CHAPTER 3: COORDINATION AND RESPONSE

Voluntary action Stimuli Receptors Afferent neurone Involuntary action (Reflexes) a) Reflex arc (needle) Stimuli Receptors Afferent neurone b) Knee-jerk reflex (patellar) Stimulus Receptors Afferent neurone Spinal cord Efferent neurone Effectors Response Spinal cord (interneurone) Efferent neurone Effectors Response Brain (Interneurone) Efferent neurone Effectors Response

Diagram: Transmission pathway of Information

D7

1. Electrical impulses reaches presynaptic membrane 2. Triggers synaptic vesicles

3. release neurotransmitter 4. into synaptic cleft

5. neurotransmitter diffuses 6. bind to receptors 7. leads to generation of a new electrical signals

Diagram: Transmission of information across synapses

D8

C. SECRETION 1. Function eliminate waste products 2. Location: Distal convulated tubule 3. Substances: H+, K+, NH3, urea, creatinine, toxins, drugs A. ULTRAFILTRATION 1. renal artery receive blood from aorta 2. high pressure 3. maintained & enhanced because diameter of afferent arteriole larger than efferent arteriole 4. form high hydrostatic pressure 5. blood enter glomerulus 6. ultrafiltration takes place 7. fluids is called glomerular filtrate 8. have same composition with blood except no erythrocyte and plasma protein Loop of Henle Proximal tubule Location B. REABSORPTION Substances 100% of glucose & amino acid water 65% sodium ions Large quality of ions water Passive transport Process involve Active transport Osmosis

Osmosis

D9

Negative feedback mechanisms

Osmoreceptor cell detect pressure increase

Stimulate pituitary glands Secrete more ADH into blood Distal CT and collecting duct more permeable More water reabsorbed Less urine and concentrated decrease

Normal blood osmotic pressure decrease Stimulate pituitary glands Secrete less ADH into blood Distal CT and collecting duct less permeable Less water reabsorbed More urine and dilute

Normal blood osmotic pressure increase

Osmoreceptor cell detect pressure

Diagram: Osmoregulation by kidneys D10

Chemoreceptor detect

increases Normal blood glucose level decreases Chemoreceptor detect

Pancreas stimulated Secrete insulin i. glucose is used for cell respiration ii. excess glucose glycogen iii. excess glucose fat

decreases

Normal blood glucose level increases Pancreas stimulated Secrete glucagons i. rate of respiration decrease ii. glycogen glucose

Diagram: Homeostatic control of blood glucose level D11

Thermoreceptor detect

Sweating heat is absorbed from skin to enable evaporation Vasodilation of smooth muscles in arterioles increase the amount of heat radiated and lost Hair shaft flatten warm air not trap against skin decrease Normal temperature (37C) increase No sweating Vasoconstriction of smooth muscles in arterioles reduce the amount of heat radiated and lost Hair shaft raised trapping insulating layer of warm air Shivering of skeletal muscles heat is generated

increase Normal temperature (37C) decrease

Thermoreceptor detect

D12

Diagram: Homeostatic control of body temperature 2. Auxin accumulate at the region with lower light intensity 1. Auxin is produced at coleoptile Shoot 6. shoot bending toward the light Diagram: The role of auxins in phototropism 5. more auxin, the rate of cell elongation higher D13 3. Auxin diffuse to elongation region 4. stimulates the cells elongation

Shoot

1. light and gravity cause auxin transported to the lower side

2. accumulation of auxin cause cell elongate faster, shoot bending upward

3. accumulation of auxin inhibits cell elongation, root bending downward

Root

D14

Diagram: The role of auxins in geotropism