CHEMISTRY BRO

AD

QUESTION ANSWERS
NAME: INTEKHAB HOSSAIN CLASS: X

January 2004 P2 8. a)Metals are extracted from their ores by reduction processes. These involve electrolysis or reaction with carbon or carbon monoxide. i) Explain what is meant by reduction in terms of the loss or gain of electrons by an ion. Choose a suitable example and write an equation to illustrate your answer. Ans: Reduction is the gain of electrons Example: Fe3+ + e Fe2+ When Fe3+ gain 1 electron it forms Fe2+ ii) Explain why metals high in the reactivity series are usually extracted by electrolysis. Ans: Ions of reactive metals do not accept electrons easily.

 Their compounds are difficult to reduce Electrolysis is a powerful form of reduction which is better than coke reduction. Hence they are usually extracted by electrolysis. iii) Magnesium is extracted from magnesium chloride by electrolysis. State one essential condition required for this process and explain why is it necessary. Write equations for the reactions that occur at the cathode and at the anode. Ans: The essential condition required for the electrolysis of magnesium chloride is MgCl2 must be molten. In the solid state the ions are fixed in their position so they cannot conduct electricity. So to make the ions mobile it must be molten. Reaction at cathode: Mg2+ + 2e Mg Reaction at anode: 2Cl - - 2e Cl2
iv)

Tin is a metal that is just below iron in the reactivity series. Suggest how tin is likely to be extracted from its

oxide, SnO2. Write an equation for the reaction that occurs. Ans: Tin can be extracted from SnO2 by reduction. The reduction can be carried out by heating with coke/ CO2/ CO/ thermite process ( aluminium) SnO2 + 2C Sn + 2Co or SnO2 + C Sn + CO2 Or SnO2 + 2CO Sn + 2CO2 b) i) After extraction, copper requires further refining. Describe how this is carried out on an industrial scale. Write equations for the reactions that occur but a diagram is not required. Ans: Further refining of copper is done by electrolysis. Copper(ii) sulphate/ copper(ii) nitrate can be used as electrolyte. Impure lump of copper is used as anode. Pure copper strip is used as cathode. Copper is transferred from anode to cathode.

 The impurities fall to the bottom of the cell. Anode: Cu+ Cu2+ + 2e Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e Cu+

ii) Give two uses of copper. Ans: Electrical wiring ( good conductor of electricity) Water pipes ( good conductor of heat) c) A metal such as sodium can be obtained from sodium chloride by using electrolysis, but a non metal such as phosphorus cannot be obtained from its chloride cannot be obtained from its chloride by this method. Explain why this is so. Ans: Sodium chloride is an ionic compound The ions (in the molten or in aqueous state) can carry the current PCl3 or PCl5 is a covalent molecule, means consist of molecules. There are no charged particles to conduct electricity.

9. a) Explain each of the following statements. i) Graphite is a soft material whereas diamond is very hard, but they both have high melting points. Ans: Graphite is having layer structures. Weak forces (Van Der Walls force) exist between the layers. Diamond is tetrahedral in structure. Both diamond and graphite are macromolecular. Strong bonds exist between the atoms of both diamond and graphite. Hence lot of energy is needed to break the bonds.

ii) The molar enthalpy (heat) of vaporization , H, for, the covalent compound hydrogen chloride is 16 kJ mol-1 whereas H for the ionic compound lithium chloride is 151 mol-1. Ans: Hydrogen chloride consist of molecules

 Weak forces of attraction exist between them. In lithium chloride oppositely charged ions are arranged Hence strong forces of attraction exist between them.

May 1997 P1 7. Describe how you would obtain a pure sample of: a) Sodium chloride from a mixture of sodium chloride and sand. Ans: The mixture is taken in a beaker and water is added to dissolve the mixture. NaCl becomes soluble and the sand is filtered off, it will be remaining in the filter paper as residue. The filtrate is then evaporated in an evaporating basin and placed on steam bath until the point of crystallization. It is then allowed to cool. The crystals are then transferred to filter paper and left to dry.

b) Barium sulphate from a mixture of barium sulphate and sodium sulphate. Ans: The mixture is taken into a beaker and water is added Na2CO3 becomes soluble and after filtering Ba2SO4 being insoluble are collected as residue. c) Nitrogen from a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Ans: The mixture is passed through a wash bottle containing KOH. CO2 being acidic will react with the alkali to form potassium carbonate. 2KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O Nitrogen may be collected by the displacement of water or by gas syringe. d) Copper from a mixture of copper and zinc. Ans: The mixture is taken in a beaker and dilute HCl/ H2SO4 is added to it in excess, to dissolve zinc completely.

 Zinc will react with dilute HCl to form ZnCl and hydrogen. Copper will be unreacted. The content is poured in the filter paper which will be washed by hot water several times. e) Petrol from a mixture of petrol and water. Ans: The mixture is taken in a separating funnel. Shake the mixture and leave it to stand for some time. Petrol and water will be separated as two layers, petrol at the top. By opening the tap, the water is removed. Petrol will be left in the funnel.

