PROJECT OF CHEMISTRY

THE PERIODIC TABLE

4/11/2012 ALI AKBAR TO MISS AMNA

Table of Contents
What is periodic table? ......................................................................3 History of Periodic table .....................................................................4 Mendeleevs Periodic Table ...............................................................5 Modern Periodic Table .......................................................................7 Groups ...............................................................................................9 Periods ..............................................................................................9 General Features of Periodic Table ................................................... 10 Classification of General Properties .................................................. 10 Metalloids. ...................................................................................... 10 METALS ........................................................................................... 10 Alkali Metals .................................................................................... 11 Alkaline Earth Metals ....................................................................... 11 Non metals ...................................................................................... 12 The Halogens ................................................................................... 12 Transition metals ............................................................................. 13 The noble or inert gases ................................................................... 13 Salient features of Periodic table ...................................................... 15 How elements are placed in periodic table? ..................................... 16 Reference ........................................................................................ 19

What is periodic table?

The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their properties. Elements are presented in increasing atomic number. While rectangular in general outline, gaps are included in the rows or periods to keep elements with similar properties together, such as the halogens and the noble gases, in columns or groups, forming distinct rectangular areas or blocks.

History of Periodic table

The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties, and culminates with the publication of the first actual periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. While Mendeleev built upon earlier discoveries by such scientists such as AL-RAZIN and MANDALEEVE. The table itself is a visual representation of the periodic law which states that certain properties of elements repeat periodically when arranged by atomic number. The table arranges elements into vertical columns (groups) and horizontal rows (periods) to display these commonalities.

Mendeleevs Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor. He is credited as being the creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements. Using the table, he predicted the properties of elements yet to be discovered. Mendeleev realized that the physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic mass in a 'periodic' way, and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table. Gaps and predictions Sometimes this method of arranging elements meant there were gaps in his horizontal rows or 'periods'. But instead of seeing this as a problem, Mendeleev thought it simply meant that the elements which belonged in the gaps had not yet been discovered. He was also able to work out the atomic mass of the missing elements, and so predict their properties. And when they were discovered, Mendeleev turned out to be right. For example, he predicted the properties of an undiscovered element that should fit below aluminum in his table. When this element, called gallium, was discovered in 1875 its properties were found to be close to Mendeleev's predictions. Two other predicted elements were later discovered, lending further credit to Mendeleev's table.

Modern Periodic Table

Our modern day periodic table is expanded beyond Mendeleev's initial 63 elements. Most of the current periodic tables include 108 or 109 elements. It is also important to notice how the modern periodic table is arranged. Although we have retained the format of rows and columns, which reflects a natural order, the rows of today's tables show elements in the order of Mendeleev's columns. In other words the elements of what we now call a "period" were listed vertically by Mendeleev. Chemical "groups" are now shown vertically in contrast to their horizontal format in Mendeleev's table. Note also that Mendeleev's 1871 arrangement was related to the atomic ratios in which elements formed oxides, binary compounds with oxygen; whereas today's periodic tables are arranged by increasing atomic numbers, that is, the number of protons a particular element contains. Although we can imply the formulas for oxides from today's periodic table, it is not explicitly stated as it was in Mendeleev's 1871 table. The oxides ratio column was not shown in earlier Mendeleev versions.

Groups Group is a vertical column of elements in the periodic table with the same number of valence electrons. The modern periodic table of the elements contains 18 groups, or vertical columns. Elements in a group have similar chemical and physical properties because they have the same number of outer electrons. Elements in a group are like members of a family--each is different, but all are related by common characteristic Periods Period is the horizontal row of elements in the periodic table. Table with the period number including the numbers of valence electron shells. Along a period, a gradual change in chemical properties occurs from one element to another. For example, metallic properties decrease and nonmetallic properties increase as you go from left to right across a period. Changes in the properties occur because the number of protons and electron increases from left to right across a period or row. The increase in number of electrons is important because the outer electrons determine the element's chemical properties.

General Features of Periodic Table Classification of General Properties The general properties of elements allow them to be divided into three classifications: metals, nonmetals and Metalloids The distribution of metals is shown in your periodic table as boxes colored yellow, purple and two shades of blue. Metalloid elements are in the diagonal boxes colored pink and nonmetal elements are above the diagonal line to the right of the metalloids, in boxes colored green, gold, and red. Notice that hydrogen's box is colored green, even though it is at the top of a group of metals. METALS As you can see, the vast majority of the known elements are metals. Many metals are easily recognized by non-chemists. Common examples are copper, lead, silver and gold. In general, metals have a luster, are quite dense, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. They tend to be soft, malleable and ductile (meaning that they are easily shaped and can be drawn into fine wires without breaking). All of these properties are directly related to the fact that solid metals are crystals formed from positive ions surrounded by mobile electrons. This mobility allows electrons to absorb and reflect light in many wavelengths, giving the metals their typical luster The Group I Alkali Metals and the Group II Alkaline Earths have more metallic characteristics than elements farther right whose square are colored blue.

Alkali Metals The alkali (IA) metals show a closer relationship in their properties than do any other family of elements in the periodic table. Alkali metals are so chemically reactive that they are never found in the element form in nature. All these metals react spontaneously with gases in the air, so they must be kept immersed in oil in the storeroom. They are so soft that they can be cut with an ordinary table knife, revealing a very "buttery", silvery metal surface that immediately turns dull as it reacts with water vapor and oxygen in the air. The chemical reactivity of alkali metals increases as the atomic number increases. Alkaline Earth Metals The alkaline earth (IIA) metals also exhibit the typical metal characteristics of high density, metallic luster and electrical and thermal conductivity. Rocks and minerals containing silica, magnesium, and calcium compounds are widely distributed. These chemicals are also abundant as compounds in sea water. Their chlorides are abundant in sea water. Radium, the largest of the alkaline earths, is a radio active element that occurs naturally only in very small quantities. Chlorophyll, the green coloring in plants, is a magnesium-containing compound. Calcium is a major component of animal bones, teeth and nerve cells. Alkaline earth elements form compounds by losing, or in the case of beryllium, sharing two electrons per atom. These atoms hold their electrons more tightly than alkali metals. They are, therefore, smaller than and not so chemically reactive as the neighboring alkali metals.

