Cell-Cell Interactions

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Multiple Choice Quiz

1

Multiple Choice Q

no

Cell-Cell Interactio

1 Synaptic signaling involves

A) B) C) D)
2

endocrine signals paracrine signals autocrine signals neurotransmitters

4

2 Characteristics of intracellular receptors that regulate gene transcription include all of the following except
A) B) C) D)
3

a DNA binding site an extracellular binding site a transcription activating domain may be signaled by lipid soluble molecules
4

3 Cell surface receptors may be any of the following except

A) B) C) D)
4

G protein linked enzymic receptors single-pass transmembrane proteins for neurotransmitters chemically-gated ion channels
4

4 In the cAMP pathway, the G protein stimulates

A) B) C) D)
5

phospholipase C adenylyl cyclase the endoplasmic reticulum calmodulin

4

5 The ____ surrounds the cell like a belt, preventing the passage of substances between the cells.
A) B) C) D) gap junction desmosome hemidesmosome tight junction

6 In most cases protein kinases

A) B) C) D) E)
7

hydrolyze proteins polymerize amino acids stimulate adenylyl cyclase bind cGMP add phosphate groups to proteins
5

7 The receptor for nitric oxide (NO) is

A) B) C) D) E)
8

intercellular intracellular extracellular ultracellular unicellular

5

8 In desmosomes, cadherins link to _______________ of an adjacent cell.

A) B) C) D) E)
9

integrins connexons ras proteins intermediate filaments plasmodesmata

5

9 Which of the following are NOT involved in enzyme activation?

A) B) C) D) E)
10

A-kinase P nucleic acid cAMP nitric oxide G protein

5

10 ________ junctions may protect a damaged cell through chemical gating.

A) Tight

B) C) D) E)
11

Gap Adherens Occluding Macular

5

11 Narrow gaps between nerve cells through which paracrine signals travel are called
A) B) C) D) E)
12

desmosomes calmodulins synapses integrins maculae

5

12 _______________ is a common second messenger.

A) B) C) D) E)
13

cAMP cGTP cMHC cATP cRNA

5

13 Paracrine signals
A) B) C) D) E)
14

are long-lived with widespread effects are short-lived, but with widespread effects due to cascades are long-lived, but are acting locally are short-lived with local effects such as neurotransmitters, function only intracellularly
5

14 In anchoring junctions, cadherins are linked to

A) B) C) actin filaments in the cell's cytoskeleton cell walls of adjacent cells in plants connexons of its own and adjacent cells extracellular matrices of adjacent cells

D) E)
15

intracellular integrins of most cells

5

15 Intracellular receptors include those for

A) B) C) D) E)
16

progesterone vitamin D cortisol thyroid hormone all of the above

5

16 Adherens junctions may involve

A) B) C) D) E)
17

extracellular matrix integrins actin filaments all of the above none of the above
5

17 With respect to the plasma membrane, most enzymic receptors are

A) B) C) D) E)
18

entirely internal seven pass entirely on the surface multipass single pass
5

18 A single-pass protein that acts as a "self" marker is

A) B) C) D) E)
19

GTP MHC GMP MCA ADP

5

19 Binding of epinephrin to a G protein-linked receptor causes adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of

A) B) C) D) E)
20

A-kinase G protein phospholipase C inositol triphosphate cAMP

5

20

Cell signals with short-lived local effects are called _______________ A) B) C) D) E) paracrine apocrine merocrine holocrine none of the above

21

21 Desmosomes are associated with ____________junctions.

A) B) C) D) E)
22

adherens tight anchoring communicating lymphomas

5

22 One protein kinase cascade begins with the phosphorylation of the

A) B) C) D) E)
23

tap protein gat protein sat protein ras protein sap protein
5

23 Plasmodesmata
A) B) C) encircle cells of a tight junction like a belt connect to intermediate fibers of the cytoskeleton connect the cytoplasm of one plant cell to that of another

D) E)
24

connect actin fibers of one cell to the extracellular matrix of another is the name given to desmosomes of plant cells
5

24 The signalling molecules that travel the farthest are

A) B) C) D) E)
25

endocrine paracrine paracrine neurotransmitter intracellular

5

25 When a signal molecule arrives at a G protein-linked receptor, the G protein

A) B) C) D) E)
26

becomes deactivated binds to the signal molecule becomes activated binds with a Ca++ binds with calmodulin
5