May 2000 P1 7. a) Write a brief account of the formation of ethanol by fermentation. Your account should describe the reaction conditions and

include a word equation. Details of the apparatus used are not required. Ans: Glucose is fermented to ethanol by its catalytic decomposition by the help of enzymes secreted by yeast at room temperature in absence of air. Procedure Glucose is dissolved in a little hot water and the solution is poured in a large bottle containing cold water to have a temperature around 300C. Brewers yeast is mixed with water to form a paste and then added to the glucose solution. Ammonium phosphate and potassium nitrate are also added to provide food for the yeast cells. Yeast also feeds on sugar. Yeast supplies an enzyme called zymase, which catalyses the decomposition of glucose to ethanol. C6H12O6 C2H5OH + 2CO2 The mixture is then filtered to remove solid impurities and the solution is concentrated by

fractional distillation (temperature is maintained from 70oC to 80oC)

c) Ethanol may be oxidized to compound X. Ethanol reacts with compound X to form an ester, compound Y. i) Give the name and structural formula of compound X. Ans: Ethanoic Acid. H HC C H O O

ii) Give the reaction conditions required to make compound Y. Ans: Concentrated sulphuric acid Temperature maintained below boiling point. iii) Draw the structural compound Y. formula of

Ans: CH3COOH2CH3 H H H C H C O O H C H H C H

d) Butanol is another member of the same homologous series as ethanol. It has the molecular formula C4H10O. i) Draw two possible structures for butanol. Ans: 2-methylpropan1-ol CH2 CH CH2 OH 2-methylpropan-2ol CH3 CH3 C CH3 OH

CH3

ii) State two ways in which the physical properties of butanol will differ from those of ethanol. Ans: Butanol is having high boiling point as more bonds are present. Butanol will be less volatile than ethanol. e) Ethanol has a relative molecular mass of 46 and boils at 78oC. Carbon Dioxide has a similar relative molecular mass of 44 but boils at -78oC. Suggest reasons why the boiling points of these two substances are so different. Ans: Carbon dioxide is a gas because of weak intermolecular force of attraction. Ethanol is a liquid due to more intermolecular force of attraction, due to the presence of Hydrogen bonds. To overcome these attractive forces the boiling must be higher in ethanol. Molecular mass is no matter for the existence of its state. Jan2007 P2

6. a) Describe how you would prepare crystals of each salt using the method indicated. Write an equation for each reaction. i) Sodium nitrate, NaNO3, by reacting an acid with an alkali. Ans: Transfer 25 cm3Sodium hydroxide into a conical flask with the help of pipette filler. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator, and titrated with nitric acid from the burette.,till the end point. By knowing the exact volume of acid and base from the titration, NaOH and HNO3should be mixed without using the indicator NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O Take the solution into an evaporating dish. Heat it onto a water bath to reduce the volume (till the point of crystallization ) Leave it to cool until crystals are formed. The crystals are washed with little cold distilled water and leave it to dry. Pure crystals of NaNO3 are formed.

ii) Anhydrous iron(III) chloride, FeCl3, by direct reaction of the elements. Ans: A piece ofIron coil is taken and heat it strongly. Dry chlorine gas is passed over the heated iron coil. Iron(III) chloride sublimes and collected at the chamber, (It is a deliquescent substance.) 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3 iii) Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O, by reacting an acid with a metal oxide. Ans: Some dilute sulphuric acid is taken in a beaker and warmed. Add copper(II) oxide little by little until in excess. The excess copper(II) oxide is removed by filtration. The filtrate is taken in an evaporating dish and is placed on a water bath. Heat it till the point of crystallization. Leave it in a cool place to form the crystals.

 The crystals are poured on a piece of filter paper and left it to dry. CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O b) The mineral kieserite has the formula MgSO4.H2O i) Calculate the percentage by mass of magnesium in kieserite. Ans: Mr of MgSO4.H2O = 24+32+24+2+16 = 138 % by mass of Magnesium = 24/138 100 ii) Describe one test to show that kieserite contains sulphate ions.

Ans: Kieserite is dissolved in water. Add barium chloride solution followed by hydrochloric acid A white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed shows the presence of sulphate ions. Ba + SO4-- BaSO4 7. a) Describe the reactions of sodium and potassium with water, giving

three similarities and one difference. Write an equation for one of the reactions. Explain, in terms of their electronic configurations, why the elements sodium and potassium have similar chemical properties. State the trend in reactivity on descending Group 1 and suggest a reason for it. Ans: Both floats on water Melts to a silvery ball Eventually dissolves Forms alkaline solution which can be tested by litmus Potassium reacts violently and hydrogen produced ignites immediately but sodium does not. 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 Both have 1 electron in their outer shell. Ex- Na 2,8,1 Reactivity increases down the group Atoms get bigger as we go down the group, so there is less attraction for the outer electron Due to less attraction the electron in the outermost shell is lost quickly.

b) Rubidium, Rb, is the fourth member of Group 1. Name the products and write an equation for any reaction that occurs when the following compounds are heated. i) rubidium carbonate Ans: Rubidium carbonate- no reaction, thermally stable.

ii) rubidium nitrate Ans: Rubidium nitrate- when heated gives rubidium nitrate and oxygen. 2RbNO3 2RbNO2 + O2 c) Aqueous sodium chloride (brine) containing litmus indicator is electrolyzed in apparatus that prevents the products formed at the electrodes from mixing. The indicator turns blue near the cathode and colourless near the anode. i) Write an equation for the reaction occurring at the anode and explain why the litmus turn colourless.

Ans: 2Cl - - 2e Cl2 chlorine bleaches the litmus ii) Write an equation for the reaction occurring at the cathode and explain why the litmus blue. What other observation would you see at the cathode? Ans: 2H+ + 2e H2 + H discharged as H2 gas leaving the OH ion in water The OH ion turns the litmus blue Bubbles of H2 gas will be seen iii) Name an important compound that is produced industrially by the electrolysis of brine and give one large scale use for it. Ans: Sodium Hydroxide It is used in the manufacture of soap. d) Describe a simple experiment to show whether a white powder is a sodium compound or a potassium compound.

Ans: By performing a flame test Sodium will produce a persistent golden yellow flame Potassium will produce lilac flame 8. Crude oil is a source of many compounds that are of great importance in the chemical industry. Study the scheme below and answer the questions that follow. Crude oil Process Naptha A C6H14Proces sB Ethene C2H4 Reaction C Reaction D Poly(ethe ne) Oxidati on

Ethanol C2H5

Compou nd E

a) Give the name of Process A. Describe how the process of separating crude oil into fractions, including naphtha, is carried out. Ans: By fractional distillation crude oil can be fractionated to produce naphtha. The crude oil should be vaporized at 450oC- 500oC The different compounds will be separated according to their points. Low boiling point compounds are collected at the top of the column High boiling point compounds are collected at the bottom of the column.
b)

Give the name of Process B, in which the naphtha fraction is converted into many different compounds, including ethene. Describe how this is done and explain what happens to the original molecules present in the naphtha. State the importance of this process in the petrochemical industry.

