ARGY30561

Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Europe

Academic Year: Semester: Time and location:

2010-11 1 Lectures Tuesday 10-12 4.14 Mansfield Cooper Seminars Thursday 2-3 4.14 Mansfield Cooper Tuesday 27th September 2011 Dr Chantal Conneller

First meeting: Module coordinator:

e-mail: Chantal Conneller@manchester.ac.uk Office: 4.14 Mansfield Cooper Building

Office hours: Tuesdays 12-1, Wednesday 11-12

ARGY30561 UPPER PALAEOLITHIC AND MESOLITHIC EUROPE

This course explores hunter-gatherer ways of life from the first appearance of Homo sapiens in Europe to the end of the Mesolithic (c40,000-5000BP). This encompasses vast periods of time and dramatic transformations in climate and landscape; students will therefore gain an understanding of transformations in human ways of life at a variety of different scales. These include large-scale population movement in response to climatic fluctuation, as well as human awareness of these changes; typological change as well as socially embedded chines opratoires; patterns of animal exploitation and extinction in addition to social understandings of animals and their use as a symbolic resource. The course will examine a number of the key debates and themes for this period, such as the extinction of the Neanderthals, Upper Palaeolithic art and Mesolithic cemeteries. Lectures will also examine a number of regions of Europe in greater detail, drawing out variability in the record and the differing historical trajectories of each region. Much of the evidence for this period is very ephemeral, consisting of small-scale scatters of stone tools, manufacturing waste and animal bones. The course will explore how archaeologists have dealt with this evidence to produce rich and varied accounts of Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic life. Aims: To introduce students to key issues and debates in an archaeological understanding of the European Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. To familiarise students with the material remains of Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic life and the historical context of its interpretation. To introduce students to the methodologies and theoretical approaches used by archaeologists to address this material and the problems that these pose. To familiarise students with the major environmental changes of the period. Objectives: On successful completion of this course, students will: Understand the key features in the development of human society during the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. Demonstrate a detailed knowledge of the main types of archaeological evidence drawn upon to understand the period and the historical context of its interpretation. Analyse and evaluate a variety of competing interpretations of the archaeological evidence. Demonstrate a clear understanding of environmental change and its effect of human societies at a variety of scales. Have acquired the following transferable skills: the ability to handle data derived from secondary sources; the ability to present and structure a clear logical argument; the ability to debate and critically reflect on and evaluate arguments around hotly contested issues.

Credits: 20 Duration and mode of teaching: 1 semester. 1 x 2hr lecture, 1x1hr seminar per week Location and Time: Lecture: Tuesday 10-12, 4.05 Mansfield Cooper. Seminar: Thursday 2-3, 4.05 Mansfield Cooper Course Lecturer: Dr Chantal Conneller Assessment: 1 x 2,500 word essay (30%); 1 x 2,500 word project (30%); & 1 x 2 hr exam at the end of the semester (40%). Essay deadline: 8 November 2011 Project deadline: 15 December 2011 Attendance: As required by School and Faculty policy (see Programme Handbook), attendance at lectures and seminars is compulsory and a register will be taken at each. If you have a genuine reason for absence you should inform: Dr Chantal Conneller Contacting Dr Chantal Conneller: You can sign up to see me in one of my Office Hours by using the sign-up sheet on my door. If you cannot make these times please arrange an alternative appointment. Simple enquiries can be handled via email if you prefer. Office: 4.14 Mansfield Cooper Office Hours: Tuesday: 12-1 Wednesday: 11-12 Internal phone number: 57750 Email: Chantal.Conneller@manchester.ac.uk

Course outline
Week 1 Week 1 Week 2 Week 2 Week 3 Week 3 Week 4 Week 4 Week 5 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 7 Week 8 Week 8 Week 9 Week 9 Week 10 Week 10 Week 11 Week 11 Week 12 Week 12 8 November 10 November 15 November 17 November 22 November 24 November 29 November 1 December 6 December 8 December 13 December 15 December 27 September 29 October 4 October 6 October 11 October 13 October 18 October 20 October 25 October 27 October Introduction to the course: Major issues and techniques in the Upper Palaeolithic & Mesolithic Seminar 1: Visual representations of the Palaeolithic New Worlds: The earliest Upper Palaeolithic and the disappearance of the Neanderthals Seminar 2: The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution The art and burial of the early Upper Palaeolithic Seminar 3: The Venus figurines Life in the Ice Age Seminar 4: Upper Palaeolithic burial The re-occupation of Northern Europe Seminar 5: Upper Palaeolithic Art Reading Week Understanding the Mesolithic Seminar 6: Mesolithic houses Death and cemeteries in the Mesolithic Seminar 7: Mesolithic Funerary Practices Regional studies I: Mesolithic Southern Scandinavia Seminar 8: Mesolithic worldviews Regional studies II: Mesolithic Britain and Ireland Seminar 9: Complex hunter-gatherers Regional studies III: Southern Europe Film: The Cave of Forgotten Dreams Museum visit Seminar 10: Revision session

Seminars
Seminars are opportunities for students for deeper discussion of the issues the course covers. Students must read the relevant texts for seminars otherwise seminars loose their value. Readings can be found on blackboard. Seminar 1: Visual representations of the Palaeolithic Read the following two articles. In the seminar well look at some of our own examples.
Moser, S. 1992. The visual language of archaeology: a case study of the Neanderthals. Wiber, M. 1994. Undulating women and erect men: visual imagery of gender and progress in illustrations of Human Evolution. Visual Anthropology 7, 1-20.