26 Cells interact through the actions of chemical signals which either bind to receptors on the membrane or
A) B) C) D) E)
27

pass through the plasma membrane trigger responses from inside the cell bind to intracellular receptors activate receptors that bind to DNA all of the above
5

27 Cell junctions that prevent small molecules from passing in between two cells are called
A) B) C) D) E)
28

gap junctions tight junctions adhesions plasmodesmata all of the above

5

28 In some tissues subject to mechanical stress, special junctions called _______________ connect the cytoskeletons
of adjacent cells. A) B) C) D) E)
29

cadherin junctions tight junctions stress junctions anchoring junctions gap junctions
5

29 Gap junctions are formed by

A) B) C) D) E)
30

the fusion of plasma membranes to form a single membrane the insertion of protein complexes that form tunnels between cells protein hooks that extend into the membrane of adjacent cells gaps in the cell wall of plants none of the above
5

30 Plasmodesmata occur in
A) B) C) D) E)
31

bacterial cells all eukaryotic cells plant cells animal cells the nucleus of the cell
5

31 A _______________ is a type of adhering junction between animal cells.

A) B) C) D) E)
32

tight junction plasmodesma chemical synapse gap junction c and d, but not a and b
2

32 Protein kinases are enzymes that stimulate the production of hormones.

A) True False

B)
33 5

33 Hormones are relatively long lived signals that travel throughout the body. This type of signalling is called
A) B) C) D) E)
34

paracrine signalling synaptic signalling autocrine signalling endocrine signalling direct contact
5

34 All of the following statements apply to G proteins except

A) B) C) D) E)
35

G proteins transmit a signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell all G proteins have a similar structure G proteins do not use second messengers but transmit the signal directly into the nucleus G proteins act to amplify the signal creating a cascade response in the cell G proteins underlie the actions of many medications
5

35 Receptors that are recognized by the immune system are

A) B) C) D) E) immunoglobulins MHC proteins T receptor B receptor all of the above

Your Results:
The correct answer for each question is indicated by a .

INCORRECT Synaptic signaling involves A)endocrine signals B)paracrine signals C)autocrine signals D)neurotransmitters Feedback: In synaptic signaling, a neurotransmitter is passed from one cell to another.

INCORRECT

Characteristics of intracellular receptors that regulate gene transcription include all of the following except A)a DNA binding site B)an extracellular binding site C)a transcription activating domain D)may be signaled by lipid soluble molecules Feedback: Intracellular receptors that regulate gene transcription have a DNA binding site, a signal molecule binding domain, and a transcription activating domain. They may

be signaled by lipid soluble molecules.

INCORRECT Cell surface receptors may be any of the following except A)G protein linked B)enzymic receptors C)single-pass transmembrane proteins for neurotransmitters D)chemically-gated ion channels Feedback: Cell surface receptors belong to one of three classes: chemically-gated ion channels, G protein linked, and enzymic.

INCORRECT In the cAMP pathway, the G protein stimulates A)phospholipase C B)adenylyl cyclase C)the endoplasmic reticulum D)calmodulin Feedback: In the cAMP pathway, the G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase.

INCORRECT The ____ surrounds the cell like a belt, preventing the passage of substances between the cells. A)gap junction B)desmosome C)hemidesmosome D)tight junction Feedback: A tight junction surrounds a cell like a belt, preventing substances from passing between cells.

INCORRECT In most cases protein kinases A)hydrolyze proteins B)polymerize amino acids C)stimulate adenylyl cyclase D)bind cGMP E)add phosphate groups to proteins

INCORRECT The receptor for nitric oxide (NO) is A)intercellular B)intracellular C)extracellular D)ultracellular E)unicellular

INCORRECT In desmosomes, cadherins link to _______________ of an adjacent cell. A)integrins B)connexons C)ras proteins D)intermediate filaments E)plasmodesmata

INCORRECT Which of the following are NOT involved in enzyme activation? A)A-kinase B)P nucleic acid C)cAMP D)nitric oxide E)G protein

10

INCORRECT ________ junctions may protect a damaged cell through chemical gating. A)Tight B)Gap C)Adherens D)Occluding

E)Macular

11

INCORRECT Narrow gaps between nerve cells through which paracrine signals travel are called A)desmosomes B)calmodulins C)synapses D)integrins E)maculae