Write an equation using C6H14 to show the formation of ethene and one other compound. Ans: The name of Process B is cracking. It is carried out at high temperature (700oC) Long chain hydrocarbons break down A small alkane is formed Alkenes like ethene and propene are also formed Unsaturated molecules are used for manufacture of plastics, by polymerization. It also produces petrol C6H14 C2H4 + C4H10 or C6H14 2C2H4 + C2H6 c) Describe how ethene is converted into ethanol in Reaction C. Write an equation for the reaction, using displayed formula. Give one advantage disadvantage that this and one method of

producing ethanol has fermentation method.

over

the

Ans: Ethene is converted to ethanol by reacting with steam, which is called hydrolysis. Ethene and steam should be heated at 300oC A pressure of 70 atm is maintained Phosphoric acid is used as catalyst C2H4 + H2O C2H6O Advantage: 1. It is a continuous process 2. It produces pure product 3. The reaction is passed Disadvantage: 1. It is non renewable starting material
d)

Name the type of polymerization taking place in Reaction D. Draw the repeating unit of the polymer. D H C H H C H is added

Ans: Reaction polymerization. HH C=C H H

e) i) Compound E has the following percentage composition by mass: C= 38.7% H= 9.7% O= 51.6% i) Use these figures to calculate the empirical formula of E. Ans: Molar mass Mole 3.225 9.7 Molar 1 3 ratio Emperical Formula: CH3O
ii)

C 12

H 1

O 16 3.225 1

Given that 0.05 mol of E has a mass of 3.1 gm, calculate the relative molecular mass of E hence determine its molecular formula.

Ans:

0.05= 3.1/x X= 3.1/0.05 Mr= 62 Molecula formula= Emperical formula/n n= molecular mass/ empirical formula mass = 62/31 =2

C2H6O2

9. Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain each of the following observations. a) Diamond is one of the hardest substances known whereas graphite is soft and is used in pencils. Ans: Diamond: In diamond each carbon atom has a tetrahedral structure All bonds are strong covalent bonds Graphite: It has layer structure There is weak force of attraction between the layers. The layers slide over each other b) Sodium metal is food conductor of electricity when solid and when molten. Sodium chloride does not conduct electricity when solid and when molten.

Ans: Metals have delocalized electrons The electrons flow throughout the metal which can conduct electricity. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound, in solid state the ions are fixed in their position. In molten sodium chloride the ions are mobile, which can carry electricity. c) At room temperature, MgO is a solid with a high melting point whereas H2O is a liquid that vaporizes easily. Ans: Mgo is an ionic compound The oppositely charged ions Mg2+ and O2 There is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between the oppositely charged ions. H2O is a covalent compound It consist of molecules There is weak intermolecular forces More heat is needed to separate the ions than molecules Thus MgO has high melting point than H2O

d) Argon and nitrogen are both unreactive at room temperature. Nitrogen will combine with other elements at high temperature. Ans: Argon has 8 electrons in its outermost shell as its electron configuration is 2,8,8 As the outermost shell is full, hence it cannot gain, lose or share any electrons. Nitrogen has triple bond in N2 molecule To break up the bond requires high energy e) There is more than one compound with the molecular formula C2H4Cl2 Ans: 1,1- dichloroethane 1,2- dichloroethane January 2003 P2 7. a) Name the liquid raw material that is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Describe how the mixture is separated.

Ans: The liquid raw material is crude oil The mixture is separated by fractional distillation Crude oil is heated at 500oC until of it vaporizes The vapour passes up through the tower which is made up of perforated shelves As the perforated shelves have bubble caps, when the bubble goes up it cools down. At different heights different fractions are collected Lower boiling point are collected at the top and higher boiling compounds at the bottom. b) Methane and chlorine react to form several possible products. Under what conditions does this reaction take place? Suggest how the organic products of this reaction could be separated and give the formulae of two of them. Ans: Methane and chlorine should be placed in diffused sunlight

 Different products formed are chloromethane (CH3Cl), CH2Cl, CHCl, CCl4 The different fractions are separated by fractional distillation as they have different boiling points. c) Ethene also reacts with chlorine but in a different type of reaction. In what way is this reaction different from the reaction of methane and chlorine? Draw the structural formula of the organic product of this reaction and name it. Ans: When ethene reacts with chlorine, the reaction is addition reaction, chlorination. The reaction takes place at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. H H H H C C + Cl----Cl Cl---C----C-----Cl H H H H Methane reacts with chlorine only in the presence of diffused

sunlight and the reaction is substitution reaction. d) The following table contains average bond dissociation energies that you will need to answer both parts of this question. Average dissociation energy/ kJ mol-1 C---H 435 C O 805 C O 1077 H----O 464 O O 498 Methane burns in a good supply of air according to the following equation. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) By considering the bonds broken and bonds formed, calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction. Bond

i)

Ans: (4354) + (2498) (2805) + (4464) 2736 3466 Enthalpy change= 2736 3466 = -730

ii) In a poor supply of air the poisonous gas carbon monoxide (C O) is formed. CH4(g) + 3/2 O2(g) CO(g) +2H2O(g)

In terms of enthalpy changes, explain why the production of carbon monoxide by a gas heater reduces the efficiency. ( You are not required to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction). Ans: When CO is formed less heat energy is produced hence reduces the efficiency of the gas heater. 8. Explain the difference between each of the following. Give suitable examples to support your answer.