Seminar 2: The Upper Palaeolithic Revolution. Questions for consideration: How different are the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic records? Do Neanderthal capacities differ significantly from anatomically modern humans? What is the timing of the arrival of modern traits and are these exclusively associated with AMHs? What do we mean by modernity?
Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy, chapters 12 and 13. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press. dErrico, F. 2003. The invisible frontier: A multiple species model for the origin of behavioural modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 12: 188-202.

Seminar 3: The Venus Figurines Questions for discussion: How have interpretations varied? How have contemporary gender politics coloured this debate? Can we say which gender made/ consumed these? Are they real women?
McDermott, L 1996. Self representation in Upper Palaeolithic female figurines. Current Anthropology 37, 227-275 Soffer, O et al. 2000 The venus figurines: Textiles, basketry, gender and status in the upper Palaeolithic. Current Anthropology 41, 511-538.

Seminar 4: Upper Palaeolithic burial We will undertake some group analysis of individual burials in the seminar. To prepare, read the following paper:
Pettitt, P. 2006. The living dead and the dead living: Burials, figurines and social performance in the European Mid Upper Palaeolithic. In R Gowland and C. Knusel (eds.) The Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains, pp292-308. Oxford: Oxbow.

Seminar 5: Cave Art Questions for consideration: What categories of art are there? How satisfactory are the interpretations of their meaning? Is it appropriate to try and get at their meaning? Should we seek a single explanation? What do they tell us about Upper Palaeolithic life?

Read one of these:

Bahn, P. and Vertut, J. 1988. Images of the Ice Age. chapter 7. Leicester, Windward. Clottes, J, and Lewis-Williams, D. 1998. The Shamans of Prehistory: Trance and Magic in the Painted Caves. New York, Harry N. Abrams. Lewis-Williams 2004. The Mind in the Cave. London: Thames and Hudson.

Seminar 6: Mesolithic houses

Pre-seminar task: Get into groups and select a case study from the material provided and think about it as built and lived space. What activities/social arrangements do the structure/space enable or constrain? Can material culture help us in understanding how it was inhabited? How does it relate to the wider landscape? Can we get at symbolic aspects of its construction or architecture? Come prepared to provide a brief informal presentation on your structure.
Gron, O. 2003. Mesolithic dwelling structures in southern Scandinavia: their definition and social interpretation. Antiquity 77, 285-708.

Seminar 7: Mesolithic Funerary Practices Questions for consideration: Do the cemeteries show social differentiation? What do they say about peoples attitude to children? And animals? Are they evidence of a complex society? What does the mortuary evidence say about attitudes to the body?
Reading: Read one cemetery report (from week 8 reading list) and have a look at the Larsson synthesis:
Larsson, L. 2004. The Mesolithic period in Southern Scandinavia, with special reference to burials and cemeteries. In Saville, A. (ed.) Mesolithic Scotland and its neighbours. Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries for Scotland.

Seminar 8: Worldviews
How useful is direct historical analogy for understanding Mesolithic worldviews? Can animism be used as a term to understand the Mesolithic? What types of evidence are used to infer evidence of shamanism in the archaeological record?
Reading: Porr, M. and Alt, K.W. 2006. The burial of Bad Drrenberg, Central Germany: Osteopathology and Osteoarchaeology of a Late Mesolithic shamans grave. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 16, 395-406. Zvelebil, M. 2003. People behind the lithics. Social life and social conditions of Mesolithic communities in Tempereate Europe. In J. Moore and L. Bevan (eds.), Peopling the Mesolithic in a northern environment, Oxford: BAR

Seminar 9: Complex hunter-gatherers Questions for consideration: What is complexity? How can we identify complex hunter-gatherers in the archaeological record? Can we see complex hunter-gatherers in the Mesolithic?
Clark, G.A. and Neeley, M. 1987. Social differentiation in European Mesolithic burial data. In P.Rowley-Conwy et al (eds) Mesolithic Northwest Europe: Recent Trends. Sheffield, Sheffield University, Department of Prehistory and Archaeology. pp121-7. Price, T.D. and Brown, J. (eds) 1985. Introduction. In Prehistoric Hunter Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity. New York, Academic Press. Warren, G. 2005 Complex Arguments. In N. Milner and P. Woodman (ed.) Mesolithic Studies st at the beginning of the 21 century. Oxford: Oxbow.

Fieldtrip
We also plan to have a fieldtrip to Creswell Crags to see the recently discovered cave art and the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic occupation sites.

Assessment
Essay: Deadline 8th November (week 7). Word length: 2,500 Chose one of the following titles: 1. Using specific examples of your own choice (drawn from any media), critically evaluate the role that representations of Neanderthals play in popular culture. 2. What are the implications of recent evidence for Neanderthal-AMH interbreeding for understanding the archaeology of the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic transition. 3. Can we go beyond interpretations that focus on the gender of the Venus figurines?

Project: Deadline 15th December (week 12) A small number of sites have dominated our understanding of the Mesolithic. The aim of this project is for students to gain an understanding of the archaeology of one of these sites, the historical conditions in which it came to be seen as important and its relevance for the contemporary discipline. Not Students should select one of the following sites and answer questions below. Greater weight will be given to the interpretive and analytical elements of the questions. Sites: Skateholm I and II or Star Carr or the Oronsay middens or Lepenski Vir Questions: 1. Very briefly outline the history of the sites discovery and excavation and describe the material recovered. (Bullet points acceptable here since theres a large amount to synthesise). 2. Why was the site seen as important and within what theoretical framework was it interpreted? 3. How have new discoveries and the appearance of new theoretical paradigms changed interpretations of the site? 4. How relevant is the site for contemporary archaeology and can you offer any suggestions for future interpretation?

