence)
                 
         

         
                
       

        
        

      

      
      
  
     
      
        
 
  
(Responsibility of State Defence)
               
    
    
       
        
    

(Right of Relaxation inDefence Respo nsi bil iti es)
                 
           
       
       
       

(Right of Representation in State Defence)
                    
 
              

     
   
  
      

      
      
  
        
   
    
  
(Right to Retaliate the Bloodshed)
                  

   
  
               
         
  

(Defence Role of State Communities)
               
 
 
                 
  
Right of Security      

                  
               
           
          
             
       
  
     
  
      

      
      
  
     
       
                    
                  
     
          
  
 
 
 
(Right of Protection from Mutual Warfare)
                
                  
  
                 
   
 Right of Life     
  
                    
                

             
              
          
          
   
    

      
      
      
      
  
        
   
             
          

     
   
     
(Foreign Affairs)   

               
 
      
            
             
                  
                    
                     
      Amphictyonic League   Treat y of Delphi
Hug o Gr o it ous                   
 
                 (1583-1645)
                       
                 
            
    
      

(2) Hugh Bow den, Clas s ical Athen s an d the Delphic Oracle,
Divin ation an d Democracy, p p. 91, 138 .
(3) H u g o G r o t i u s , O n t h e L a w o f W a r & P e a ce , -
<http://w w w .constitution.or g/gr o/djbp.htm>
(4) http://en.w iki pedia .or g /w iki /Chr istia n_op posit ion_ to_
anti-Semitism
  
     
       
            
                 

peace   covenant/pact      treaty    pledge 
             alliance     treaty
      

        
      
         
     
     
  
     
A tr eaty i s a wr itt en agr eement by whi ch two or
mor e States or inter national or ganizations cr eate or
intend t o c r eat e a r elati on between t hemselves
oper ating within the spher e of inter national law.(3)
             

  
         
     
     
           treaty 

Vienna Convention on the Law of          
          treaty    Treaties, 1969
            

  
           
(3) Lor d A. McNair , The Law of Treaties 4, 1961 .
(4) i. "Draft Con ven tion on the Law of Treaties," 29 AM. J.
INR'L L. (Supp.) 653, 657 .
   
        
   
     
  
1. For m
2. Pr eamble
3. Pr ocedur e for conclusion of tr eaty
4. Capacity to conclude a tr eaty
5. Mode or time of entr y into for ce
6. Peiod of validatoin or dur ation
7. Pr ocedur e for amendments or modifications
8. Expr ession of consent to be bound by tr eaty
9. Gr ounds and pr ocedur e for te

rminati on
10. Pr inciple of Pacta Sunt Ser venda(1)
              

 
         
      
  Pacta Sunt Serv anda         
     
             
                
 

                 
      
          
ii . Gu y o r a B in d e r , Tr e a t y Co n f l i ct a n d P o l i ti ca l
Con tradiction : The Dialectic of Duplicity, p . 7.
iii. Opp enh eim L., In tern ation al Law Sec. 491, at 877 .
(1) Vien n a Con ven tion on the Law of Treaties , r epr inted in S.
Rosenne, The Law of Treaties: A Guid e to the Legis lative
His tory of the Vien n a Con ven tion108 .
(2) Vladimir Ur o Degan,Sources of In tern ation al Law,p. 394.
       
  
     
      
    
        
                
                  
 
                   
     
               
              
                   
     
           
      
           
                     
               
    

               
        
    
            
                  

                
                 
       
   
(1) i. M De Taube, Le M on de Le L'Is lam et Son In fluen ce Sur

L'Europe Orien tate, pp. 380-397.
ii. Er nest Nys, Les Origin es de droit in tern ation.al
                 
   
                
  
         
   
        
   
  
         
      
                 
  
 
                    
       
              
             
   
        
           
                
     
          
  
           

 Principles of 
Foreign Policy   
  
             
   
              
                   
       
     
      
                 

                           

                           
                   
                  
  
     
       
  o         
   

                
                 
                    

                    
             
                  
  
                    
                      
  o    
                    
                       

   o     
  
               
              
            
    
  o         

                       
                    
 
      

       
   
        
   
  o   
  
   
                    
           
                
  o 
        
                      
   o             

                    
                
  o 
      
 
                      
                     
  o   
                

               