a)

Addition polymerisation condensation polymerization

and

Ans: Addition polymerization The monomers are unsaturated compounds The double bond provides the linkage between the monomers Ex- Nylon Condensation polymerization The monomers contain different groups Loss of small molecules provides the bond between the monomers (H2O or HCl) Ex- Polythene

b) The bonding in a covalent compound and in an ionic compound Ans: Covalent Bonding Ionic Bonding

 atoms are bound by sharing electrons A metal ion and a non metal ion make a compound Ex- NaCl2

the atoms are bound by attraction of opposite ions Two non metal ions make a compound Ex- Cl2

c) An acidic oxide and a base oxide. Ans: Acidic oxide They form from non metals When they dissolve in water they form acids They dissolve in alkali to form salt Ex- Sulphur dioxide + Water Sulphurous acid Basic oxide They form from metals When they dissolve in water they form alkalis They dissolve in acid to form salt Ex- Na2O + H2O NaOH

d) A saturated hydrocarbon and an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Ans: Saturated Hydrocarbon Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

 Contains (single) bond

CC Contains C C or C C (double or triple) Reacts with bond halogen in diffused Reacts with sunlight, the halogen in duffused reaction is a sunlight, the substitution reaction is a reaction. addition reaction. ExH H Ex- H H C---C C C H H H H f) Isotopes and allotropes. Ans: Isotope These are atoms of same element having same atomic but different mass number. They have different mass number as the number of neutrons are different Ex- Cl35, Cl37 Allotrope They are the different form of the same element They exist in the same state Ex- Diamond and graphite are different allotropes of carbon

January 2005 P2 7. Explain how you would use the experimental results given below to identify each of the unknown substances A, B, C, D, E and F. Write balanced equations for the reactions that occur.
a)

A is a white solid. When dilute hydrochloric acid is added to A, a colourless gas is formed which turns potassium dichromate (VI) solution from orange to green. A platinum wire, when dipped in the solid and then put in a Bunsen flame, produces a lilac colour.

Ans: The gas produced is sulphur dioxide. Hence A is a sulphide ion (SO2-3) The lilac colour of the flame indicates the presence of potassium ion K2SO3 + 2HCl KCl + SO2 + H2O

b)

B is a blue solution. When a piece of magnesium ribbon is put in the solution, a brown deposit forms on the magnesium and the blue colour disappears. After filtering, addition of dilute nitric acid followed by aqueous silver nitrate produces a white precipitate.

Ans: The blue solution indicates the presence of copper(ii) ion The brown deposit forms and the blue colour disappears indicating the reaction is a displacement reaction Mg(s) + Cu+(aq) Mg+(aq) + Cu(s) Addition of dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate gives white precipitate of silver chloride shows the presence of Cl -. Ag + Cl AgCl Hence compound B is copper(ii) chloride.
c)

C is a gaseous hydrocarbon which decolourises bromine water. When 1 mole of C burns in excess oxygen, 3 moles of carbon dioxide and 3 moles of water are formed.

Ans: The bromine water decolourises, confirms the hydrocarbon is unsaturated (alkene) 3 moles of CO2 is formed shows the presence of 3 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon 3 moles of H2O shows the presence of 6 hydrogen atoms Hence c is propene, C3H6 C3H6 + 9/2 O2 3CO2 + 3H2O d) D is a hard grey metal. When placed in water, D sinks and a colorless gas is evolved which explodes if mixed with air and ignited. The cloudy suspension formed turns red litmus blue. Ans: D is calcium. When placed in water the gas evolved is hydrogen, which explodes if mixed with air and ignited 2H + 2O2 2H2O Ca + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 The cloudy suspension is Ca(OH)2which is alkaline and turns red litmus blue.

e)

E is a colouless liquid with a molecular formula C2H6O. When it reacts with phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5, steamy fumes and a compound F containing carbon, hydrogen and chlorine are formed.

Ans: E is ethanol, C2H6O The steamy fumes are HCl, signifies the presence of OH group F is chloroethane. C2H5OH + 3PCl5 C2H5Cl + POCl3 + HCl 8. a) i) Describe, giving essential practice details, how you would perform a titration to find the concentration, in mol dm3, of a solution of sulphuric acid. You are provided with aqueous sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.50 mol dm3 and phenolphthalein indicator. Ans: NaOH solution is taken in a biurette, and the initial reading is noted.

 25 cm3 of H2SO4 acid is transferred to a conical flask by the pipette by using pipette filler A few drops of phenolphthalein are added in the conical flask, no colour change is observed NaOH solution is added from the biurette, a little at a time and swirled the flask to complete the reaction Near the end point, NaOH should be added dropwise At the end point, the colourless solution will turn pink. The final biurette reading is noted. The difference of the two readings is the volume of the alkali needed to meutralise the acid The titration should be repeated several times for more accuracy. ii) The equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid is H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O In a titration, 25.0 cm3 of H2SO4 required 26.5 cm3 of 0.50 mol dm3 NaOH for neutralization. Calculate the concentration of H2SO4 in mol .dm3

Ans: 25 SA/26.5 0.5= 1/2 SA = 0.265 mol/dm3

iii)

Sodium sulphate forms crystals of formula Na2SO4.xH2O. Describe briefly how a sample of the pure, dry crystals can be obtained ( use the information given in (ii) above )

Ans: Mix 26.5 cm3 of NaOH and 25 cm3 of H2SO4 No indicator should be added Transfer the solution in an evaporating dish and heat it on a water bath Evaporation should be continued till the point of crystallization Leave the evaporating dish in a cool place to form the crystals Transfer the crystals on a filter paper and wash it with cold water The crystals are transferred on a porous plate to get dry

b) 6.44 g of Na2SO4.xH2O was heated to remove the water of crystallization and a loss in mass of 3.60 g was recorded. Use these figures to calculate the number of moles of water of crystallization, x, in 1 mole of Na2SO4.xH2O. Ans: Mass of anhydrous salt= 6.443.6 = 2.84 R.F.M of Na2SO4= 142 Na2SO4 : xH2O 2.84 : 3.6 142 : 18x x= 10.1 c) In an experiment, a solution containing 0.05 mole HNO3 was neutralized by aqueous sodium hydroxide and 2.8 kJ of heat energy was evolved. i) Calculate the enthalpy change when 1 mole of HNO3 is neutralized. Write an ionic equation for the neutralization reaction and use it to explain why the reaction is exothermic.