Reading list
(*=get these from me)

General texts: General Early Prehistory Barker, G. 1999. Companion Encyclopedia of Archaeology: chapters 20 by R. Dennell (Hunter-gatherer societies, pp.797-838) Barton, N. 1997. Stone Age Britain. London, Batsford/English Heritage Bogucki, P. 1999. The Origins of Human Society. Oxford, Blackwell. Cunliffe, B. (ed). 1994. The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Milisauskas, S. (ed). 2002. European Prehistory: A Survey. New York, Plenum. Quaternary Climate, Environment, Chronology; Dating Methods Bradley, R. 1999 Palaeoclimatology: Reconstructing Quaternary Climates. San Diego: Harcourt. Lowe, J.J. and Walker, M.J.C. 1997. Reconstructing Quaternary Environments, 2nd Edition. Harlow, Longman. Mellars, P. 1996: The Neanderthal Legacy Chapter 2, The Environmental Background to Middle Palaeolithic Occupation. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press. Williams, M. 1998. Quaternary Environments. London: Arnold. Hunter-gatherer studies Bettinger, R.L. (ed) 1991. Hunter Gatherers: Archaeological and Evolutionary Theory. London: Plenum Press Ingold, T. et al. 1988. Hunters and Gatherers. Oxford: Berg. Ingold, T. 2000. The Perception of the Environment. London: Routledge. Kelly, R. 1995. The Foraging Spectrum. Washington: Smithsonian Institute. Panter-Brick, C., Layton, R.H. & Rowley-Conwy, P. (eds.) 2001. Hunter-Gatherers: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press *Price, T.D. and Brown, J. (eds) 1985. Prehistoric Hunter Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity. New York, Academic Press. Upper Palaeolithic Conkey, M. et al. (ed.) 1997. Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol. San Francisco: Californian Academy of Sciences. Gamble, C. 1999. The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe, chapters 6 and 7. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Klein, R. 1999. The Human Career, Chapter 7. London, University of Chicago Press. Pettitt, P. 2010. The Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial. London: Routledge. Roebroeks et al. 2000 Hunters of the Golden Age. Leiden: Leiden University Press. Mesolithic Bailey, G. and Spikins, P. 2008. Mesolithic Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Conneller, C. and Warren G. 2006. Mesolithic Britain and Ireland. New perspectives. Stroud: Tempus. Larsson, L., Kindgren, H., Knutsson, K., Loeffler, D. and kerlund, A. (Eds) 2003. Mesolithic on the Move. Papers presented at the Sixth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxbow Books, Oxford Mithen, S. 1994 The Mesolithic Age. In B. Cunliffe (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Price, T.D 1987. The Mesolithic of Western Europe. Journal of World Prehistory 1, 225-305

Price, T.D., 1991. The Mesolithic of Northern Europe. Annual Review of Anthropology 20, 211-33. Saville, A. (ed.) 2004. Mesolithic Scotland and its neighbours. Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries for Scotland. Some useful websites AHOB http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/ahob/AHOBI/index_2.html Creswell http://www.creswell-crags.org.uk/ Rock art http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/ Sunghir http://www.rc.ru/~ladygin/sungir/index.html Week 2: The earliest Upper Palaeolithic and the disappearance of the Neanderthals Bar-Yosef, O and Bordes, G. 2010 Who were the makers of the Chtelperronian culture? Journal of Human Evolution 59, 568-93. Blades, B.S. 1999. Aurignacian lithic economy and early modern human mobility: new perspectives from classic sites in the Vzre valley of France. Journal of Human Evolution 37, 91-120. Chase, P.G. 1994. On symbols and the Palaeolithic. Current Anthropology 35, 617-29. Chazan, M. 1995. The Language Hypothesis for the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic Transition. Current Anthropology 36, 749-768. Conard, N. and Bolus, M. 2003. Radiocarbon dating the appearance of modern humans and timing of cultural innovations in Europe: new results and new challenges. Journal of Human Evolution 44, 331-371. Davidson, I. and Noble, W. 1993. Tools and language in human evolution. In K. R. Gibson and T. Ingold (eds) Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp363-88. Davies, W. 2001. A Very Model of a Modern Human Industry: New Perspectives on the Origins and Spread of the Aurignacian in Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 67, 195-217. dErrico, F. 2003. The Invisible Frontier. A Multiple Species Model for the Origin of Behavioral Modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 188202. dErrico, F. et al 1998. Neanderthal acculturation in western Europe? A critical review of the evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology 39, S1-S44. Djindjian, F. 2011. Is the MP-EUP transition also an economic and social revolution? Quaternary International. Online. Drell, J. 2002. Neanderthals: A history of interpretation. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 19, 1-24 *Gamble, C. 1996. Making tracks: hominid networks and the evolution of the social landscape. In J. Steele and S. Shennan (eds) The Archaeology of Human Ancestry: Power, Sex and Ideology. London, Routledge, pp 253-77. Gamble, C. 1998. Palaeolithic society and the release from proximity. World Archaeology 29, 426-449. Gargett, R.H. 1989. Grave shortcomings: The evidence for Neanderthal burial. Current Anthropology 30: 157-90. Gargett, R.H. 1999. Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-Csaire, Kebara, Amud and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution 37, 27-90. Grayson, D. and Delpeche, F. 2002. Specialised Early Upper Palaeolithic Hunters in Southwest France. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 1439-49. Higham T, Jacobi R, Julien M, David F, Basell L, Wood R, Davies W, Ramsey CB.C (2010). Chronology of the Grotte du Renne (France) and implications for the context of ornaments and human remains within the Chatelperronian. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA Nov 23;107(47):20147-8. Krings, M. et al 1997. Neanderthal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell 90, 19-30. Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy, chapters 12 and 13. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press.