     
                 
 
  o     
                    
          
         
   o             
       
       
        
      
  
     
       
        
            
               
  o       
      

        
         
  o  
   

             
  
                
   
  o    
                          
   o            

                 
          
       
  o       
   

(Constitution of Madina & Foreign Relations )
  
        
(Guarantee of Promotion of Peace & Security)
                  

      
      
   
        
   
              
                    

            
        
      
   
 
 
(Principle of Peaceful Coexistence )
             

               
    
                  

           
    
   
           
     
   
(Reconciliation & Peace is Subject to Constitution)
                   
                 
      

      
      
  
     
      
           
 
  
 
     
   
 
(Constitutional Doc uments of Madina's Foreign Polic y)
              

  
 
                  
  Documents of Treaties         

    
  
    
  
     

  
     
 
  
   i
      
          
    
                  

           
                
   
        
   
            
    

                  
                 
          
                  
                    
               
          
                   
                
               
                     
               
               
             
                 
             
             
  
     
       
  
                    
                
                
               
          
          
       
   
 
       
     
            
 
  
  
      
             

                    
   
   
           

        
   
        
   
   
   
           
      

            
 
              
   
          
           
   
      

   
        
 
              
        
   
     
  
    
                 
           
     
        
           
  

         
  
     
       
     
   
                  
         

        
       
       
        
     
   
     
     
    
   
   
        ii 
   
                 
               
                   
                
             
           
        
   
        
   
           
 
       
    
      

                
                  
                  
                 
       
         
          
            
                  

                   
              
        iii
 
   
             
                    
              
                  
     
         
        
  
     
       
          

    
 
    
             
                  
                 
               
                
                
                  
    
          
   

    iv 
  
              
             
              
       

        
     
         
          
       
   
        
   
       

                  
               
                   
              
            
 
     
            
                 
                
              
            
                 
          
            
   
               
                  
         

              
       
          
  
     
       
         
      
               
     
      v 
  
    
              

                
                   
                 
                 
                    
                  
           
 

              
       
        
 
       
      
       
         
        
   
        
   
              

               
                  
                  
                 
               
              
    
             
  

   
(Effects of Successful Defence & Foreign Policy)
               

     
      
     
 
               
                 
 
              
                
   
            
 
          
       
 
 
 
                 
        
        
        

          
                  
  
     
      
                   
                   
     
             

              

               
                  
              
                  
 
(Minorit ies)   
              
               
                  
               
                   
                  
           
     

 

(Holy Prophet's Instructions for Minorities' Rights)
               
   
        
   
                
                  

               
  
       
                

               
                 


                  

           
     
                 
              
        
             

  
                

          
      
       
     
       
          
      
  
     
       
          
    
          
                  
            
                

                
      
                      
                 

    
  
  
                
                 

      
                 


                   
    
                  
        
       
      
     
   
        
   
             

    
            

   
  
                   

               
                


                
   
       
               

            
                
        
     
                  

                    
               
         
    
        

      
       
                   

  
     
       
   
 
                     

                 
   
                 


             
 
               
     
                
     
               


     
    
     
                    

            
              


        

                  
   
          
     
       
   
        
   
  
    
          
    
          
     
           

  
                    

             
                   
              
               
      
                 
      
       
 
                 
                    
                   

                
     

         
       
      
  
     
       
              

              
                
        
        

                  
     
                 

       
                 


    
          
  
  
                  

    
         

          
              
          

        
      
                  

           
   
        
   
                  

                
                 
                  
                 


                 

            
            
   
              
    

    
                
              
        
     
      
     
             
      
                 
      
                 

                 
    

      
  
     
       
               
                 
                 
   
               

                  
 
             
                  

                
   
             
                 

    
           

   
  
                    
       

       
       
       
           
       
   
        
   
        
         
           
                      
             

   
                

               
    
            

       
          
    
               
   

 
                
   
        

                   
        
        
        
       
       
      
  
     
         
        

            

              

   
       

                   

                
            
       
             

               

  
              
           
           
   
   
           

                 
         
               

          
     
       
       
      
      
      
       
   
        
   
                 

              
    
    
             
      

              

               
             
            
   
              
             
     
   
    
                 
                
                
                
      

     
             
       
       
  
     
      
            
      
 
               
               
               
  