12

CORRECT

_______________ is a common second messenger. A)cAMP B)cGTP C)cMHC D)cATP E)cRNA

13

INCORRECT Paracrine signals A)are long-lived with widespread effects B)are short-lived, but with widespread effects due to cascades C)are long-lived, but are acting locally D)are short-lived with local effects E)such as neurotransmitters, function only intracellularly

14

CORRECT

In anchoring junctions, cadherins are linked to A)actin filaments in the cell's cytoskeleton B)cell walls of adjacent cells in plants C)connexons of its own and adjacent cells D)extracellular matrices of adjacent cells E)intracellular integrins of most cells

15

INCORRECT Intracellular receptors include those for A)progesterone B)vitamin D C)cortisol D)thyroid hormone E)all of the above

16

INCORRECT Adherens junctions may involve A)extracellular matrix B)integrins C)actin filaments D)all of the above E)none of the above

17

INCORRECT With respect to the plasma membrane, most enzymic receptors are A)entirely internal B)seven pass C)entirely on the surface D)multipass E)single pass

18

INCORRECT A single-pass protein that acts as a "self" marker is A)GTP B)MHC C)GMP D)MCA

E)ADP

19

INCORRECT

Binding of epinephrin to a G protein-linked receptor causes adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of A)A-kinase B)G protein C)phospholipase C D)inositol triphosphate E)cAMP

20

CORRECT

Cell signals with short-lived local effects are called _______________ A)paracrine B)apocrine C)merocrine D)holocrine E)none of the above

21

INCORRECT Desmosomes are associated with ____________junctions. A)adherens B)tight C)anchoring D)communicating E)lymphomas

22

INCORRECT One protein kinase cascade begins with the phosphorylation of the A)tap protein B)gat protein C)sat protein D)ras protein E)sap protein

23

INCORRECT Plasmodesmata A)encircle cells of a tight junction like a belt B)connect to intermediate fibers of the cytoskeleton C)connect the cytoplasm of one plant cell to that of another D)connect actin fibers of one cell to the extracellular matrix of another E)is the name given to desmosomes of plant cells

24

CORRECT

The signalling molecules that travel the farthest are A)endocrine B)paracrine C)paracrine D)neurotransmitter E)intracellular

25

INCORRECT When a signal molecule arrives at a G protein-linked receptor, the G protein A)becomes deactivated B)binds to the signal molecule C)becomes activated D)binds with a Ca++ E)binds with calmodulin

26

INCORRECT

Cells interact through the actions of chemical signals which either bind to receptors on the membrane or A)pass through the plasma membrane B)trigger responses from inside the cell C)bind to intracellular receptors D)activate receptors that bind to DNA

E)all of the above

27

INCORRECT Cell junctions that prevent small molecules from passing in between two cells are called A)gap junctions B)tight junctions C)adhesions D)plasmodesmata E)all of the above

28

INCORRECT

In some tissues subject to mechanical stress, special junctions called _______________ connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. A)cadherin junctions B)tight junctions C)stress junctions D)anchoring junctions E)gap junctions

29

INCORRECT Gap junctions are formed by A)the fusion of plasma membranes to form a single membrane B)the insertion of protein complexes that form tunnels between cells C)protein hooks that extend into the membrane of adjacent cells D)gaps in the cell wall of plants E)none of the above

30

INCORRECT Plasmodesmata occur in A)bacterial cells B)all eukaryotic cells C)plant cells D)animal cells E)the nucleus of the cell

31

CORRECT

A _______________ is a type of adhering junction between animal cells. A)tight junction B)plasmodesma C)chemical synapse D)gap junction E)c and d, but not a and b

32

INCORRECT Protein kinases are enzymes that stimulate the production of hormones. A)True B)False

33

INCORRECT

Hormones are relatively long lived signals that travel throughout the body. This type of signalling is called A)paracrine signalling B)synaptic signalling C)autocrine signalling D)endocrine signalling E)direct contact

34

INCORRECT All of the following statements apply to G proteins except A)G proteins transmit a signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell B)all G proteins have a similar structure C)G proteins do not use second messengers but transmit the signal directly into the nucleus D)G proteins act to amplify the signal creating a cascade response in the cell E)G proteins underlie the actions of many medications

35

INCORRECT Receptors that are recognized by the immune system are A)immunoglobulins B)MHC proteins C)T receptor D)B receptor E)all of the above