Mellars, P.A. 1998. The fate of the Neanderthals. Nature 395, 539-540. Mellars, P.A. 1999. The Neanderthal Problem Continued. Current Anthropology 40, 341-350. Mellars, P. 2007 Rethinking the human revolution. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs Mithen, S. 1996. The Prehistory of the Mind. London, Thames and Hudson. Nitecki, M. and Nitecki, D. 1994. Origins of anatomically modern humans. London New York : Plenum, c1994 Noble, W. and Davidson, I. 1996. Human Evolution, Language and Mind, Chapters 6, 7 and 8. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Krause, J.,et al. 2010. The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia. Nature 464 (7290): 894897. Green, R. E.; et al. 2010. A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science 328 (5979): 710722. Pearson, O.M. 2004. Has the Combination of Genetic and Fossil Evidence Solved the Riddle of Modern Human Origins? Evolutionary Anthropology 13, 145159. Pettitt, P. 1999. Disappearing from the world: an archaeological perspective on Neanderthal extinction. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18, 217 - 240. Soffer, O. 1994 In Nitecki, M. and Nitecki, (eds.). Origins of anatomically modern humans. London New York : Plenum. Trinkaus, E., Zilho, J. and Duarte, C. 2001. Lagar Velho 1 and perceptions of the Neandertals. Archaeological Dialogues 8, 49-69. Van Andel, T. and Davies, W. 2003. Neanderthals and Modern Humans. Cambridge: McDonald Institiute Monographs. Wolpoff, M.H. 1989. Multiregional Evolution: The Fossil Alternative to Eden. In P. Mellars and C. B. Stringer (eds) The Human Revolution. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, pp62-108. Zilho, J. 2000. The fate of the Neandertals. Archaeology 53, 25-31. Zilho, J. and dErrico, F. 1999. The Chronology and Taphonomy of the Earliest Aurignacian and its Implications for the Understanding of Neanderthals Extinction. Journal of World Prehistory 13, 1-68. Week 3: The art and burial of the early Upper Palaeolithic Aldhouse-Green, S. and Pettitt, P. 1998. Paviland Cave: contextualizing the Red Lady. Antiquity 72, 756-72. Conkey, M. (ed.) 1997. Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol. San Francisco: Californian Academy of Sciences. Downson, T. and Porr, M. 2001. Special objects special creatures: Shamanistic imagery and the Aurignacian art of south-west Germany. In N. Price (ed.) The Archaeology of Shamanism. London: Routledge, 165-177. Formicola, V. 2007. From the Sungir children to the Romito dwarf. Aspects of the Upper Palaeolithic funerary landscape. Current Anthropology 48(3), 446-53. Gamble, C. 1991. The social context for European palaeolithic art. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 57.1, 316. Harrold, F. 1980 A comparative analysis of Eurasian Palaeolithic burials. World Archaeology, 12, 195 211. Klima, 1987. A triple burial from the Upper Palaeolithic site of Dolni Vestonice. Journal of Human Evolution 16, 831-35. McDermott, L 1996. Self representation in Upper Palaeolithic female figurines. Current Anthropology 37, 227-275 Pettitt, P. 2006. The living dead and the dead living: Burials, figurines and social performance in the European Mid Upper Palaeolithic. In R Gowland and C. Knusel (eds.) The Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains, pp292-308. Oxford: Oxbow. Rice, P.C. 1982. Prehistoric Venuses: Symbols of Motherhood or Womanhood? Journal of Anthropological Research 37, 402-414 Roebroeks et al. 2000 Hunters of the Golden Age. Leiden: Leiden University Press. Soffer, O et al. 2000 The venus figurines: Textiles, basketry, gender and status in the upper Palaeolithic. Current Anthropology 41, 511-538.

