MALWA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY INDORE

(An ISO_9001-2000 Certified Institute)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Minor Project BIKE - SECURITY ALARM Session2007-08

Guided by: Submitted by: Mr. SURENDRA SHARMA DEEPESH VERMA

Ms. SOFIA SHAHID RAJORIA RATIM SINGHAL

ANKIT AP

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the minor project work entitled Bike-security Alarm is Submitted by Mr. Deepesh Verma, Mr. Apratim Singhal and Mr. Ankit Rajoria , BE III year of Electronics & Communication branch. They have completed their work satisfactorily and within the prescribed time limit.

Internal Examiner

External Examiner

Date:

Date:

ACKNWOLEDGEMENT

In attaining our accomplishments there are some knowledgeable and intellectual personalities to help and guide us at every step of our difficulties and confusions. Whenever a challenging job is undertaken, a person tries to seek help from maximum number of people and sources. At times some magic words of someone makes us realize that things are done and we find ourselves fully satisfied with all our tetchiest efforts and pain. So, a thanks giving is something very small to show your lasting gratitude for such an immense support but there are no other words to express your gratitude except thank you. Here, I with my sincerity would like to express my gratitude because without their support this project would never have been a reality. I express my deepest sense of gratitude to the director of our college Mr. O. P. Bhatia. I am grateful to him for granting me permission to carry on my project work in college and providing equipped laboratory. To achieve the success even the brilliant ideas must be translated into creative actions by systematic, sustained and dedicated efforts and proper guidance. I would like to extend my thanks to Ms. Sofia Shahid & Mr. Surendra Sharma, my instructors, guide and immense source of inspiration, who helped me at every step of the progress of the project.

Deepesh Verma Ankit Rajoria Apratim Singhal

Date

INDEX
1. Introduction. 2. Block Diagram. 3. Circuit Diagram. 4. List of Components. 5. Working 6. Resistors. 7. Capacitors. 8. Transistors. 9. TSOP 1738. 10.LM7805 Voltage Regulators. 11.7473 J-K Flip Flops. 12.LM311 Voltage Comparator. 13.LM555 Timer IC. 14.Reference.

INTRODUCTION
Now a day Bike theft is very common. There are specific bikes components which can be efficiently used in making generators. Hence it is necessary to protect the bike in public parking. There are some bike locks available in the market. Here is an electronic circuit which can ensure bike safety. This circuit works on the basis of Infra Red radiation. The IR LED and IR receiver i.e. TSOP is the heart of the circuit. If anybody tries to steal the bike, this circuit turns on the horn of the bike to alert the owner of the impending theft. Usually, a handle lock is used on the handle bar for the safety of bikes, with the front mudguard in a slanted position. When the handle lock is freed, the front mudguard can be aligned with the body of the bike. This is the basic theme of the circuit. An IR LED is placed at the back of front mudguard and an IR receiver (TSOP) along the crash guard, near horn. Whenever the owner locks his bike, the front mudguard is in slanted position and the LED and the TSOP are not in the line of sight. Every time the owner locks the bike he will have to switch on this circuit. Now if anybody tries to take the bike (even if he has the keys) as soon as he unlocks the handle, the TSOP and IR LED comes in line of sight, the circuit is completed and the horn starts blowing .The blowing horn will not stop even if the thief again slants the handle. It will only take the owner of the bike to stop it. The whole circuitry can be kit up in the locker of the bike. Only the IR LED and the TSOP will be outside, hence only authorized person can access the circuit.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Bike-Security Alarm

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Bike-Security Alarm

LIST OF COMPONENTS
1. Resistors:
R1:________________5 , 2w Resistor. R2:________________15 k Resistor. R3:________________4.7 k Resistor. R4:________________2.2 k Resistor. R5:________________22 , 1w Resistor. R6:________________390 Resistor. R7:________________2.2 k Resistor. R8:________________1 k Resistor. R9:________________4.7 k Resistor. R10:_______________2.2 k Resistor.