Ans: 0.05 mole of Nitric acid gives out 2.8 kJ 1 mole of Nitric acid gives out 2.8/0.05 kJ = 56kJ + H + OH H2O As the bonds are formed energy is released. So it is exothermic.

ii) Draw an energy profile for the reaction and include the value for H. Ans: Energy Reaction path

May 2005 P2

6. When hydrochloric acid is added to sodium hydroxide solution, the following neutralization takes place. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O a) State and explain how the progress of this reaction can be followed by adding a few drops of either phenolphthalein or methyl orange to sodium hydroxide solution. Ans: 25 cm3 of NaOH is transferred in a conical flask wit the help of a pipette by using pipette filler Add few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the solution The colourless solution will turn pink The HCl is taken in a biurette and initial biurette reading is taken The acid is added little by little until there is sharp end point
b)

An experiment was performed to find the volume of hydrochloric acid of concentration 0.050 mol dm-3 needed to neutralize 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution of unknown concentration. The experiment was carried out three times.

Final volume of hydrochlo ric acid/ cm3 Initial volume of hydrochlo ric acid/ cm3 Volume of hydrochlo ric acid used/ cm3 i)

Experime nt 1 48.25

Experime nt 2 44.30

Experime nt 3 46.05

18.30

14.25

16.05

29.95

V1

V2

Name four pieces of apparatus needed to carry out this experiment accurately.

Ans: Pipette Biurette Conical flask Stand

c)

i) Calculate the volumes, V1 and V2, of hydrochloric acid used in experiments 2 and 3. Use these values to calculate the average volume of hydrochloric acid used in the three experiments. C= n/v 0.05= n/301000 n= 1.5 10-3 Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used to 3 neutralize 25 cm of the aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Ans:

ii)

Ans: NaOH : HCl 1:1 1.5 10-3 : x x= 1.5 10-3 iii) Calculate the concentration sodium hydroxide solution. Ans: VASA/VBSB = a/b 30 0.05/ 25 SB = 1/1 SB = 0.06 mol/ dm3

of

d) Describe how a pure, dry sample of sodium chloride crystals could be obtained from this experiment. Ans: Repeat the experiment by using 25 cm3 of NaOH and 30 cm3 of HCl No indicator is used Take the solution in an evaporating basin and place it in a steam bath Heat the solution till the point of crystallization Allow the solution to cool and crystallize Transfer the crystals on a filter paper using a filter funnel Wash the crystals with a little, cold distilled water Leave it to dry in the air 7. b) Aluminium potassium sulphate is a double salt made by a crystallizing a solution containing aluminium sulphate and potassium sulphate in suitable proportions. It has the formula Al2 (SO4)3.K2SO4.xH2O. Ans: Dissolve the salt in water Connect the solution in a circuit with a bulb

 The bulb will glow, shows a current is passing Potassium ion If a flame test is carried out with the help of a nichrome wire Lilac colour flame is produced Sulphate ion Prepare the solution HCl is added Barium chloride solution is added A white precipitate of Barium sulphate is formed Ba2+ + SO42BaSO4 c) The following reaction occurs at 200oC. Al2(SO4)3.K2SO4.xH2O Al2(SO4)3.K2SO4 + xH2O Hydrated compound Anhydrous compound When 9.48 g of the hydrated compound was heated at 200oC, 5.16 g of the anhydrous compound was formed. i) Calculate the relative formula mass of anhydrous aluminium potassium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3.K2SO4. Ans: R.F.M of Al2(SO4)3.K2SO4

= 27 2 ( 32 + 16 4) 3 39 2 32 + 16 4 = 516
ii)

Calculate the value of x in the formula AL2(SO4)3.K2SO4.xH2O.

Ans: Mass of H2O = 9.48- 5.16 = 4.32 Al2(SO4)3.K2SO4 : xH2O 5.16 4.32 516 18x 92.88x = 2229.12 x = 24 January 2004 P2 1. When 1.40 g of a metal, M, was added to an excess of copper(ii) sulphate solution, brown copper was deposited and the blue colour of the solution faded until it was almost colourless. The copper was filtered, washed and dried; its mass was found to be 1.59 g. Sodium hydroxide solution was

added to the filtrate and a green precipitate was formed. a) Given that 1 mole of M displaces 1 mole of copper, use the information given above to calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of the metal M, and identify this metal. Ans: moles of copper = 1.59/63.5 = 0.025 Ar(M) = 1.40/0.025 = 56 Therefore it is iron. b) Wite an equation for the reaction between the metal and copper(ii) sulphate solution. Ans: Fe(s) + Cu+ Cu(s) + Fe+

c) Explain why the blue colour faded during the reaction. Ans: The blue colour is caused by copper ion As copper ion is displaced by copper metal by the displacement of copper(ii) hence the solution fades

d) Describe a test that could have been used to show that sulphate ions were present in the filtrate. Ans: Add aqueous HCl followed by Barium chloride A white precipitate of Barium(ii) sulphate will form e) i) Identify, by name of formula, the green precipitate. Ans: Copper(ii) hydroxide ii) Write an equation for the reaction that produces the green precipitate. Ans: FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4 Fe2+ + OH Fe(OH)2 2. The hydrocarbons methane, CH4, propane, C3H8, and pentane, C5H12 are all members of the alkane homologous series. a) i) Explain what is meant by the term hydrocarbon. Ans: These are the compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only.