Svoboda, J. 2008. The Upper Palaeolithic burial area at Predmosti. Journal of Human Evolution 54(1), 15-33. Taylor, T. 2003. The Buried Soul. How humans invented death, pp198-222. London: Fourth Estate. Trinkhaus, E. 2000 The adiposity paradox in the Middle Danubian Gravettian. Anthropologie 43 (2-3). 263-271 Trinkhaus, E. et al. 2010 Human Remains from the Moravian Gravettian: Morphology and Taphonomy of Additional Elements from Dolni Vestonice II and Pavlov I. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 20: 645669 Verpoorte, A. 2001. Places of Art, Traces of Fire. Leiden: Archaeological Studies Leiden University 8. Week 4: Life in the Ice Age Bahn, P. 1997. Journey through the Ice Age. London, Seven Dials Bahn, P. 1998. Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. *Bahn, P. and Vertut, J. 1988. Images of the Ice Age. Leicester, Windward. Clottes, J. 1996. Thematic changes in Upper Palaeolithic art: a view from the Grotte Chauvet. Antiquity, 70, 276-288. Clottes, J. 2008 Cave Art. Phaidon Clottes, J, and Lewis-Williams, D. 1998. The Shamans of Prehistory: Trance and Magic in the Painted Caves. New York, Harry N. Abrams. Conkey, M. 1980. The identification of prehistoric hunter-gatherer aggregation: the case of Altamira. Current Anthropology 21, 609-30. Conkey, M. et al (eds). 1997. Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol. Berkeley, California Academy of Sciences Jochim, M. 1983. Palaeolithic Cave Art in Ecological Perspective. In G. Bailey (Ed) HunterGatherer Economy in Prehistory. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp212-219. Kehoe, A. 2003. Emerging trends v. the popular paradigm in rock art research. Antiquity 76, 384-5. Lewis-Williams, D. The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art. London, Thames and Hudson. Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1968. The Art of Prehistoric Man in Western Europe. London, Thames and Hudson. Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1982 The Dawn of European Art. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Mellars, P.A. 1985. The Ecological Basis of Social Complexity in the Upper Palaeolithic of Southwestern France. In T.D. Price and J.A. Brown (Eds) Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity. New York, Academic Press, pp271-297. Mithen, S. 1988. Looking and learning: Upper Palaeolithic art and information gathering. World Archaeology 19, 297-327. Ross, M. 2001. Emerging trends in rock art research. Hunter-gatherer culture, land and landscape. Antiquity 75: 543-8. *Soffer, O. 1990. The Russian Plain at the Last Glacial Maximum. In O. Soffer and C.S. Gamble (Eds) The World at 18 000 BP. Volume 1, High Latitudes. London, Unwin Hyman, pp228-252. *Soffer, O. and Gamble, C.S. (eds). 1990. The World at 18 000 BP. Volume 1, High Latitudes. London, Unwin Hyman. Strecker, M and Bahn, P 1998. Dating the Earliest Known Rock Art. Oxford, Oxbow Books. Various papers on shamanism in Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14.1 (2004) Web: http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/clottes/ Week 5: The re-occupation of Northern Europe Audouze, F. 1987. The Paris Basin in Magdalenian Times. In O, Soffer (Ed) The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspectives. New York, Plenum, pp183-200. Audouze, F. and Enloe, J. 1991. Subsistence strategies and economy in the Magdalenian of the Paris Basin. In N. Barton et al (Eds) The Late Glacial in North-West Europe. CBA Research Report 77, 63-71. Oxford, Council for British Archaeology.

Bahn, P. 1978. Seasonal Migration in Southwest France during the Late Glacial Period. Journal of Archaeological Science 4, 245-257. Barton, N. et al (eds) 1991. The Late Glacial in NW Europe - Human Adaptation and Environmental Change at the End of the Pleistocene, CBA Res. Rep. 77. London, C.B.A. Barton, R.N.E., Jacobi, R.M., Stapert, D. and Street, M. 2003: The Late-glacial reoccupation of the British Isles and the Creswellian. Journal of Quaternary Science 18, 631-43. Blockley, S.P.E., Donahue, R. and Pollard, A.M. 2000: Radiocarbon calibration and Late Glacial occupation in northwest Europe. Antiquity 74, 112-21. Blockley, S.P.E., Blockley, S.M., Donahue, R., Lane, C.S., Loew, J.J. and Pollard, A.M. 2006: The chronology of abrupt climate change and late Upper Palaeolithic human adaptation in Europe. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 575-84. Boyle, K. 1996. From Laugerie Basse to Jolivet: the organisation of Final Magdalenian settlement in the Vzre Valley. World Archaeology 27, 477-491. Caspar, J.-P. and de Bie, M. 1996. Preparing for the hunt in the late Palaeolithic camp at Rekem, Belgium. Journal of Field Archaeology 23, 437-460. Conneller, C.J. 2007 Inhabiting new landscapes: settlement and mobility in Britain after the last glacial maximum. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 26: 215-237. Gamble, C. et al. 2004. Climate change and evolving human diversity in Europe during the last glacial. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London. Series B 359, 24354 Gamble, C., Davies, W., Pettitt, P., Hazelwood, L. and Richards, M. 2005. The archaeological and genetic foundations of the European population during the Late Glacial: Implication for Agricultural thinking. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 15(2), 193-223. Gronnow, B. 1987. Meiendorf and Stellmoor revisited: an analysis of Late Upper Palaeolithic reindeer exploitation. Acta Archaeologica, 56, 131 - 166. Housley, R. et al. 1997. Radiocarbon evidence for the late glacial human recolonisation of Northern Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 25-54. Jacobi, R.. 2004: The Late Upper Palaeolithic lithic collection from Goughs Cave, Cheddar, Somerset and human use of the cave. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 70, 1-92. Jochim, M. et al 1999. The Magdalenian colonization of Southern Germany. American Anthropologist 101, 129-142. Karlin, C., Ploux, S., Bodu, P. and Pigeot, N. 1993. Some socio-economic aspects of the knapping process amongst groups of hunter-gatherers in the Paris Basin area. In Berthelet, A. and Chavaillon, J. (eds.), The Use of Tools by Human and Non-human Primates (Oxford), 318-37 *Pettitt, P., Bahn, P., Ripoll, S. and Muoz Ibez, F.J. 2007. Palaeolithic Cave Art at Creswell Crags in European Context. Oxford: Oxford University Press. *Pigeot, N. 1990: Technical and social actors: Flintknapping specialists and apprentices at Magdelenian Etoilles. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 9(1), 126-41. Ripoll, S. Muoz , F., Bahn , P. and Pettitt , P. B. 2004. Palaeolithic cave engravings at Creswell Crags, England . Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 70, 93-105. Smith, C. 1992. The Late Stone Age Hunters of the British Isles. London, Routledge. Straus, L.G. et. al. (eds). 1997. Humans at the End of the Ice Age. London, Plenum Press. Terberger, T. and Street, S. 2002. Hiatus or continuity? New results for the question of pleniglacial settlement in central Europe. Antiquity 76, 691-698. Week 7: Understanding the Mesolithic Bonsall, C. (ed). 1989. The Mesolithic in Europe. Edinburgh, John Donald. Clarke, D.L. 1978. Mesolithic Europe: The Economic Basis. In Mellars ed London, Duckworth. Bogucki, P. 1999. The Origins of Human Society Chapter 4. Oxford, Blackwell. Finlay, N. 2000. Deer Prudence. In Conneller, C.J. (ed) New Approaches to the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 17, 67-79. Finlay, N. 2003. Microliths and Multiple Authorship. In: Lars Larsson (ed.) Mesolithic on the Move. Papers presented at the Sixth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxford: Oxbow, 169-176