2. Integrated Circuits:
IC1:_______________7805 IC. IC2:_______________555 timer IC. IC3:_______________LM 311 IC. IC4:_______________7473 IC.

3. Capacitors:
C1:________________470 F, 40 v capacitor. C2:________________0.1 F capacitor. C3:________________0.001 F capacitor. C4:________________0.01 F capacitor. C5:________________100 F, 16 v capacitor. C6:________________1 F, 16 v capacitor.

C7:________________100 F, 16 v capacitor.

4. Switches:
S1:________________ON/OFF switch. S2:________________Push to on switch.

5. Transistors:
T1:________________BC547 NPN Transistor. T2:________________SL100 NPN Transistor.

6. Miscellaneous:
D1:________________1N4001 Diode. RL1:_______________12 v, 200 1 C/O Relay. IRLED1:____________IR LED> IRX1:______________TSOP 1738.

RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with Ohm's law: The electrical resistance is equal to the voltage drop across the resistor divided by the current through the resistor while the temperature remains the same. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.

Resistor Resistor symbols (American)

Variable Resistor

Identifying Resistors
Most axial resistors use a pattern of colored stripes to indicate resistance. Surface-mount resistors are marked numerically. Cases are usually brown, blue, or green, though other colors are occasionally found such as dark red or dark grey. One can also use a millimeter or ohmmeter to test the values of a resistor.

Four-band axial resistors

Four-band identification is the most commonly used color coding scheme on all resistors. It consists of four colored bands that are painted around the body of the resistor. The scheme is simple: The first two numbers are the first two significant digits of the resistance value, the third is a multiplier, and the fourth is the tolerance of the value (e.g. green-blue-yellow red : 56 x (10^4) ohms = 56 x 10000 ohms = 560 k ohms 2%). Each color corresponds to a certain number, shown in the chart below. The tolerance for a 4-band resistor will be 1%, 5%, or 10%.

1st band Black 0 Brown 1 Red 2 Orange 3 Yellow 4 Green 5 Blue 6 Violet 7 Gray 8 White 9 Gold Silver None Color

2nd band 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3rd band (multiplier) 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 10-1 10-2

4th band (tolerance) 1% (F) 2% (G)

Temp. Coefficient 100 ppm 50 ppm 15 ppm 25 ppm

0.5% (D) 0.25% (C) 0.1% (B) 0.05% (A) 5% (J) 10% (K) 20% (M)

CAPACITORS
A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of conductors (called "plates"). The process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as "charging", and involves electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, building up on each plate. Capacitors are often used in electric and electronic circuits as energy-storage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency signals. This property makes them useful in electronic filters. Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers. This is considered an antiquated term in English, but most other languages use an equivalent, like "Kondensator" in German, "Condensador" in Spanish, or "Kondensa" in Japanese.

Physics

Diagram of a parallel-plate capacitor A capacitor consists of two conductive electrodes, or plates, separated by a dielectric.

Capacitance
The capacitor's capacitance (C) is a measure of the amount of charge (Q) stored on each plate for a given potential difference or voltage (V) which appears between the plates:

In SI units, a capacitor has a capacitance of one farad when one coulomb of charge is stored due to one volt applied potential difference across the plates. Since the farad is a very large unit, values of capacitors are usually expressed in microfarads (F), Nan farads (nF), or Pico farads (pF).

When there is a difference in electric charge between the plates, an electric field is created in the region between the plates that is proportional to the amount of charge that has been moved from one plate to the other. This

electric field creates a potential difference V = Ed between the plates of this simple parallel-plate capacitor. The capacitance is proportional to the surface area of the conducting plate and inversely proportional to the distance between the plates. It is also proportional to the permittivity of the dielectric (that is, non-conducting) substance that separates the plates. The capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor is given by:

where is the permittivity of the dielectric (see Dielectric constant), A is the area of the plates and d is the spacing between them. In the diagram, the rotated molecules create an opposing electric field that partially cancels the field created by the plates, a process called dielectric polarization.