SSN SBPM Workshop Exam One Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which stage of mitosis is most characterized by the shortening of kinetochore microtubules? A. Prometaphase B. Metaphase C. Anaphase A D. Anaphase B E. Telophase 2. MPF phosphorylates all but which of the following substrates: A. Histone H1 B. Microtubule-associated proteins C. Nuclear lamins D. Cyclin B 3. All of the following substances move across the plasma membrane of cells by passive diffusion EXCEPT A. palmitic acid B. aldosterone C. Na+ D. testosterone E. estrogen 4. Loss of function mutations (involving a single allele) that affect the production on an enzyme are usually automsomal _______, while loss of function mutations that affect structural proteins are usually autosomal _______. A. recessive, recessive B. recessive, dominant C. dominant, dominant D. dominant, recessive E. huh? 5. Rb and p53 both are genes that function in regulating the cell cycle transition from ___ to ___. A. S to G2 B. M to G1 C. G2 to M D. M to G2 E. G1 to S QUESTIONS #6-#11 Indicate whether the following statements regarding translation are true in ; a) Prokaryotes ONLY b) Eukaryotes ONLY c) Both d) Neither 6. Multiple ribosomes can be bound to and translating a single mRNA 7. Genes for multiple proteins may be encoded on the same mRNA 8. Ribosomes use a 50S subunit 9. Ribosome may bind to an mRNA and initiate translation from either end 10. Proteins are targeted to their destination through interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus. 11. Proteins enter the golgi apparatus at its trans face. QUESTIONS #12- #15 Match the molecule to the mechanism: 12. SRP a) assist in protein folding 13. KDEL Sequence b) brings proteins and the ribsomes that are translating them from the cytosol to the rough ER 14. Chaperones c) help configure ribosome and mRNA to start translation 15. eIFs d) targets proteins emerging from the golgi apparatus to rough ER 16. Which type of Genetic Analysis method can detect the presence of a gene but is not useful for single base pair changes? a. Genetic Squencing b. Western Blot Analysis c. Southern Blot Analysis d. Cytogenics

17, The term that describes different mutations at the same locus that lead to the same phenotype is: a. Allelic heterogeneity b. polygeneity c. Locus heterogeneity 18. All of the following are true of an individuals DNA except: a. Environmental mutagens can cause the expression of a recessive allele that otherwise would not be expressed in a heterozygous individual. b. Somatic mutations, like germline mutations, are passed on to progeny. c. Tumors can result from spontaneous translocations affecting proto-oncogenes. 19. True or False: The majority of cancers involve an inherited predisposition? 20. FOS, JUN and MYC are: a. genes coding for surface proteins expressed on cancerous cells. b. genes coding for protein kinases that phosphorylate transcription factors regulating cancer genes. c. genes coding for transcription factors that induce growth-dependent genes. d. unfortunate third-grade spellings of three months of the year. 21. At what stage in development are human oocytes arrested between fetal life and puberty? When does the second meiotic division occur in the oocyte? a. zygotene, at ovulation b. dictyotene, after fertilization c. dictyotene, at ovulation d. zygotene, after fertilization 22. Order the following events in eukaryotic gene expression: I. Binding of the 40S subunit II. Creation of a 2-5 phosphodiester bond III. Exporting RNA from the nucleus IV. Binding of DNA Polymerase to the template strand A. IV, I, II, III B. IV, II, III, I C. I, IV, II, III D. IV, II, I, III E. None of the above 23. Which of the following abnormal base pairings might be found in wobble codon-anticodon binding? A. adenosine-uracil B. guanine-uracil C. cytosine-inosine D. guanine-thymine 24. Which of the following statements about the 3 poly(A) tail of mRNA is FALSE? A. It helps align eukaryotic mRNA on the ribosome during translation. B. It is added to the primary transcript in the nucleus. C. It is not essential for protein synthesis D. It helps contribute to the stability and lifespan of the mRNA. 25. Which of the following proteins is NOT essential in the synthesis of eukaryotic proteins from DNA templates? A. RNA Polymerase I B. TATA binding protein (TBP) C. aminoacyl tRNA synthetases D. TFIID 26. The property of resonance as applied to protein structure is responsible for: a. the prevention of rotation about the alpha carbon b. the partial double bond character of the side chain-alpha carbon bond c. the planar nature of the peptide bond d. the ability of cochlear cells to detect sound waves by mechanotransduction 27. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. hydrophobic forces are due to the intrinsic attraction between hydrophobic side chains

b. -sheets can be stretched relatively more than -helices c. chaperones increase the rate of protein denaturing d. -sheets are formed from inter-chain hydrogen bonding 28. Match the characteristic side chain group with the corresponding amino acid category: Acidic amino acids Hydrocarbons (CH, CH2, CH3, benzene rings) Nonpolar amino acids (+) charged Nitrogen atom
-