Jochim, M. 1976. Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence and Settlement: A Predictive Model. London, Academic Press. Larsson, L., Kindgren, H., Knutsson, K., Loeffler, D. and kerlund, A. (eds) 2003. Mesolithic on the Move. Papers presented at the Sixth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxbow Books, Oxford Mellars, P.A. 1976 Settlement patterns and industrial variability in the British Mesolithic. In G.de G. Sieveking, I.H. Longworth and K.E. Wilson (eds.) Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology, Duckworth, London, pp.357-399. Mellars, P. (ed.) 1978 The Early Post-glacial Settlement of Northern Europe. London: Duckworth. Price, T.D 1987. The Mesolithic of Western Europe. Journal of World Prehistory 1, 225-305 Price T.D. 1991. The Mesolithic of Northern Europe. Annual Review of Anthropology 20, 211-233. Warren, G. 2005 Complex Arguments. In N. Milner and P. Woodman (ed.) Mesolithic Studies at the beginning of the 21st century. Oxford: Oxbow. Zvelebil, M. 1986 Mesolithic prelude and Neolithic revolution. In M. Zvelebil (ed.), Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic societies of temperate Eurasia and their transition to farming, pp.5-16. New directions in archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Week 8: Death and cemeteries Albrethsen, S. and Brinch Petersen, E.1976. Excavation of a Mesolithic cemetery at Vedbaek, Denmark. Acta Archaeologica 47, 1-28. Cauwe, N. 2001. Skeletons in motion, ancestors in action: Early Mesolithic collective tombs in southern Belgium. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11(2): 147-63. Clark, G.A. and Neeley, M. 1987. Social differentiation in European Mesolithic burial data. In P.Rowley-Conwy et al (Eds) Mesolithic Northwest Europe: Recent Trends. Sheffield, Sheffield University, Department of Prehistory and Archaeology. pp121-7. Conneller, C. 2006. Death. In Conneller, C. and Warren G. (eds). Mesolithic Britain and Ireland. New perspectives. Stroud: Tempus. Cullen, T. 1995. Mesolithic mortuary ritual at Franchthi Cave, Greece. Antiquity 69, 270289. Jacobs, K. 1995. Returning to Oleni ostrov: social, economic, and skeletal dimensions of a Boreal forest Mesolithic cemetery. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14, 359403. Larsson, L. 1989. Ethnicity and traditions in Mesolithic mortuary practices of southern Scandinavia. In Shennan, S.J. (ed) Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity. London, Unwin Hyman. pp210-18. Larsson, L. 1989. Late Mesolithic settlements and cemeteries at Skateholm, S. Sweden. In Bonsall, C. (ed) The Mesolithic in Europe. Edinburgh, John Donald. pp367-78. Larsson, L. 1990. Dogs in fraction - symbols in action. In Vermeersch, P. and Van Peer, P. (Eds) Contributions to the Mesolithic in Europe. Leuven, Leuven University Press. pp153-160. Larsson, L. 2004. The Mesolithic period in Southern Scandinavia, with special reference to burials and cemeteries. In Saville, A. (ed.) Mesolithic Scotland and its neighbours. Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries for Scotland. Larsson, L. & Zagorska, I. 2006. Back to the Origin New Research in the Mesolithic-Neolithic Zvejnieki Cemetery & Environment, Northern Latvia Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series in 8, No. 52 Nilsson Stutz, L. 2003. A taphonomy of ritual practice, a field-anthropological study of late Mesolithic burials. In Larsson, L., Kindgren, H., Knutsson, K., Loeffler, D. and kerlund, A. (Eds) Mesolithic on the Move. Papers presented at the Sixth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxbow Books, Oxford. pp. 527535. Nilsson Stutz, L. 2003 Embodied Rituals and Ritualised Bodies. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia Series 8, no 46. O'Shea, J. and Zvelebil, M. 1984. Oleneostrovski Mogilnik: reconstructing the social and economic organisatiuon of prehistoric foragers in northern Russia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3, 1-40. Schulting, R. 1996. A re-analysis of the Mesolithic cemeteries of Teviec and Hoedic, Morhiban, northwest France. Antiquity 70.