TRANSISTOR
An electrical signal can be amplified by using a device that allows a small current or voltage to control the flow of a much larger current. Transistors are the basic devices providing control of this kind. Modern transistors are divided into two main categories: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field effect transistors (FETs). Applying current in BJTs and voltage in FETs between the input and common terminals increases the conductivity between the common and output terminals, thereby controlling current flow between them. The characteristics of a transistor depend on its type. The term "transistor" originally referred to the point contact type, which saw very limited commercial application, being replaced by the much more practical bipolar junction types in the early 1950s. Today's most widely used schematic symbol, like the term "transistor", originally referred to these long-obsolete devices.[1] In analog circuits, transistors are used in amplifiers, (direct current amplifiers, audio amplifiers, radio frequency amplifiers), and linear regulated power supplies. Transistors are also used in digital circuits where they function as electronic switches, but rarely as discrete devices, almost always being incorporated in monolithic Integrated Circuits. Digital circuits include logic gates, random access memory (RAM), microprocessors, and digital signal processors (DSPs).

Types

PNP

P-channel

NPN

N-channel

BJT

JFET

BJT and JFET symbols Transistors are categorized by:

Semiconductor material : germanium, silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, etc. Structure: BJT, JFET, IGFET (MOSFET), IGBT, "other types" Polarity: NPN, PNP (BJTs); N-channel, P-channel (FETs) Maximum power rating: low, medium, high Maximum operating frequency: low, medium, high, radio frequency (RF), microwave (The maximum effective frequency of a transistor is denoted by the term fT, an abbreviation for "frequency of transition". The frequency of transition is the frequency at which the transistor yields unity gain). Application: switch, general purpose, audio, high voltage, super-beta, matched pair Physical packaging: through hole metal, through hole plastic, surface mount, ball grid array, power modules Amplification factor Hfe (transistor beta)

Bipolar junction transistor

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the first type of transistor to be mass-produced. Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The three terminals of the BJT are named emitter, base and collector. Two p-n junctions exist inside a BJT: the base/emitter junction and base/collector junction. "The [BJT] is useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by the relatively small base current." In an NPN transistor operating in the active region, the emitter-base junction is forward biased, and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased base-collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled Unlike the FET, the BJT is a lowinput-impedance device. Also, as the baseemitter voltage (Vbe) is increased the baseemitter current and hence the collectoremitter current (Ice) increase exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers-Moll model. Because of this exponential relationship, the BJT has a higher transconductance than the FET. Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct by exposure to light, since absorption of photons in the base region generates a photocurrent that acts as a base current; the collector current is approximately beta times the photocurrent. Devices designed for this purpose have a transparent window in the package and are called phototransistors.

Field-effect transistor
The field-effect transistor (FET), sometimes called a unipolar transistor, uses either electrons (in N-channel FET) or holes (in P-channel FET) for conduction. The four terminals of the FET are named source, gate, drain, and body (substrate). On most FETs, the body is connected to the source

inside the package, and this will be assumed for the following description.In FETs, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source. As the gatesource voltage (Vgs) is increased, the drainsource current (Ids) increases exponentially for Vgs below threshold, and then at a roughly quadratic rate ( ) (where VT is the threshold voltage at which drain current begins) in the "space-charge-limited" region above threshold. A quadratic behavior is not observed in modern devices, for example, at the 65nm technology node.]To turn on a transistor it has to be charged like a capacitor. One polarity of charge is responsible for conduction, the other serves for charge neutrality. In the BJT, both types of charge carriers come close together and so the capacitance is high, therefore only low voltages are needed to produce a given amount of charge. In a FET both types of charges are separated by the dielectric and additionally the Debye length, thus reducing the capacity and increasing the voltage needed for switching. Above zero Kelvin, the exponential curve is convoluted with the hard turn on of the BJT and the parabolic turn on of the FET.

TSOP-1738
Description
The TSOP1738 is a miniaturized receiver for infrared remote control systems specifically for a carrier frequency of 38 kHz . PIN diode and preamplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is designed as IR filter. The demodulated output signal can directly be decoded by a microprocessor. TSOP1738 is the standard IR remote control receiver series, supporting all major transmission codes.