   
                
         

         
    

                  
                 
   
     

           

                 
                 
   
                
                 
                   
                  
        

       
       
   
        
   
                 

                 
                    
                   
        
      

(Minorities' Rights in Constitution of Madina)
    i
  
(Right of Life for Minorities)
                    

      
 
          
           
             
       
       
   ii 
(Guarantee of c onstitutional & legal equality )
                

                   
      

      
  
     
      
              
               
     
    
     iii
(Protec tion of the Rights of Minorities)
                  

               
             
             

                 
       
      
  
   
                 
                 
           

 
   
                
            

    
      
      
      
   
        
   
                 
           

   
                 

             
   
                 
              

   
                     

               
             

          
     
     
      
              
 
      
            
      
      
      
      
      
  
     
       
        
               

   
              


  
         
            
            

             
         
      
(Fr e e d o m o f R e lig io n &       iv 


Culture)
                  

               
              
    
        
      

      
      
      
   
        
   
                 

       
      
  
   
                 
(R o le o f Min or itie s in S ta te       v 

Defenc e)
                   
 
               
    
   
    
 
         
(Minorities' rights in constitutional documents of Seerah
)
   
           
  
                   
       in letter and spirit     
         

     
  
         
  
   
      
  
     
       
         i
 
                    
                   
                 
              
               
                   
    
                  
                  
                 
                
        
                  
                    
                
                 
                  
                  
    
   
        
   
                   
 
         
                   
            
            
                
               

                  
           
                 
                
                
     
               
            
              
                  
           
            
 
         

         
  
     
       
            
                
              
              
  
                   
               
               
      
          
               
         ii 

                 
               
                
              
           
              
               
                  
                   
                  
   
        
   
       

                    
               
               
                  
                
                    
               
                    
                 
             
              
            
                
[    ]                
    
            
                 
                  
              
  
     
       
              

              
               
                  
                
                 
                
                   
                 
                   
               
              
                   
                 
            
                 
       
 
              
  
        
   
        
   
              

 
             
   

 
           
         
                 

                  
 
              
   
                    
      
            
               

               
                 
                 
                   
           
 
     
             
          
  
       
          
         
      
  
                 
                
                  
  
     
       
    
        
    
            
              
              

                
               
              
              
               
  
           
              
         
     
    
     
                 
       
       
   
             
       

       
   
        
   
                

               
            
  
                
              
             
              
                   
              
              
                
                 
                 
           
       
         
                
              
              
             
           
    
                
 
  
     
       
                  
  
            
               

 
        
              
   iii

  
   
                     
     
                   
                
              
         
               
                

                
             
            
                 
   
        
   
             

              
                     
            
             
                  
       
               
               
                 
                   
                
         
  
 
    
               
     
      
             
    
  
     
      
            
              


             

                

        
            
       
  
       

       
    
 
               

      
      

        
   
        

                  
            
  
             
      
 
                 

     
           
 
   
        
   
               

      
     
     
            
  
   
           
   
           
             
                
                
              
             

            
  

 
(Continuity of System)    

          
    
        
       
           
    
               
  
  
                
 
  
     
       
                   
                
                 
                 
                  
              
                 
 
    
     
           
                
     
             

(Divine Rights must be Obser ved)     

                     
                       
   
       
  
             
                 
     
              
  
                

         
   
        
   
 Rule of Law in Future      

                       
                        
         
                   
              
                  
  
            
     
      
(Continuity of system is collective responsibility)
      
                
             
   
              
    
             


(Holy Prophet enforced the system in ideal form)
 
                        
         

               

  
     
       
   
        
            
         
              
   
    
              
    
    
    
                     

      
                      
 

      
   
           
           
   
     
        
 


        
    
   
Comparative Analysis of D evelopment of
Constitution of Madina & World Constitutions 

                  
          
   
 
   
                
                    
             

     
              
  
        
   
    
       
     
                 
     
  
 Constitution   
 Sovereignty    
 Legislation     
 G ov ernment  
as S ocial C ontract      
 Government as Trust    
   
Constitution     
               
       
  
       
         constit utio   constitution 
                 
   
  
 Cons titution of A thens Politics    Arist ot le 
             Nicomachean Ethics
    
              
      
 
(1) i. M erriam Webs ter's Diction ary of Law, 1996.
ii. The American Heritage, Stedman 's M edical Diction ary,
1995.
(2) i. Ar istotle, The Politics an d the Con s titution of Athen
,s
pp. x v, x vii.
ii. Ar istotle, Nicomachean Ethics, p. 151.
  