Non metals
Nonmetal, or non-metal, is a term used in chemistry when classifying the chemical elements. On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties. There is no rigorous definition for the term "nonmetal" - it covers a general spectrum of behavior. Common properties considered characteristic of a nonmetal include: poor conductors of heat and electricity when compared to metals they form acidic oxides (whereas metals generally form basic oxides) in solid form, they are dull and brittle, rather than metals which are lustrous, ductile or malleable usually have lower densities than metals they have significantly lower melting points and boiling points than metals (with the exception of carbon) Non-metals have high electro negativity.

The Halogens
The halogens or halogen elements are a series of nonmetal elements from Group 17 IUPAC Style (formerly: VII, VIIA) of the periodic table, comprising fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). The artificially created element 117, provisionally referred to by the systematic name ununseptium, may also be a halogen.The group of halogens is the only periodic table group which contains elements in all three familiar states of matter at standard temperature and pressure.

Transition metals The transition elements are also known as the transition metals. These elements are very hard, with high melting points and boiling points. Moving from left to right across the periodic table, the five d orbitals become more filled. The d electrons are loosely bound, which contributes to the high electrical conductivity and malleability of the transition elements. The transition elements have low ionization energies. They exhibit a wide range of oxidation states or positively charged forms. The positive oxidation states allow transition elements to form many different ionic and partially ionic compounds.

The noble or inert gases

The noble gases are a group of chemical elements with very similar properties: under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases, with very low chemical reactivity. The six noble gases that occur naturally are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn). The properties of the noble gases can be well explained by modern theories of atomic structure: their outer shell of valence electrons is considered to be "full", giving them little tendency to participate in chemical reactions, and it has only been possible to prepare a few hundred noble gas compounds. The melting and boiling points for each noble gas are close together, differing by less than 10 C (18 F); consequently, they are liquids over only a small temperature range.

Salient features of Periodic table

The grouping of elements with similar properties together and the separation of elements with dissimilar properties is known as classification of elements. The table, which classifies elements on the basis of their properties, is called the periodic table. The earliest classification was into metals and non-metals, which was on the basis of physical and chemical properties. According to Mendeleev's periodic law, the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic mass Mendeleev was able to predict the existence of undiscovered elements Mendeleev corrected the atomic masses of a few elements on the basis of their positions in the periodic table Mendeleev's table could not assign a proper position to hydrogen or to the lanthanides and actinides and isotopes Modern periodic law states that the properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. It is based on electronic configuration of the elements The vertical columns are called groups, while the horizontal rows are called periods There are 7 periods and 8 groups subdivided into 18 sub groups Group number is number of electrons in the valence shell. Elements having the same valence number are grouped together. The number of shells present in the atom gives period number

How elements are placed in periodic table?

As stated last section, the periodic table organizes the elements according to general patterns of similarity. Below is a very small image of the periodic table. It is basically unreadable in terms of specific information, but it allows us to easily look at the periodic tables structure general trends. The vertical columns of the periodic table (marked by yellow stripes in the figure) are called groups. The horizontal rows are called periods. There are 18 groups and 7 periods. In discussing the periodic table from here on out we will use the terms group and period. Down a group means moving from top to bottom; across a period means moving from left to right. Reading the Periodic Table: Carbon To describe the information contained within each individual box we will use a specific example: carbon.

Figure %: Description of Carbon on the Periodic Table

Element Name The purpose of the element name is obvious. However, many Periodic Tables do not include element names. For those situations you must memorize the symbols that accord to each element name. Element Symbol Each element has a specific one or two letter symbol that is used interchangeably with its name. These should be memorized. Most of the time, symbols quite clearly accord to the name of the element they represent, as C accords to carbon. Occasional, however, an element's name and symbol have little relation. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. As you move across a period the atomic number increases. Similarly, as you move down a group the atomic number increases. In this way, the atomic number represents exactly where in the periodic table an element stands. More importantly, and the reason why the ordering of the elements according to atomic number yields elements in groups with similar chemical and physical properties, the atomic number is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element, and also the same as the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus in a neutral state. Carbon, for example, has six protons and six electrons.

Atomic Mass Along with protons, an atom also contains neutrons in its nucleus. The atomic mass (also called atomic weight) of an element is the combined number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Atoms of particular elements generally have different "versions," meaning that elements have atoms with different numbers of neutrons in their nucleus. These different versions are called isotopes. The atomic weight displayed is actually the weighted average of the mass numbers of the various isotopes. The atomic weight for Carbon is 12.01 because around 99% of all carbon is the carbon-12 isotope. Simple Periodic Trends Atomic Number The Atomic number increases from the top left to the bottom right. It ascends sequentially across each period. Atomic Weight Weight The atomic weight of the elements generally increases as you move down a group and across a period. Hydrogen, at the top left of the table, is the lightest element. The unnamed element 112 is the heaviest. There are some instances when this rule does not hold true, however. For instance, because it has a high percentage of isotopes with many neutrons, the atomic weight of tellurium (Te) is higher than that for iodine (I), even though iodine has a higher atomic number.

Reference http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/fundamentals/period ictable/section2.rhtml www.chemicool.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/history/history-periodictable.htm