CE370, Spring 2012 HW#6 due Tuesday April 17th Eric Cushing 1.

. An automobile with a 15-gallon fuel tank gets 25 mpg when powered by pure gasoline. Using energy density values in Table 7.5, estimate the fuel efficiency (mpg) and range (miles) for that car when it runs on a. Gasoline (E10) (24.1 mpg, 362 miles) b. E85 (17.7 mpg, 265 miles) c. Half gas and half E85 (21.35 mpg, 320 miles) Properties: Gasoline: 115,400 Btu/gallon Ethanol: 75,670 Btu/gallon E85: 81,630 Btu/gallon Analysis: (a)
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2. The USGS data shows that 2,600,000,000 metric tons of cement is produced worldwide per year. (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/mcs-2008cemen.pdf) a. Calculate the amount of CO2 (in lbs/year) produced during the chemical process of converting limestone to cement worldwide. Assume that the industry emits 900 kg of CO2 for every 1000 kg of cement produced (5.15 trillion lbs of CO2) ( )( )( )

b. Typically there is 4,982,000 BTU needed to produce one metric ton of cement. Given that 1 kWh = 3400 BTU and a coal powered plant produces 2.1 lb CO2/kWh, calculate the amount of CO2 produced worldwide from the electricity needed to heat up the reaction. (8 trillion lbs of CO2) ( )( )( )( )

c. What is the total CO2 produced from cement a year? (13 trillion lbs of CO2)

3. Compare the CO2 produced from an electric car to the CO2 produced from a gasoline engine. An electric car can get about 3 miles/kWh. What is the CO2 emission per mile if the electricity is provided from coal and natural gas? (0.7 lb CO2 per mile for coal, 0.43 for natural gas) How does this compare with running a car on gasoline? Assume the car is charged either exclusively with coal or natural gas.

Case 1: Coal ( )( )

Case 2: Natural Gas ( )( )

Case 3: Gasoline (E10) ( )( )( )( )

Running the car on natural gas will give the best emission rate for CO2. Natural gas was found to be the most efficient. 4. Currently Penn State produces 20,000 MWh of electricity from its coalfired power plant by burning 7500 metric tons of coal. Coal has a heat content of 6.67 kWh/kg coal. a. What is the efficiency of the power plant? (Assume that 100% efficiency would be obtained if the plant used all the heat content in coal.)

b. How many kg of CO2 are produced every year by burning coal at Penn State ? (22 million kgs) Taking coal to be 80 % Carbon: ( )( )( )

Note that the above number is depends on the quality of coal that Penn State burns.

c. Penn State will switch to natural gas. Methane has a heat capacity of 1011 BTU/ft3 and a density of 0.042 lb/ft3. How many kgs of CO2 will be released if the new plant is 55% efficient? (6.4 million kgs) ( )

Using Natural Gas (Methane) as 75% Carbon ( )( )( )( )

d. If 1% of the methane leaks, how much equivalent kgs of CO2 total will be produced? (6.9 million kgs) ( )( )

5. Practical decisions: - A typical home uses 11000 kWh per year. - Population of US = 3 x 108 - Annual US consumption is 3.3 trillion kWh - On average 2 lb CO2 is produced per kWh a. My dryer uses 5.76 kWh per hour to dry my clothes. My friend suggested that I line dry my clothes to help Global Climate Change. If all the people in the US give up 1 hour of the dryer per week, what percentage of the US electricity production would you save? (2.7%) Assume all dryers use same energy

b. My friend has a SUV that gets 20 mpg. How many miles of driving per week produces the same amount of CO2 as drying 1 load of laundry per week? (12 miles) Using E10 as fuel:

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c. I have a geothermal heat pump that reduces my electric bill by 30% vs a typical home. How much CO2 do I save per year? How many equivalent miles in a 20 mpg SUV is this per week? (132 miles) ( )( ( ( ) ))

d. A Boeing Aircraft gets 91 passenger miles/gallon. The type of fuel used by commercial airlines (kerosene) produces 21.5 lb CO2 per gallon. This summer 4 of us from my family flew 3600 miles from JFK to Casablanca and then back again (for a total of 7200 miles each). How many lbs of CO2 did we produce? How many equivalent kWh is this? (6800 lbs, 3400 kWh) ( )

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6. Take the global footprint quiz at: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/calculator s/ Write down how many planet earths you need. Re-take the quiz and try to reduce your planet earths by 1 earth. How could you change your

lifestyle to do this? Would it be hard? Were you surprised by what you could do? If everyone lived by my lifestyle, we would need 3.7 Earths to sustainable use it. The major factor in this number is from services. To decrease my footprint by 1 earth, it would be best to decrease this number. After retaking the quiz several times, there were no options to reduce the amount of services. I could reduce everything else. Only becoming a vegetarian, never flying, and eating exclusively locally grown foods, reduced my footprint to 3 earths. Therefore, it is based on the country I live and I would be forced to move to lower my footprint further. I have done this before in my AP environmental science class in high school and still think it is an incomplete survey and estimation of the carbon footprint.