     
       
        

A Consti tuti on may be said t o b e a c ollect ion of
pr inci ples ac cor d i ng to whi ch the power s of t he
gover nment , t he r i ght s of t he gover ned and the
r elations between the two ar e adjusted. (1 )
           
     
                 
   


 
The Const itution may b e a deliber ate c r eati on on
paper , it may be found in one document which itself
is alter ed or amended as time and gr owth demand,
or it may be a bundle of separ ate laws given special
author ity as the laws of the constitution. (2 )
   
           
     
         
            
         
It may be that the bases of the constitution ar e fixed
in one or two fundamental laws while the r est of it
dep end s f or i t s aut hor i t y up on t he f or c e of
customs. (3 )
     

  
       
(1) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 10 .
  
        
   
           
      
       
 

A state said to have a constitution when its or gans
and their funtions ar e definitly ar r anged and ar e not
subject to the whim of some despot.(1 )
            

      
                      
    
    
       
     
 
    
The basic pur pose of a politi cal Consti tuti on is the
same wher ever it appear s: to secur e social peace and
pr ogr ess, saf eguar d indiv idual r ights and pr omote
national well-being. (2)
  
               
    
       
     
   


                 
                     
          
    
   
 Sovereignty    
       
         

  
     
       
              

The ter m sover eignty means above or super ior to all
other s, the gr eatest & supr eme i n power , r ank or
author ity. ( )
                      

  

                 
   Bodin 1530-1596 
The chief mar k of the sover eign is his r ight to impose

law as all subjects r egar dless of their consent.(2)
   
               
       
  


 
Sover eignty is the most absolute & per petual power
over citizens and subjects in a state and itself and
was not subject to the law but above all laws.  He
who r ecei ved or der s or laws fr om other s was not
sover eign, for sov er ei gnty was indi v isib le by i ts
natur e. (3)
   
    
  
 
 
        
() Webes ter's New Diction ary of the AmericanLan guage , p.

1395.
(2) Ber nar d Cr i ck, " Sover eign ty" In t'l En cycl opedia of Soci al
Scien ces, vol. 5, p. 79.
(3) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 2.
  
        
   
             


             
 

   
 
       
  (John Austin 1790-1859)   
The per son or per sons to whom the bulk of a given
soc iety is in habi t of ob ed ienc e b ut who hi mself
r ender s no such obedience to anyone. ()
       

    
   
      
   
 

  
Species of command & a legal syst em t o him was a
collect ion of those laws emenating f r om t he same
sover eign. (2)
                 

     
         
      
He thought that a por tion of it (society) was always
sover eign and a por tion of it was subject.(3)
      
      

() H.L .A. H ar t, " Au s ti n , Jo hn " " In t'l E n cyclo pe dia o f t he

Social Scien ces, v ol. I, p. 471.
(2) H.L .A. H ar t, " Au s ti n , Jo hn " " In t'l E n cyclo pe dia o f t he
Social Scien ces, v ol. I, p. 471.
Law , p. 49.
  
     
       
     
 
  
         
  
                

      
     
                

                
        absolute theories of sovereignty
   unity       political sovereigns   
  thoroughgoing supremacy       inclusive ness
                 
               
    
         
       
 (Harold J. Laski 1893-1950)     
(2)
The author itar ian tr adition is far fr om dead.
     
    
     
 
             
       
             
         
 Legislation       
             
(1) Ber nar d Cr ick, " Sover eign ty" In t'l En cycl opedia of Soci al
Scien ces, vol. 5, pp. 80, 81.
(2) Har old J. Laski, Authority in the M odern State
, p. 167.
  