ii) State two characteristics of an homologous series. Ans: Same general formula Differ from the next compound by CH2 iii) Write the molecular formulae of the two alkanes that follow pentane in the series. Ans: Hexane: C6H14, Heptane: C7H16 b) i) Explain what is meant by the term structural isomerism. Ans: These are the compounds having same molecular but different structural formula. c) When pentane is heated to a very high temperature, it may undergo the reaction represented by the equation: C5H12 C2H6 + C3H6 i) What is the name given to this type of reaction? Ans: Cracking

ii) Pentane could decompose to give two different products. Complete the following equation by giving the structural formula of one possible hydrocarbon that could be formed in addition to methane. Ans: C5H12 CH4 + C4H8

3. The electron configurations of four elements represented by the letters W, X, Y and Z are: W 2,7 X 2,8,3 Y 2, 8,5 Z 2,8,8,2 Use the letters given to answer the following questions. a) i) Which two elements are metals? Ans: X, Z ii) State the group to which each metal belongs. Ans: Gr 1 Y, Gr 3- X
b)

i) Which element would form an ion with a charge of 3 -?

Ans: Na3Y ii) Write the formula of the compound that this element would form with sodium. Ans: Y

c)

i) Which two elements would form a compound in which 1 mole of cations is combined with 3 moles of anions?

Ans: X, W ii) Write the formulae of the ions present in this compound. Ans: X3+, W d) Which element gives a characteristic colour if placed in a Bunsen flame? Ans: Z

e) i) Element Y forms a compound with hydrogen. What type of bonding is found in this compound? Ans: Covalent
4.

Nickel, Ni, is a transition metal in the same row of the Periodic Table as copper. a) Describe, giving essential practical details, how you could prepare crystals of nickel(ii) sulphate, NiSO4.6H2O, starting from nickel(ii) oxide and dilute sulphuric acid. Ans: Take some dilute H2SO4 and heat it gently Add nickel oxide little by little until in excess Excess nickel (ii) oxide id filtered off The solution of nickel(ii) sulphate is taken in an evaporating dish and heated on a steel bath till the point of crystallization Transfer the crystals on a filter paper and leave it to dry.

b)

The overall equation for the preparation is: NiO(s) + H2SO4(aq) + 5H2O(l) NiSO4.6H2O(s) Use the equation to calculate the maximum mass, in grams, of nickel (ii) sulphate crystals that could be obtained from 3.75 g of nickel (ii) oxide. Ans: 75 263 3.75 x x = 13.15 d) State two characteristic properties of transition metals that make different from Group 2 metals. Ans: They form variable valancies. Ex- Fe2+, Fe3+ They all form coloured compounds. ExCopper(ii) sulphate is blue 5. Describe simple experiments or tests that could be performed in the laboratory to support each of the following statements. Diagrams and equations not required.

a) Sodium chloride is an electrolyte whereas sugar is a non electrolyte.

Ans: NaCl Dissolve in water when an electric circuit is applied to a bulb, the bulb will light up, shows it is an electrolyte. Sugar Same experiment is carried out but bulb will not light up shows it is not an electrolyte. b) Sodium sulphate and sodium sulphite behave differently when added to dilute hydrochloric acid.

Ans: Na2SO4: when dilute HCl is added, no reaction is observed Na2SO4: when dilute HCl is added sulphur dioxide gas is evolved which turns potassium dichromate orange to green

c)

Magnesium carbonate stable to heat than carbonate.

is less sodium

Ans: Mg2CO3 produces CO2 in heating which turns limewater milky Na2CO3 is thermally stable

January 2008 P2 8. a) A group in the Periodic Table sometimes described as a family of elements. Discuss how this description applies to Group 1 (Li to K) and Group 7 ( Cl to I) by considering: the number of electrons in the outer shell the loss or gain of electrons to form a stable electronic configuration

 the appearance of the elements as each group is descended the change in reactivity as each group is descended in terms of electron configurations and the ability to lose or gain electrons Ans: Group 1 the no. of electrons in the outer shell is 1 lose or gain of electrons to form a stable configuration, they lose their electron to form a cation the appearance of the element as each group is descended. They are shiny grey solids. Change in reactivity: more reactive down the group Group 7 contains 7 electrons in the outer shell

as we go down the group colour darkens, exchlorine- green yellow gas, brominered liquid less reactive down the group

b) In the Periodic Table, metals in the same period become less reactive from left to right. Support this statement by describing three contrasting observations made during the reactions of potassium and calcium with water. Write equations for the reactions that occur. Ans: Potassium Moves on the surface of the water and melts to a silvery ball and disappears, a clear solution is formed. 2K + H2O 2KOH + H2O reacts violently H2 produced ignites immediately with a lilac flame Calcium Calcium sinks forms a cloudy suspension due to the formation of Ca(OH)2 which sparingly soluble. Ca + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 reacts steadily H2 produced does not ignite

c) Explain why the elements in Group 0 are inert. Give one use for argon that depends on this inertness.

Ans: All group 0 elements are inert due to the complete duplet or octet in the outermost shell. Uses- Argon is used in bulb light and in metallurgical process.

