MARKING SCHEMES

SUMMER 2006

GEOLOGY
PAPER 1 HIGHER TIER Question 1. (a) (i) (ii) (iii) A B VII III Response Mark (2) (1) Submark Total

on (or near) fault description of one of (statement only 1 mark); historical records (gap theory); increasing seismicity; tiltmeters/change in slope; groundwater changes in wells; radon gas two of (either referring to India or the opposite for Taiwan): lack of awareness of dangers; high population density; high building density; a lot of businesses in the area; poor building; lack of money; poor communications; different time of the day. description of one of (statement only 1 mark): early warning (tsunami); evacuation; building regulations; improved buildings; improved prediction. correct label iron-rich solid later at D

(2)

[5]

(b) (i)

(2)

(ii)

(2) (1) (2) (1)

[4]

(c) (i) (ii) (iii)

Question (iv)

Response no S waves at D (1)/reduced L waves at D (1)/reduced P waves at D (1)/L waves arrived later (1) no S waves at D - S waves cannot pass through a liquid (2) P waves slowed down by liquid at D (2)

Mark

Submark

Total

(1)

(v)

(2)

[7]

16

Question 2. (a) (i) (ii) Carboniferous

Response

Mark (1)

Submark

Total

edges of ice sheet match up; ice flow away from the centre; if the continents were not joined the ice sheet would reach the Equator and northern hemisphere; ice cap/till found on all continents good description for 2 marks fit of the coastlines abyssal plain/ocean floor divergent arrows rise in heat flow on graph up to 3.8 billion (any figure suggesting older) (1) 7 km (5-10) (1) 2.5 cm yr-1 Either Evidence from magnetic stripes or increasing age of rocks away from ridge or increasing thickness of sediments away from ridge or high heat flow/basalt extrusion at the ridge. Good description of one for full marks or list of all for full marks. Credit diagram. Or Probably concentrate on convection currents in asthenosphere/partial molten state of asthenosphere; rigid lithosphere of 'floating of plates'; plates move on mantle/LVL/ asthenosphere; plates move in direction of convection currents. Credit diagram.

(2) (2) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) [7] [5]

(iii) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (vi) (c)

(4)

(4)

[4]

16

Question 3. (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) quartz

Response

Mark (1) (1) (3) (1) (2) (2)

Submark

Total

schist is foliated/porphyroblastic high (1) high (1) contact/thermal (1)

[5]

random crystals/non-foliated (1) H 2-6 mm J max. 1.25 mm

H slow cooling (1) J rapid cooling (1) intrusive /extrusive (2) gas bubbles (1) in molten magma (1) frozen when crystallised quickly (1) cannot escape viscous magma (1) exsolved from magma (1) Any 2 two stages of cooling (1) large crystals cooled slowly/at depth (1) intrusion (1) of mixture of crystals and magma (1) smaller crystals cooled more rapidly/near surface (1) Any 4 points L M Brachiopod suture line

(2)

(v)

(4) (1) (1)

[11]

16

4. (a) (i) (ii) (iii)

two of: abundant (1); rapid evolution/short time range (1); widespread (1); easily identified (1) well preserved (1) poorly sorted chalk Till: angular boulders little attrition (ice) (2); poorly sorted dumped as ice melted (2); scratches when boulders caused abrasion or attrition (ice) (2); mixed rock types travelled over various bedrock carried by ice (2); clay rock flour due to grinding of ice (1) erosional base (2) glacial deposit (1) Oolitic limestone: calcite (ooliths) suggests precipitation in warm sea (2); cross-bedding strong currents (2); rounded concentric layered ooliths currents rolled around grains so that they pick up calcite crystals on all sides (2); brachiopod marine (2); brachiopod shelf (2) Calcite warm shallow sea; warm shallow sea

(2) (1) (1)

[4]

(b) (i) (ii) (iii)

(3)

[5]

Question (c) (i) (ii) (iii) (d)

Response cooling (1) shrinks (1) 24000 km3 opening of North Atlantic (1); chain of volcanic centres; (1); plate boundary (1) oolitic limestone warm sea (1); chalk limestone in warm sea (1); carbonates formed near Equator (1); till glacial conditions (1); till formed at higher latitudes (1); drift of Britain North with time (1) Any 3 points bony plates - protection (1) or defence (1) Any 1 spines - defence (1) or swing tail to hurt predators (1) Any 1 plants (1) beak teeth for piercing/tearing/ cutting leaves and fruit (1) 40% shallow (1) warm (1) marine (1); tropical (1); strong currents (1) coral reef (1) well oxygenated (1) Any 3 or good description of 1 terrestrial (1); river (1); swamp (1); slow currents (1); non-marine (1); forest/trees/plants (1) Any 2

Mark (2) (1) (1)

Submark

Total

[4]

(3)

[3]

16

5. (a) (i)

(2) (2) (1) [4]

(ii) (b) (i) (ii)

(3) (2) [6] 10

(iii)

Question 6. (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (b)

Response Anticline/salt dome halite (salt) in the sandstone (1) correct place/shape (1) high (1) impermeable (1)

Mark (1) (1) (2) (2)

Submark

Total

[6]

Either seismic (1); seismic source (1) generates seismic waves (1) pass into rock (1); reflect off suitable surfaces (1) recorded at the surface (1); interpretation (1) reveals geological structure (1) credit diagrams Any 4 points Or Solution mining (1); injection of water through borehole (1); production of brine (1); pumping of brine to the surface (1); evaporation (1) to precipitate crystalline salt (1) credit diagrams and mining by pillar and room extraction Any 4 points correct label 60-70 1 normal shallow dip coal near surface open cast (1); dip of the beds takes coal deeper (1); steep dip deeper the beds deep mining (1); steep dip large amounts of waste (2); steep dip difficult to mine (2) Sandstone interrupts coal seam (1); hard rock (1); causing a halt in coal cutting (1); and move machinery (1); loss of profit (1) increased cost (1); reduced tonnage (1) Any 2 points

(4)

(4) 7. (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (1) (1) (1) (1)

[4]

10

(2)

(vi)

(2)

[8]

Question (b) (i)

Response determine depth of seam (1); thickness of seam (1); quality of coal (1); number of seams (1); water table (1); amount of waste (1) reduce noise (1); reduce dust (1); hide site (1) Any 2 backfill to fill in the hole (1); cover with soil (1); landscaped (1); returned to agricultural land or other use (1) Any 2 points spoil tips (1) planting (1) landscaping (1) removal (1) subsidence (1) leave pillars of coal (1) leaving coal behind beneath important surface development (1) fill in with waste (1) acid mine drainage/pollution of water table (1) filter through reed beds (1) pumping water (1) settling pond (1) add lime (1) destruction of habitat (1) relocation (1) restoration (1) Any 1 problem up to 2 for a good description of problem

Mark

Submark

Total

(1) (2)

(ii) (iii)

(2)

(iv)

(3)

[8]

16