        
   
    
   
    
 wher eas Wester n thought r egar ds legislation as
the hi ghest ac tiv ity of the state, Islamic polit ic al
philosophy admitted legislation only as a par t of the
judicial pr ocedur e.(1)

               
 
              
  
            
Laws ar e divinely made. The or dinances may var y in
scope but not in str ingency. Ever y or der issuing fr om
Him car r ies t he same for ce. T he only indif fer ent
ar eas ar e those wher e lack of infor mation bar s man
fr om t he knowled ge of Allah's d etailed r egulat ions,
and by var ious methods the community makes effor ts
to supply the unkonwn instr uctions. Law is intended
as the complement of faith r egulating man's actions
inasmuch as faith r egulates his beliefs.(2)
           

      

          
 
         
  
                 
 
             
  

      
      
      
      
         
(1) Gr unebaum, M edieval Is lam, p. 210.
(2) Gr unebaum, M edieval Is lam, p p. 142, 144 .
  
     
       
    
  
  
     
Islam is in essence an equilibr ium and union, it does
not p r i mar ily sub li mat e the will by sacr if ice, but
neutr alizes it by the law.(1)
    
     
              
  
            

               
 
  
   Hamilton A. R. Gibb      

B ut ap ar t al t oge t her f r om i t s i nt e llec t ual
pr e- eminenc e and scholastic f unct ion, Islamic Law
was the most f ar - r eaching and eff ec ti ve agent in
moulding the social or der and the community life of
the Muslim peoples. By its ver y compr ehensiveness it
exer ted a steady pr essur e upon all pr ivate and social
ac t i v i t i es, set t i ng a st and ar d t o whi c h t hey
confor med mor e and mor e closely as time went on,
in sp i te of t he r esi st anc e of anc ient hab it s and
time-honour ed customs, especially amongst the mor e
independent nomadic and mountain tr ibes. Mor eover ,
Islami c Law gave p r ac ti c al exp r essi on t o t he
char acter istic Muslim quest for unity. In all essentials
it was unifor m, although the var ious schools differ ed
in p oi nt s of detai l. To i ts op er ati on was due t he
str iking, conver gence of social ideals and ways of life
thr oughout the medi eval Muslim wor ld. It went far
(1) Pr ith Joseph Schacht, Under standing Islam, p. 29.
  
        
   
deeper t han Roman law; b y r eason of it s r eligious

bases and its theocr atic sanctions it was the spir itual
r egulator , the conscience, of the Muslim community
in all its par ts and activities.
T hi s f unc t i on of l aw ac q ui r ed st i l l gr eat e r
signi fi canc e as poli tic al li fe i n the Muslim wor ld
swung ever fur ther away fr om the theocr atic ideal of
Mohammed and his succ essor s. The decli ne of the
Ab b asi d C ali p hat e i n t he t ent h and elev ent h
centur ies opened the door to political disintegr ation,
the usur pation of r oyal author ity by local pr inces and
militar y gover nor s, the r ise and fall of ephemer al
dynasties, and r epeated outbr eaks of civil war . But
however ser iously the political and militar y str ength
of the vast Empir e mi ght b e weakened , the mor al
author ity of the Law was but the mor e enhanced and
held the social fabr ic of Islam compact and secur e
thr ough all the fluctuations of political for tune. (1)
                

               
               
                  
           
  
 
                    
               
              
(1) Ham ilto n A. R. G ib b, M oh amm ed an ism : An Hi st or i ca l
Sur vey, p. 7.
  
     
      
 
     
        
  
 
            
                
                  

                  
                  
     
           
          
   
            
               
              
      
           
    
  
         
         
Rousseau did not give legislative power to the Govt.
Thi nking that i t might b e an eff ec ti ve met hod to
pr event it fr om b ec oming mast er of t he st at e by
usur ping that sover eignty or legislation power , which
could belong only to the people. (1)
    
           
(1) Rober t Der athe, Rous s eau, J.J., In t'l En cyclopaedia of the
Social Scien ces, v ol. 13, p. 568 .
  
        
   
  
            
       
                
    
     
   
   
(Government as Social Contract )
   
           
     
                  
   Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679
The state of natur e was a state of war . For pur poses
of secur it y & gr eater p r otect ion, eac h ind iv id ual
agr eed with other to give up par ts of his individual &
natur al r ights to a man or a gr oup of men who would
gover n & pr otect them & ther e inter ests.(1)
         
        
         
    
 
                 
     
 

  
The r uler was not a par t of t he cont r ac t ; the
ind ivi duals mer ely sur r end er ed themselves to the
r uler . (2)
Law , p. 14.
(2) Ber nar d Cr i ck, " Sover eign ty" In t'l En cycl opedia of Soci al
Scien ces, vol. 5, p. 79.
  
