English For Academic Purposes

TKI 1005 / 2 Credits

Dr. Indraswari Kusumaningtyas 21-3-2012

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

5 Sentence Exercise (Part II)

A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one verb. A sentence expresses a complete thought. Four types of sentences in English: - simple sentences, - compound sentences, - complex sentences, and - compound-complex sentences. Today we will look at other typical errors in your sentences. You can find additional notes on the theories in e-Lisa.

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

English Sentence II

Clause
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. There are two kinds of clauses in English: independent clauses and dependent clauses.

Are these sentences independent or dependent clause?

1. It rained. 2. Who cannot work around the clock. 3. After we finished our homework. 4. Art students should visit Paris. Whats the difference?
3

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

English Sentence II

Complex Sentence
An independent clause has one SV pair and expresses a complete thought. Independent clause is just another name for a simple sentence. A dependent clause is an independent clause with a subordinating word, such as because, after, and when, added to the beginning of it. A dependent clause must be connected to an independent clause in order to make a complete sentence, which is called a complex sentence. A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 4

Complex Sentence
Unlike a compound sentence, however, a complex sentence contains clauses which are not equal. Simple: My friend invited me to a party. I do not want to go.

Compound My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go.

Complex Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not want to go. When you write the subordinating conjunction "although" at the beginning of the first clause, you make it clear that the fact that your friend invited you is less important than, or subordinate, to the fact that you do not want to go.
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 5

Adverb Clauses
Dependent adverb clauses tell why, when, or where or introduce an opposite idea. They begin with one of these subordinating conjunctions:
1. 2. 3. To tell why: because, since, as To tell when and where: when, whenever, since, while, as soon as, after, before, wherever To introduce an opposite idea: although, though, even though

Most dependent adverb clauses can come at the beginning or end of a sentence.
Veterinarians give the animals prompt medical attention whenever they are sick. Whenever the animals are sick, veterinarians give them prompt medical attention
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 6

Complex Sentence
Match a clause from column B with a clause from column A to make a complex sentence. The clauses in column A are in the correct order. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. A The trip began badly It was almost noon As soon as I threw out my fishing line I spent most of the afternoon untangling my line After we had been fishing for a couple of hours We were totally wet When we got back home It will be a long, long time a. b. c. B before we could put on our rain jackets when we had a flat tire on the way to the lake until I go fishing with my brothers again I immediately took a hot shower while my brothers were catching fish after fish it got caught in some underwater weeds before we started fishing it started to rain
English Sentence II 7

d. e.
f. g. h.

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Compound-Complex Sentence
Rather than joining two simple sentences together, a co-ordinating conjunction sometimes joins two complex sentences, or one simple sentence and one complex sentence. In this case, the sentence is called a compound-complex sentence. Example: The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

English Sentence II

Transition Signals
In addition to unity, every good paragraph in a composition must have coherence. It is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how various parts of the paragraph are connected. These connections can be made explicit by the use of different transition signals. Can you name a few examples of transition signals? 1. list of time order or order of importance 2. addition 3. opposite ideas 4. similar ideas 5. examples 6. cause and effect 7. conclusion 8. emphasis
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 9

Identify the Transition Signals

To begin with, it is necessary to consider the long-term implications of the decision to increase our dependence on permanent staff in our restaurants. For example, let us say we do go ahead. In this case, our reliance on hourly-paid staff will decrease. As a result, costs will reduce, as permanent staff are cheaper than hourly-paid staff. In fact, it is not necessarily the case, especially as there is no way of knowing what the relative costs of hourly-paid staff and permanent staff will be in ten years' time. However, as a rule hourly permanent staff are more reliable than full-time staff and this is a genuine advantage. As a consequence of these two advantages, permanent staff would seem to be a better option. In other words, they are cheaper and more reliable so they are better. In that case, it is not necessary to hesitate. Naturally, nothing is so simple. In short, cost is an unknown factor and the most economical choice is not known.
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 10

Using Articles
What is an article? Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns. English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article. For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book. If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean any book rather than a specific book.

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

English Sentence II

11

Using Articles: a and an

"A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group. For example: "My daughter really wants a dog for Christmas." This refers to any dog. We don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog yet. "Somebody call a policeman!" This refers to any policeman. We don't need a specific policeman; we need any policeman who is available. "When I was at the zoo, I saw an elephant!" Here, we're talking about a single, non-specific thing, in this case an elephant. There are probably several elephants at the zoo, but there's only one we're talking about here.
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 12

Using Articles: the

The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular. The signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group. For example:

"The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking about a specific dog, the dog that bit me.
"I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat!" Here, we're talking about a particular policeman. Even if we don't know the policeman's name, it's still a particular policeman because it is the one who saved the cat. "I saw the elephant at the zoo." Here, we're talking about a specific noun. Probably there is only one elephant at the zoo.
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 13

Using Articles
Fill each blank with a', an', the' or leave it blank. 1. He left _____ house without informing anyone. 2. There is _____ box of sweets on _____ table. 3. Do you need _____ degree in Economics or _____ degree in finance to be a better manager? 4. When we arrived, she went straight to _____ kitchen and started to prepare _____ meal for us. 5. He has _____ cut on his leg and _____ bruise on _____ chin. 6. _____ Mt. Everest is _____ highest mountain in _____ world. 7. Switch off _____ air-conditioner please. I have _____ cold. 8. Do you like _____ weather here? Isn't it too hot during _____ day but it is very cold at _____ night?
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 14

Relative Pronouns
Fill each blank with who', whose, that', or which'. 1. Anya is the one ____ rescued the bird. 2. Mr Richards, ___ is a taxi driver, lives on the corner. 3. I do not trust products ____ claim "all natural ingredients" because this phrase can mean almost anything. 4. The product claiming "all natural ingredients," ____ appeared in the Sunday newspaper, is on sale. 5. That is a decision ___ you must live with for the rest of your life. 6. I talked to the girl ___ car had broken down in front of the shop.

7. The man, ___ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 15

Relative Pronouns: The Rules

Rule 1 Who and whose refer to people. That and which refer to groups or things. Anya is the one who rescued the bird. Lokua is on the team that won first place. Rule 2 That introduces essential clauses while which introduces nonessential clauses. I do not trust products that claim "all natural ingredients" because this phrase can mean almost anything. The product claiming "all natural ingredients," which appeared in the Sunday newspaper, is on sale.
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 16

Relative Pronouns: The Rules

Rule 3 If who and whose introduce an essential clause, you do not use a comma before them. If they introduce a non-essential clause, you use a comma before them. Anya is the one who rescued the bird. Mr Richards, who is a taxi driver, lives on the corner. Rule 4 If this, that, these, or those has already introduced an essential clause, you may use which to introduce the next clause, whether it is essential or nonessential. That is a decision which you must live with for the rest of your life.
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering English Sentence II 17