Week 9: Regional Study 1: Southern Scandinavia *Andersen, M. Karsten, P. Knarrstrom, B and Svensson, M. 2004. Stone Age Scania. Riksantikvarieambetets Forlag Skrifter 52 Andersen, S.H. 2000. Kkkenmddinger (shell middens) in Denmark: a survey. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66,361-384. Andersen, S.H., and E. Johansen 1986. Erteblle revisited. Journal of Danish Archaeology 5, 3761. Bailey, G. and Parkington, J. 1988. Introduction. In Bailey, G. and Parkington, J. (Eds) The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Brinch-Petersen, E. 1989. Vaenget Nord: excavation, documentation and interpretation of a Mesolithic site at Vedbaek, Denmark. In Bonsall, C. (ed) The Mesolithic in Europe. Edinburgh, John Donald. pp325-330. Clark, J.G.D. 1975. The Earlier Stone Age Settlement of Scandinavia. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Grn, O. 1995. The Maglemose Culture. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 616. Oxford, Archaeopress Larsson, L. 1988. The Skateholm Project 1. A Late Mesolithic Settlement and Cemetery Complex at a Southern Swedish Lagoon. Stockholm, Almquist and Wicksell International. Mithen, S. 1987. Prehistoric red deer hunting strategies: a cost risk-benefit analysis with reference to Upper Palaeolithic northern Spain and Mesolithic Denmark. In P. RowleyConwy et al (Eds) Mesolithic Northwest Europe: Recent Trends. Sheffield, University of Sheffield, Department of Archaeology and Prehistory. pp93-108. Nash. G. 1998. Exchange, Status and Mobility: Mesolithic Portable Art of Southern. Scandinavia. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 710. Oxford, Archaeopress. *Price, T.D. 1985. Affluent foragers of Mesolithic southern Scandinavia. In Price, T.D. and Brown, J. (eds) Prehistoric Hunter Gatherers: The Emergence of Cultural Complexity. New York, Academic Press. pp341-360. Rowley-Conwy, P. 1981. Mesolithic Danish bacon. In Sheridan, A. and Bailey, G. (Eds) Economic Archaeology: Towards and Integration of Ecological and Social Approaches. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 96. Oxford, Archaeopress. pp51-55. Rowley-Conwy, P. 1983. Sedentary hunters: the Erteblle example. In Bailey, G. (Ed) Hunter Gatherer Economy in Prehistory. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. pp111-127. Rowley-Conwy, P. 1984. The laziness of the short distance hunter: the origins of agriculture in western Denmark. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3, 300-324. Rowley Conwy, P., Zvelebil, M. and Blankholm, H. (eds) 1987. Mesolithic Northwest Europe: Recent Trends. Sheffield, University of Sheffield, Department of Archaeology and Prehistory. *Strasssburg, J. 2000. Shamanic Shadows. One hundred generations of undead subversion in Southern Scandinavia. Stockholm studies in Archaeology 20. Week 10: Regional Study 2: Britain and Ireland Andresen, J.M., Byrd, B.F., Elson, M.D., McGuire, R.H., Mendoza, R.G., Staski, E. and White, J.P. 1981. The Deer Hunters: Star Carr reconsidered. World Archaeology 13, 3146. Barton, R., Berridge, P., Walker, M. and Bevins, R. 1995. Persistent Places in the Mesolithic Landscape: an Example from the Black Mountain Uplands of South Wales. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 61, 81-116. Bell, M. 2007. Prehistoric Coastal Communities: the Mesolithic in Western Britain Council for British Archaeology Research Report Carter, R.J. 1998. Reassessment of seasonality at the early Mesolithic site of Star Carr, Yorkshire, based on radiographs of mandibular tooth development in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 851-856. Clark, J.G.D. 1954. Excavations at Star Carr. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Clark, J.G.D. 1972. Star Carr: a Case Study in Bioarchaeology. Reading, Mass., AddisonWesley Module in Anthropology 10.