     
       
          
      
   
       John Locke 16 32 -1 70 4  
  
Indi viduals ent er ed a c ontr act in or der to p r eser ve
thei r nat ur al r i ght s. A c ont r ac t was b et ween
individuals & society, with individuals sur r ender ing a
par t of their r ights to society in or der to secur e and
pr otect their r ights.(1)
             

  
          
       
          

        
   Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778 
Each ind ivi dual sur r ender ed his t otal r i ght s to t he

whole community. This pact or contr act established
the absolute supr emacy of the community over all of
its individuals.(2)
            

 
 
       
      

     

Law , p. 15.
(2) Robe r t Der athe , " Rous s eau , J.J., In t 'l En cycl opae dia of
the Social Scien ces,v ol. 13, p . 567.
  
        
   
  Leon Duguit   

1859-1928 
Sover eignty is an essential attr ibute of the state was

a myth to be discar ded. He pr esented the idea of the
"social gr oup" instead of "Social Contr act."(1)
        

   
        
     
       
           
               
      
                 
         
     
            
  
   
 Government as Trust  
    
             
     
 
        
   
     
    
   
   
   
     

Law , p. 49.
(2) Rosenthal, Political Thought in M edieval Is lam, p p.
27-50 .
(3) Rosenthal, Political Thought in M edieval Is lam, p p.
51-62 .
        
  
     
      
                
John           
          
  Civil Government   Locke 1632-1704
'Gov er nment was c r eated in or der to car r y out t he
administr at iv e wor k as a "tr ust" or an "agent " on
behalf of the community. (2)
   
     
          
         

   Jean Jacques
  Rousseau 1712-1778 
Limitation of Government       

   Powers
   
He made a di sti ncti on between sover eign p ower &
gov er nment wi t h gov er nment to hi m b ei ng an
"executive agent" of the sover eign power . (3)
   
       
       
         
     
          
                     
    
                   
     
Law , p. 17.
Law , p. 18.
  
       
   
 
         
The elite not masses, gover n Amer ica.(2)
         
             

   
   
     
 
 
King    
        
        

     Charter of Liberties  11 00   Henry I
 
       
        
    
    King John I
Magna Carta   12 15     
                   
    Habeas Corpus 
        
 
           
16   47 4    
  Constitutional Monarchy 
 17 00       (Bill of Rights)    16 89 
The Parliament Act   19 11    The Act of Settlement
(1) The U S Co n s ti tu ti on, Ar ti cle I, Secti on 7, Ar ti cle II,

Section 2.
(2) Th o ma s R. D y e & L. H a r m o n Ze i gle r , Th e I r on y o f
Democracy, p. 1 .
(4) Sidney Painter , William M ars hal, p. 200.
(5) James C. Holt, M agn a Carta , p. 1.
(6) Wi lli a m Sh a r p M cke ch ni e , M a g n a Car t a: Tex t a n d
Commen t ary, p. 8.
  
     
      
    
            17 87

    Magna Carta           
 

    Montesquieu     Locke    Polybius   
            
              
    

   
  17 76    (Thomas Jefferson) 
     (The Declaration of Independence)     
 17 80 (Constitutional Convention)       
                  
(Philadelphia Convention)     17 87    
   
               
                  
The Gr ea t              

           
     Compromise

       17 87  17         
        ConstitutionalConvention 
     
(1) John Patter son, Bill of Rights : Politics , Religion an d the

Ques t for Jus tice, p. 25.
(2) Lee, J. J., Politics an d Society, p. 1.
(3) Er ic Foner , John Ar thur Gar r aty,The Reader's Compan ion
to American His tory, p. 227 .
(4) Me r r i ll D . P e t er s on , Oli ve B r a n ch a nd Sw o r d: Th e
Compr omise of 1833, p. 1.
  
        
   
  
  17 89 
 
   
        
    
              
       
         
        
               18 65
   
       18 68   80

      
No State shall make or enfor ce any law which shall
abr idge the pr ivileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor shall any State depr ive any per son
of life, liber ty, or pr oper ty, without due pr ocess of
law; nor deny to any per son within its jur isdiction the
equal pr otection of the laws.
             19 20

              
     
    
            
  17 91  The Bill of Rights  10   
 
          
        
                   
         19  19 20    
     
     
     

(1) Ra lp h Ke tcha m, Th e An ti -F ed er al is t P ap er s an d t he
Con s titution al Con ven tion Debates
, p p . 10, 31.
  