Basic amino acids (-) charged COO (carboxyl) Polar amino acids Uncharged Oxygen or Nitrogen atoms 29. Enzyme Q can catalyze the conversion of molecule A to A and the conversion of molecule B to B. Both of these conversion reactions follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics and both have the same Vmax. However, the KM for the A A conversion is three times as large as the KM for the B B conversion. What is the relationship between the substrate concentrations, [A] and [B], when both of these reactions are proceeding at a reaction velocity equal to *Vmax? a. [A] > [B] b. [B] < [A] c. [A] = [B] d. not enough information 30. Imagine a beaker containing only molecules H and H, which are in dynamic equilibrium with each other. A significant amount of enzyme Z, which catalyzes the conversion of H H, is then added to the beaker. The presence of enzyme Z will result in: a. an increase in the amount of H in the beaker b. an increase in the amount of H in the beaker c. an increase in the production rates of both H and H with no change in the actual amounts of H and H in the beaker d. no changes in either the production rates or the amount of H and H in the beaker. 31. Which if the following statement about the apoptotic process is TRUE? a. Anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane b. Apoptotic protein Bax resides in cytosol and translocates into the mitochondria in response to death stimuli c. Cytochrome C is released from lysosome into cytosol to kill the cell d. During apoptosis, there is an increase in osmotic pressure inside the cell, causing the cell to swell and burst and results in cell death 32. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from: e. Paternal only f. Maternal only g. Both paternal and maternal h. The offsprings own DNA 33. Matching Endocrine Cell responds to its own secreted molecules Autocrine Cell secretes molecules to act on neighboring cells Paracrine Cell secretes molecules to act on distant cells 34. Which of the following is TRUE about G-protein signaling? I. During activation of G-protein, subunit of the G-protein dissociates from the activated G-protein to activate adenylyl cyclase II. During activation of G-protein, the active subunit is terminated by the hydrolysis of the bound GTP caused by GTPase III. Testosterone can bind to the cell membrane receptor to activate G-protein IV. The ratio of G-protein coupled receptor to G-protein is 1:1 A. I only B. II only C. III only D. II and IV E. II and III 35. What is/are the consequences of the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) by G protein mechanism? i. Cleavage of phophotidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into IP3 and protein kinase C (PKC)
2+

j. Decrease of Ca level in the cell causes cell mobility

2+

k. IP3 binds to receptor on the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum to stimulate the release of Ca l. Diacylglyercol (DAG) alone activates protein kinase C (PKC)

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. C 2. D 3. C Palmitic acid is a C-16 fatty acid, while aldosterone, testosterone, and estrogen are all steroid derivatives and therefore hydrophobic. These cross membranes by passive diffusion. Na+, a charged molecule, crosses membranes through channels, since it is hydrophilic: facilitated transport (non-energy requiring) or active transport (energy-requiring). 4. B A loss of function mutation involving an enzyme can usually be compensated by the corresponding normal allele. Most inborn errors of metabolism fit into this category. A loss of function mutation affecting a key structural protein like collagen or fibrillin, however, is usually expressed in a dominant fashion. 5. E 6. C 7. A Polycistronic mRNAs occur only in prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, there are no internal ribosome binding sites, only the 5 methylguanosine cap. 8. A -- a target of antibiotics 9. D 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. False - Most develop sporadically. 20. C - Fos and Jun form a heterodimer prior to binding DNA, and all three are potential oncogenes. 21. B 22. E RNA Polymerase (usually RNA Pol II) is involved in gene transcription; DNA Polymerase is involved in DNA replication. After RNA Pol transcription of the template strand, the 2-5 phosphodiester bond is formed when the lariat structure is spliced out of the primary transcript. Next, the RNA is exported from the nucleus before the 40S ribosomal subunit binds to initiate translation. 23. B. Codon-anticodon base pairing is relaxed at the third codon position which can allow G to pair with C, U, or I. A-U base pairing isnt an abnormal base pairing. Cytosine does not base pair with inosine. Thymine is not found in mRNA or tRNA (and it wouldnt base pair to guanine anyways). 24. A The 7-methylguanosine cap helps align mRNA on the ribosome. The poly(A) tail (along with the 7-methylguanosine cap) is involved in the mRNAs stability and lifespan. 25. A RNA Polymerase I is involved in the synthesis of various rRNA subunits, not protein products (that is done by RNA Polymerase II). 26. C Resonance of the double bond between the carbonyl (C=O) and amide (C-N) bonds imparts a partial double bond character to the peptide (or amide) bond. Atoms that are bound even by a partial double bond cannot rotate with respect to each other, so the C, O, N, and H atoms of the peptide bond are restricted within a single plane. The alpha carbon of each amino acid residue in a polypeptide, however, is allowed to rotate with respect to the adjacent carbonyl and amino groups. 27. D -sheets are formed from inter-chain hydrogen bonding, whereas -helices are formed from intra-chain hydrogen bonding. -sheets are already relatively stretched out in their natural state, and thus cannot be stretched further. -helices are naturally compact and spring-like, and stretch considerably. Chaperones are proteins the increase the rate of protein folding into their native state. Hydrophobic forces are actually due to the increase in entropy resulting from the formation of solvation shells with decreased surface areas (For example, three non-polar amino acids each with their own solvation shell of water molecules will come in close proximity with each other. In the areas where they contact each other, water