January 2005 P2 6. Chlorine, bromine and iodine are members of group of elements called the halogens. a) i) Describe how a dry sample of chlorine gas, free from hydrogen chloride, can be prepared and collected in the laboratory starting from hydrochloric acid and a suitable oxidizing agent. Give the conditions needed and the apparatus required. Write an equation for the reaction. Ans: The reagents are: Concentrated HCl and MnO2. MnO2 is taken in a flask and concentrated HCl is poured

through a thistle funnel. Shake the mixture and heat it. The reaction produces effervescence and the gas evolved is passed through a wash bottle containing distilled water to remove hydrogen chloride gas. Then the gas is dried through the wash bottle containing concentrated H2SO4. The gas is chlorine, as it is denser than air it is collected by downward delivery or upward displacement. 4HCl + MNO2 Cl2 + 2H2O + MnCl2 ii) Describe a simple test for chlorine gas. Ans: It turns damp litmus paper first red then bleach iii) State two ways in which the physical properties of the halogens change as the group is descended. Ans: The colour darkens The density increases

b)

Describe what is seen when chlorine is bubbled through a solution of potassium iodide. Write an equation for the reaction and explain in terms of electron transfer why this reaction involves both oxidation and reduction. Identify the oxidizing agent in this reaction.

Ans: The colour solution turns dark brown Cl2 + 2I 2 Cl -+ I2 Chlorine gains electrons whereas iodide loses electrons Hence it is a redox reaction Chlorine is the oxidizing agent in this reaction c) When dry chlorine gas is passed over heated iron fillings, a vigorous reaction occurs and a black solid is formed. i) Name the black solid and write an equation for its formation. Ans: The black solid is iron(iii) chloride 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3

ii) Suggest how bromine will react with heated iron and name the product. Ans: Bromine will react less vigorously than chlorine Black solid of iron(iii) bromide will form iii) State and explain how the reactivity of the halogens change as the group is descended. Ans: The reactivity decreases down the group No. of shells increases. Distance between nucleus and outer shell increases. So there is less attraction for extra electron. iv) Name the product and write an equation for the reaction that will occur if hydrogen chloride gas is passed over heated iron fillings. Ans: Iron(ii) chloride will form Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2 January 2006 P2

7. a) ii) Describe a simple test to show that the gas collected is ammonia. Ans: Ammonium chloride is taken in a test tube Calcium hydroxide is added to it The delivery tube is connected with a u tube containing CaO When the tube is heated ammonia gas will pass through the u tube and collected in a gas jar by upward delivery 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 2NH3 + CaCl2 + H2O b) Aqueous ammonia is added drop wise to each of the following solutions until it is in excess. State what you would observe and give the name or formula of the iron and copper containing products formed. i) Iron (iii) sulphate Ans: When aqueous ammonia is added a brown precipitate will form

 The brown precipitate is due to the presence of Fe(OH)3 ii) Copper(ii) sulphate Ans: A blue precipitate of copper (ii) hydroxide will form when little ammonia is added When excess ammonium hydroxide solution is added the precipitate and a deep blue solution is formed The deep blue solution is formed due to the formation of [ Cu(NH3)4. 2H2O]+2 c) The equation for the reaction between ammonia and sulphuric acid is: 2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) (NH4)2SO4(aq) i) Calculate the volume of ammonia gas at room temperature and pressure that would have to be dissolved in water to give a solution containing 6.80 g of ammonia. Ans: 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4

 No. of moles in 6.8 g of ammonia = 6.8/17 = 0.4 Volume of 0.4 moles of ammonia= 0.4 24000 cm3 = 96500 cm3 = 9.6 dm3

ii) Calculate the mass of ammonium sulphate that could be obtained from 6.80 g of ammonia. Ans: Mr pf Ca2SO4 = 14 + 4 + 32 + 64 = 132 Ammonia : Ammonium sulphate 2 1 0.4 x x= 0.2 Mass of (NH4)2SO4 = 0.2 132 = 26.4 gm iii) State one sulphate. use of ammonium

Ans: It is used as fertilizer.

January 2008 P2 9. a) i) What is allotropy? Ans: Existing of same element in two or more different forms in the same physical state. ii) State two ways in which the structures of diamond and graphite are similar. Ans: Both of them are macromolecules of carbon atoms Both of them are covalently bonded

iii) State on way in which the structures of diamond and graphite are different. Ans: In diamond each carbon atom is tetrahedral Graphite has hexagonal layer structure

iv) Explain why diamond is very hard whereas graphite is soft. Ans: In diamond atoms are bonded with four other carbon atoms as a result atoms are closely packed within the crystal lattice, that is why diamond is hard In graphite carbon atoms are arranged in hexagonal layer structure and between the layers there is weak forces so it is soft and can slide over. b) When burnt in air, carbon can form two gaseous products. Identify the products and state the conditions under which each forms. Write an equation formation of each gas. Ans: The gases are CO2 and CO CO2 forms when carbon is burned in excess air C + O2 CO2 CO is formed when carbon is burned in limited air C + O2 CO CO when inhaled combines with haemoglobin and form carboxyhaemoglobin, which is

toxic and produces less heat energy.

ii) Give a test that would distinguish between the gases. Ans: When CO2 is passed through lime water it turns milky but Co does not. When a lighted taper is introduced to a gas jar of CO2, it extinguishes, but in CO it burns with a blue flame iii) One of the gases can act as reducing agent at high temperatures. Describe what you would see if this gas is passed over heated copper (ii) oxide. Write an equation for the reaction. Ans: The gas is CO CO is a reducing agent, if it is passed over heated copper (ii) oxide, black copper (ii) oxide is turned to reddish brown copper. CO + CuO Cu + CO2

May 2002 P2 6. Elements of the same group of the Periodic Table show similarities both in atomic structure and in properties. This question is about first three elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table shown on the back cover of this booklet. a) Write the first three elements of Group 1 in order of their reactivity, starting with the most reactive, and give the electronic configuration of each. What similarity in electronic structure would you expect all of the other and show that the solution is alkaline. Ans: The first three elements of Group 1 in order of their reactivity are: Potassium, Sodium, Lithium. Lithium 2,1 Sodium 2,8,1 Potassium 2,8,8,1 All Group 1 elements have single electron in their outermost shell

b) Give a suitable observation for the reaction of each of the first three elements of Group 1 with water that shows the order of reactivity. Write an equation including state symbols, for the reaction of any one of these elements with water. Describe how you would identify the gas produced and show that the solution formed is alkaline. Ans: If a small piece of potassium is dropped into a trough of water: it melts to a silvery ball and reacts violently, gives out hydrogen which ignites spontaneously. 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 When a piece of sodium is placed on water, it moves on the surface rapidly, melts to a silvery ball and finally disappears. 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 When a small piece of lithium is placed on water, it moves slowly, does not melt, does not catch fire, the reaction keeps on steadily. 2Li + 2H2O 2LiOH + H2