     
      
      92    19 72   22  
           
        
     Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)   
             
  Charles Austin Beard - 18 74 –1 94 8        
                
 
     

         
                
      
    
The older wr it t en menti oned c onsti tuti on i s t he
Constitution of United States. Only four nations 
Nor way, Ar gentina, Luxembour g & Colembia  have
consti tutions that wer e wr it ten p r ior t o 1900 and
only 15 contempor ar y national constitutions existed
befor e Wor ld War -II.(2 )
               

             
           
   

'The Unite States was vir tually the fir st countr y in the
wor ld to set down a codified, r easoned and wr itten
(1) Eugene W. Hickok, The Bill of Rights : Origin al M ean in g

an d Curren t Un ders tan din,gp. 5 .
(2) Char les Austin Bear d, Whither M an kin d: A Pan orama of
M odern Civilization, p. 132 .
  
        
   
const it ut ion, all ot her consti tuti ons at that t ime

having evolved thr ough r ight, might and custom.(1)
   
        
   

        
      
        
 

Commonwea lt h of Aus tr a ilia      
              Constitution Act, 19 00
     Commonwealth of Australia      
Statute of          shared monarchy   
   Australia Act       Westminster
                
  
                    
   Declaration of Rights of Man        
   Secular           

   Democratic Republic 
  
    
Basic Law for the Federal   
             Republic of Germany
    
Federal       
     
    
        Republic
      
Refer end um       
       
  
      
(1) Colin Pilkington, The Britis h Con s titution , p. 1.
  
     
      
              
       
              
  (Ombudsma n)           

           
     
                   
         
        
              
(Charter of               
            
     Madina)

               

                
            
     
                 
(Watt             
  Islamic Political Thought  M. Watt)
Muhammad's Hijr a or migr ation to Medina in 622 (AD)
mar ks the beginning of his political activity. It was
not that he suddenly acquir ed gr eat political power ,
for in f act hi s power gr ew ver y gr ad ually; b ut the
agr eements into which he enter ed with the clans of
Medi na meant t he establishment of a new bod y
polit ic, and wi thin t hi s body ther e was sc op e for
(1) Ma r t en O o s ti n g, I n t he I n t e r n at i o n a l Om b u ds m a n
An t h o lo g y: Se l e ct ed W r i ti n g s f ro m I n te r n a ti o n a l
Ombuds man In s titute, Kluwer Law In tern ation ,alp. 1.
  
        
   
r eali zing the p olit ical potentialiti es of the Q ur 'anic

ideas. By 624 Muhammad and the Muslims of Medina
wer e involved in hostilities with the pagan Meccans.
Despite the initial super ior ity of the latter the final
outcome was the vir tually unopposed occupation of
Mecca by Muhammad in 630. A week or two later he
def eat ed a concentr ati on of nomad i c t r ib es at
Hunayn; and this meant that no one in Ar abia was
now capable of meeting him in battle with any hope
of suc cess. Fr om most par t s of Ar ab ia t r ib es or
sec ti ons of t r i bes sent r ep r esentati ves t o Med ina
seeking alliance with him. By the time of his death in
June 632, d espit e r umblings of r ev olt, he was i n
contr ol of much Ar abi a. The Islamic st ate had no
pr ecisely defined geogr aphical fr ontier s, but it was
cer tainly in existence. (1)
              

                 
                
              
              
               

              

       
   
    
            
              
(1) Watt M. Watt, Is lamic Political Thought, p. 20.
  
     
       
             
            
               

         
   
      
      (Watt M. Watt) 
In the main ear ly sour ce (apar t fr om the Qur 'an) for
the car eer of Muhammad ther e is found a document
which may conveniently be called 'the Constitution of
Medi na. Some of the ar ticles in the constitution deal
with minor matter s, while other s ar e r epetitive. The
essential points defining the natur e of the state (a
par t fr om the functions and pr ivileges of the head of
state) ar e the following :
i. The believer s and their dependents constitute a

single community (umma).
ii. Each clan or sub di vi si on of the communit y i s

r esp onsi ble f or blood- money and r ansoms on
behalf of its member s.
iii. The memb er s of the communi ty ar e t o show

comp lete solid ar i ty against cr ime and not to
sup por t a cr i minal ev en when he i s a near
ki nsman, wher e the c r i me i s against anot her
member of the community.
iv. The memb er s of the communi ty ar e t o show

complete solidar i ty agai nst the unbeliever s in
peace and war , and also solidar ity in the gr anting
of 'neighbour ly pr otection'.
  