Clark, J.G.D. 1980. Mesolithic Prelude. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Conneller, C.J. 2004. Becoming deer: corporeal transformations at Star Carr. Archaeological Dialogues 11(1): 37-56. Conneller, C. and Schadla-Hall, T. 2003. Beyond Star Carr: The Vale of Pickering in the 10th Millennium BP. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 69. Conneller, C. and Warren G. 2006. Mesolithic Britain and Ireland. New perspectives. Stroud: Tempus. Cummings, V. 2003. The origins of monumentality? Mesolithic world-views of the landscape in western Britain. In Lars Larsson (ed.) Mesolithic on the Move. Papers presented at the Sixth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm 2000. Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 74-81. Finlay, N. 2000. Deer Prudence. In Conneller, C.J. (ed) New Approaches to the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 17, 67-79. Finlayson, B. 1999. Wild Harvesters: The First people in Scotland. Edinburgh, Canongate Books, with Historic Scotland. Jacobi, R.M. 1978. Northern England in the Eighth Millennium BC. In Mellars, P (ed) The Early Post-glacial Settlement of Northern Europe. London, London. pp295-332. Legge, A.J. and Rowley-Conwy, P. 1989. Star Carr Revisited. London, Centre for ExtraMural Studies, Birkbeck College, University of London. Mellars, P. 1976. Settlement patterns and industrial variability in the British Mesolithic. In Sieveking, G., Longworth, I, and Wilson, K. (eds) Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology. London, Duckworth. pp375399. Mellars, P. 1976. Fire ecology, animal populations and man: a study of some ecological relationships in prehistory. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 42, 1545. Mellars, P.A. 1987. Excavations on Oronsay: Prehistoric Human Ecology on a Small Island. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Mellars, P. and Dark, P. 1998. Star Carr in Context. Cambridge, MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Pitts, M. 1979. Hide and antlers: a new look at the gatherer-hunter site at Star Carr, N. Yorks, England. World Archaeology 11, 32-42. Pollard, T. 1996. Time and tide: Coastal environments, cosmology and ritual practice in Early Prehistoric Scotland. In Pollard, T. and Morrison, A. (Eds) The Early Prehistory of Scotland. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. pp198-210. Pollard, T., and Morrison, A. (eds) 1996. The Early Prehistory of Scotland. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. Pollard, C.J. 2000. Ancestral places in the Mesolithic landscape. In C. Conneller (ed) New Approaches to the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 17, 123-138. *Saville, A. (ed) 2004. Mesolithic Scotland and its neighbours. Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries for Scotland. Schulting, R.J. and Richards, M.P. 2000. Mesolithic subsistence and seasonality: the use of stable isotopes. In Young, R. (ed) Mesolithic Lifeways: Current Research from Britain and Ireland. Leicester, University of Leicester, Leicester Archaeology Monographs 7. pp55-64. Schulting, R.J. and M.P. Richards. 2002. The wet, the wild and the domesticated: The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition on the west coast of Scotland. European Journal of Archaeology 5, 147-89. Simmons, I. 2001 An environmental history of Great Britain: from 10,000 years ago to the present. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Chapter 2. Smith, C. 1992. Late Stone Age Hunters of the British Isles. London, Routledge. Tilley, C. 1994. A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths and Monuments. Oxford, Berg. Wickham-Jones, C. 1994. Scotlands First Settlers. London, Batsford/Historic Scotland. Woodman, P. 1978. The Mesolithic in Ireland: Hunter-Gatherers in an Insular Environment. British Archaeological Reports, British Series 58. Oxford, Archaeopress. Young, R. (ed) 2000. Mesolithic Lifeways: Current Research from Britain and Ireland. Leicester, University of Leicester, Leicester Archaeology Monographs 7.

Warren, G. 2000. Seascapes: People, Boats and Inhabiting the Later Mesolithic in Western Scotland. In R. Young (ed) Mesolithic Lifeways: Current research from Britain and Ireland. Leicester, University of Leicester Press, Leicester Archaeology Monographs 7. pp97-104. Warren, G. 2005. Mesolithic Lives in Scotland. Stroud: Tempus. Wickham Jones, C. 1994. Scotlands First Settlers. London: Batsford. Woodman, P. 1985. Excavations at Mount Sandel, 1973-1977. Belfast, Her Majestys Stationery Office. Northern Ireland Archaeological Research Monograph 2. Woodman, P.C., Anderson, E. and Finlay, N. 1999. Excavations at Ferriters Cove, 19831995: Last foragers, first farmers in the Dingle Peninsula. Bray, Wordwell. Week 11: Regional studies III: Southern Europe Bonsall, C. et al. 1997. Mesolithic and Early Neolithic in the Iron Gates: a palaeodietary perspective. Journal of European Archaeology 5.1: 50-92. Bori, D. 2002. The Lepenski Vir conundrum: reinterpretation of the Mesolithic and Neolithic sequences in the Danube Gorges. Antiquity 76, 10261039. Boric D. 2005. Body metamorphosis and animality: volatile bodies and boulder artworks from lepenski vir. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 15 (1):pp. 35-69 Boric D., Grupe G., Peters J., and Miki'c Z. 2005. Is the mesolithic-neolithic subsistence dichotomy real? new stable isotope evidence from the danube gorges. European Journal of Archaeology, 7 (3) Chapman, J. 1992. Social power in the Iron Gates Mesolithic. In J. Chapman and P. Dolukhanov (Eds) Cultural Transformations and Interactions in Eastern Europe. Aldershot, Avebury. pp71-121. Chapman, J. 2000. Fragmentation in Archaeology: People, places and broken objects in the Prehistory of southeastern Europe. London: Routledge. Galanidou, N. and Perles, C. (eds.) 2003. The Greek Mesolithic. Problems and Perspectives. London: British School at Athens. Deith, M.R. and Shackleton, .C. 1987. The contribution of shells to site interpretation: approaches to shell material from Franchthi Cave. In Bintliff, J., Davidson, D. and Grant, E. (Eds) Conceptual Issues in Environmental Archaeology. Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press. pp4958 Jacobsen, T. 1981. The Franchthi cave and the beginnings of settled village life in Greece. Hesperia 50, 303-19. Perls, C. 1999. Long-term perspectives on the occupation of the Franchthi Cave: continuity and discontinuity. In Bailey, G., Adam, E., Pangopoulou, E., Perls, C. and Zachos K. (Eds) The Palaeolithic of Greece and Adjacent Areas. British School at Athens Monographs 3. Prinz, B. 1987. Mesolithic Adaptations on the Lower Danube: Vlasac and the Iron Gates Gorge. British Archaeological Reports, International Series. Oxford, Archaeopress. Srejovic, D. 1982. Europes First Monumental Sculpture. New Discoveries at Lepenski Vir. London: Thames and Hudson. Tringham, R. 2000. Southeastern Europe in the stransition to agriculture in Europe: bridge, buffer or mosaic. In T.D Price (ed) Europes First Farmers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Voytek, B. and Tringham, R. 1989. Rethinking the Mesolithic: the case of south-east Europe. In Bonsall, C. (ed) The Mesolithic in Europe. John Donald, Edinburgh. pp492-499.