 If a burning splint is introduced into a gas jar it burns with a squeaky pop A litmus paper will turn blue showing the presence of alkali. d) Each of the following compounds behaves differently when heated. For each compound, state what you would see happen. Where a reaction occurs, give the name or the formula of each of the products. i) Sodium Carbonate Ans: No reaction takes place ii) Copper (ii) carbonate Ans: It turns from green to black CuCO3 CuO + CO2 iii) Sodium nitrate Ans: It melts to liquid 2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2 iv) Copper (ii) nitrate Ans: Blue solid turns black

 Brown gas is given off 2CuNO3 2CuO + NO2 + O2

January 2007 P2 8. Describe the reactions of sodium and potassium with water, giving three similarities and one difference. Write an equation for one of the reactions. Explain in terms of their electronic configuration, why the elements sodium and potassium have similar chemical properties. State the trend in reactivity on descending Group 1 and suggest reason for it. Ans: Similarities Both moves on the surface of the water Melts to a silvery ball Eventually dissolves

 Forms alkaline solution, which can be tested with a litmus paper Differences Potassium reacts violently and Hydrogen produced ignites immediately but sodium does not 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2 Explanation: Both have one electron in the outer shell. Ex- Na 2,8,1 K 2,8,8,1 Reactivity increases down the group Atoms get bigger as we go down the group, so there is less attraction for the outer electron. Due to less attraction the electron is lost more easily.

b) Rubidium, Rb, is the fourth member of Group 1. Name the products and write an equation for any reaction that occurs when the following compounds are heated. i) Rubidium carbonate

Ans: No reaction takes place ii) Rubidium nitrate Ans: Rubidium nitrite and oxygen are formed 2RbNO3 2RbNO2 + O2 c) Aqueous sodium chloride (brine) containing litmus indicator is electrolysed in apparatus that prevents the products formed at the electrodes from mixing. The indicator turns blue near the cathode and colourless near the anode. i) Write an equation for the reaction occurring at the anode and explain why the litmus turns colourless. Ans: 2Cl 2e Cl2 Chlorine bleaches litmus ii) Write an equation for the reaction occurring at the cathode and explain why the litmus turns blue. What other observation would you see at the cathode.

Ans: 2H + 2e H2 + H discharged leaving OH OH turns litmus blue Bubbles of gas can also be seen iii) Name an important compound that is produced industrially by the electrolysis of brine and give one large scale use of it. Ans: Sodium hydroxide is produced It is used for making soap iv) Describe a simple experiment to show whether a white powder is a sodium compound or a potassium compound. Ans: Take the white compound in a nichrome wire and place it in the non luminous part of the flame. If yellow flame is given than the compound is sodium compound. If lilac colored flame is given then the compound is potassium compound.

May 2004 P2 1. Use the in formation in the table to answer the questions that follow. Element Calcium Flourine Neon Oxygen Sodium Atomic number 20 9 10 8 11 Relative atomic mass 40 19 20 16 23

a) Give the name or symbol of the atom that: i) has the electron configuration 2,8,8,2; Calcium ii) forms a cation by the loss of one electron; Sodium iii) forms an anion by gaining two electrons; Oxygen b) State the electron configuration of neon and explain why neon is chemically inactive.

Ans: Neon has electron configuration 2,8. It shows that it is complete and stable. That is why it does not take part in any chemical reaction. c) Some of the elements in the table can combine to form compounds. i) Give the formula of a compound formed from two of the elements in the table. Ans: Na2O ii) State, with a reason, whether the bonding in this compound is ionic or covalent. Ans: Ionic because the bond is made up of metal and non metal. Transfer of electrons are from metal to non metal. iii) State whether the compound is solid, liquid or gas. Ans: Solid

d) i) Draw labeled diagram showing the structure of a typical metal. Ans: + - + - + -+ + + + + - + ii) Explain why magnesium conducts electricity but sulphur does not. Ans: Magnesium is a metal which has two electrons in its outermost shell that are loosely held, so the electrons dissociates from the metal and form an electron cloud. These free electrons carry the charge. Sulphur does not have any free electrons and do not conduct electricity. 8. Describe, in detail, a simple laboratory experiment to show that each of the following statements is correct. State the observations you + - + -+ + + +

would expect to make and give equations where appropriate. a) Copper (ii) sulphate crystals give off water when heated and the reaction is readily reversible. Ans: Heat copper (ii) sulphate in a test tube Liquid condenses on cooler part of tube Test liquid with cobalt chloride paper Colour changes from blue to red Copper (ii) sulphate blue to white Colour change reverses when water added CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O b) Solid ammonium nitrate dissolves in water endothermically and the ions move freely in the resulting solution. Ans: Take water in a beaker Add thermometer Add solid ammonium nitrate and stir Temperature falls

 Place electrodes in resulting solution Add a circuit including bulb Bulb lights up showing current are flowing. c) Ammonia is very soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution. Ans: A gas jar full of ammonia is taken Invert it over trough of water Water rises up the gas jar Universal indicator is then added to the solution Colour changes from green to blue NH3 + H2O NH4OH

d) Chlorine can displace a lower element in Group 7 from an aqueous solution of one of its compounds. Ans: We have to take solution of potassiumbromide

 Add chlorine water to it The colour of the solution changes to orange This happens due to the presence of bromine 2Br -+ Cl2 2Cl - + Br(l)2