        
   
v. T he J e ws of v a r i ou s gr ou p s b el ong t h e
community, and ar e to r etain their own r eligion;
they and t he M usli ms ar e t o r end er ' help '
(including militar y aid) to one another when it is
needed. (1)
                 
               
            
                
          
   
         
      
      
           
  
      
          
   
         
       
             
     
           
          
 
    
    
        
  
              
          
(1) Watt M. Watt, Is lamic Political Thought, p. 20.
  
     
      
       
       
       The Constituion of Madina  
An   (G e r h a r d Endres s ) 
   
   Introduction to Islam
Whether we r ecognise Muhammad as the Pr ophet of
God , or whet her we r egar d the K or an as the
exp r essi on of hi s p er sonali ty , the cr eation of the
Islami c stat e and the unif ici at ion of Ar abi a under
Islam ar e his handiwor k. The fir st impor tant sign of
thi s ac hievement is a document hand ed down by
histor ians i n an ap par ent ly aut henti c for m  t he
r egulat ions or 'C onst it uti on' of the c ommunit y of
Medina. This document, pr omulgated soon after the
Hij r a, r egulated te r elati onshi p of t he t r ib es, the
Mec can ' Emigr ants' and the Medinan 'Helper s' and
bound t hem t oget her i n a new lar ger c ommunit y
whic h was not b ased on blood r elationshi ps but on
r eligion. Fr om now onwar ds, ther e stood above the
tr ibes the umma, the community of believer s under
the author ity and pr otection of God and under the
leader ship of Muhammad.(1)
                 
 
    
         
   
         
          
              
               

                
(1) Gar har d Endr ess: An In troduction to Is lam
, p. 31 .
  
        
   
  
              
             
             
  
   

        
A History of    (Albert Hourani)   
          the A rab
    Peoples

A new political or der was cr eated which included the
whole of the Ar abia peninsula. (1)
    
    
          
   
   

             
    
               
                    
                   
       
      
      
                
   
      
      
            
     
                 
   
(1) Alber t Hour ani, A His tory of t he Arab People, p. 14 .
  
  

  
                
   
   
        
          
     
                  
     
 
                  
           
     
                  
 
        


              
 
       
       
               
 
                     
          
                     
          
  
     
       
                    
           
                  
                 

                      
           

                     
             
      
           
         
 
                    
           
            
      
              
              
            
      
                
      
     
             
 
      
 
                
   
      
 
         
      
   
                 

     
        
                    
               
    
                  
     
  
               
                
   
                 
               
     
                 
                 
  
                    
              
   
    
  
     
      
                  
            
     
  
           
   
 
                 

 
     
         
                     
              
 
   
 
                    
                
    
              
    
               
              
           
 
               
                    

 
                
   
      
 
            
        
 
                  
                   
 
                 
       
   
 
                   
     
    
 
             
  
               
               
  
             
    
                  


          
                     
                
    
               
                
     
     
  
     
       
                
               
      
  
               
               
           
                  
           
               
            
    
      
     
                   
       
     
                
         
      


                   
                
             
                    
    
       
            
      
   
      
 
             
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  
     
       
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   
      
 
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  

Constitutional Aspect of The Prophet's Sira Part-2

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Constitutional Aspect of The Prophet's Sira Part-2

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             

            

      

       

              

     

               

      

                  

                    

       

               

                   

              

              

          

                 

         

                

                 

              

                  

         

 Protection of Women Rights       

 (Messenger of God)      (Prophet)  

             

(Territory of the State)    

                 

          

                  

       

                

              

Population of the State    

             

        

          

                   

         

               

                   

 Multicultural Society         

              

                 

         

                

                 

             

      

        

               

                 

                

                

                 

         

 Fundamental Principles   

        

                     

      

                

            