will no longer have to coat their surfaces in a highly ordered arrangement. This increased disorder is energetically favorable). 28. Matching:
-

Acidic amino acids <---------> (-) charged COO (carboxyl) Nonpolar amino acids <-----------> Hydrocarbons (CH, CH2, CH3, benzene rings) Basic amino acids <-------------> (+) charged Nitrogen atom Polar amino acids <-------------> Uncharged Oxygen or Nitrogen atoms 29. A Dont let the question confuse you. The larger KM for the A A conversion means that enzyme Q has a lower affinity for molecule A. Thus, there needs to be relatively more of A than B to get the conversion reaction to proceed at the same speed (of *Vmax). Another way to figure this out is to remember that at Vo = *Vmax, the substrate concentration, [S], is equal to the KM. So if the KM for the A A conversion is three times as large as the KM for the B B conversion, the [A] must be three times as large as the [B] when Vo = *Vmax. 30. C Enzymes lower the activation energy required to bring the reactants to the transition state. Thus, they will increase both the forward and reverse reactions in an equilibrium reaction. However, they do not affect the equilibrium state of a reaction because the forward and reverse reaction rates remain perfectly balanced. 31. B A is incorrect because BCL-2 protein is located in the mitochondrial outer membrane, not the inner membrane. C is incorrect as well because cytochrome C is release from the mitochondria during apoptosis. Once cytochrome C is released into the cytosol, it associates with adaptive protein and caspase to execute cell death. Lysosome releases hydrolytic enzymes that digest materials endocytosed by the cell. Finally, D is incorrect because during apoptosis, the cell shrinks and breaks up into membrane-enclosed fragments called apoptotic bodies. 32. B Correct answer is B. Mitochondrial DNA is of maternal origin. This is because during fertilization, only the genetic materials inside the nucleus (or the head) of the sperm will be preserved to fuse with the egg nucleus. The tail and the neck of the sperm, which contains the mitochodria, will be destroyed. 33. Endocrine Cell responds to its own secreted molecules Autocrine Cell secretes molecules to act on neighboring cells Paracrine Cell secretes molecules to act on distant cells 34. B Correct answer is B. Statement I is wrong because it is the subunit of the G-protein, not the subunit, that activates adenylyl cyclase to form cAMP, which acts as a second messenger of the signaling transduction process. Statement III is incorrect because testosterone is a steroid hormone, and it enters the cell and the nucleus via diffusion to bind with receptors of transcription factors and to act upon the regulation of DNA transcription. Statement IV is also incorrect because G protein signaling has the ability to amplify signals. Activation of one receptor can activate multiple G proteins in the cytoplasm. 35. C
2+

C is the correct answer. A is wrong because cleavage of PIP2 results in IP3 and DAG. DAG, along with the Ca released from the ER membrane by IP3, will then activate PKC. B is wrong because cleavage of PIP2 produces both DAG and IP3,
2+

and IP3 will cause an increase in the level of intracellular Ca . D is wrong as well because as mentioned above, the
2+

activation of PKC requires both DAG and Ca released from ER