Features:
Photo detector and preamplifier in one package Internal filter for PCM frequency Improved shielding against electrical field disturbance TTL and CMOS compatibility Output active low Low power consumption High immunity against ambient light Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps)

Suitable burst length .10 cycles/burst

Block Diagram

Application Circuit

Suitable Data Format

The circuit of the TSOP17.. is designed in that way that unexpected output pulses due to noise or disturbance signals are avoided. A band pass filter, an integrator stage and an automatic gain control are used to suppress such disturbances. The distinguishing mark between data signal and disturbance signal are carrier frequency, burst length and duty cycle. The data signal should fullfill the following condition: Carrier frequency should be close to center frequency of the band passes (e.g. 38 kHz). Burst length should be 10 cycles/burst or longer. After each burst which is between 10 cycles and 70 cycles a gap time of at least 14 cycles is necessary. For each burst which is longer than 1.8ms a corresponding gap time is necessary at some time in the data stream. This gap time should have at least same length as the burst. Up to 1400 short bursts per second can be received continuously. When a disturbance signal is applied to the TSOP1738 it can still receive the data signal. However the sensitivity is reduced to that level that no unexpected pulses will occur. Some examples for such disturbance signals which are suppressed by the TSOP1738 are: DC light (e.g. from tungsten bulb or sunlight). Continuous signal at 38 kHz or at any other frequency. Signals from fluorescent lamps with electronic ballast .

LM7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

General Description
The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. The voltages available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems, instrumentation, Hi Fi, and other solid state electronic equipment. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. The LM7805 series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package which will allow over 1.0A load current if adequate heat sinking is provided. Current limiting is included to limit the peak output current to a safe value. Safe area protection for the output transistor is provided to limit internal power dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking provided, the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from overheating. Considerable effort was expanded to make the LM7805 series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply.

Features:
Output current in excess of 1A. Internal thermal overload protection. No external components required. Output transistor safe area protection.

 Internal short circuit current limit. Available in the aluminum TO-3 package. Voltage range 5v.

Voltage Range:
LM7805C LM7812C LM7815C 5V 12V 15V

Connection Diagram
Plastic Package TO-220 (T)

Absolute Maximum Ratings:

Input Voltage (VO = 5V, 12V and 15V) Internal Power Dissipation Operating Temperature Range (TA) Maximum Junction Temperature (K Package) (T Package) Storage Temperature Range Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) TO-3 Package K TO-220 Package T 35V Internally Limited 0C to a70C 150C 150C -65C to +150C 300C 230C

Note: Thermal resistance of the TO-3 package (K, KC) is typically 4C/W junction to case and 35C/W case to ambient. Thermal resistance of the TO220 package (T) is typically 4C/W junction to case and 50C/W case to ambient.

7473
General Description

J-K FLIP-FLOPS

This device contains two independent positive pulse triggered J-K flip-flops with complementary outputs. The J and K data is processed by the flip-flops after a complete clock pulse. While the clock is LOW the slave is isolated from the master. On the positive transition of the clock, the data from the J and K inputs is transferred to the master. While the clock is HIGH the J and K inputs are disabled. On the negative transition of the clock, the data from the master is transferred to the slave. The logic states of the J and K inputs must not be allowed to change while the clock is HIGH. Data transfers to the outputs on the falling edge of the clock pulse. A LOW logic level on the clear input will reset the outputs regardless of the logic states of the other inputs.

Connection Diagram

Function Table

Absolute Maximum Ratings:

Supply Voltage Input Voltage Operating Free Air Temperature Range Storage Temperature Range 7V 5.5V 0C to +70C -65C to +150C

Note: The Absolute Maximum Ratings are those values beyond which the safety of the device cannot be guaranteed. The device should not be

operated at these limits. The parametric values defined in the Electrical Characteristics tables are not guaranteed at the absolute maximum ratings. The Recommended Operating Conditions table will define the conditions for actual device operation.

LM311 VOLTAGE COMPARATOR

General Description
The LM111, LM211 and LM311 are voltage comparators that have input currents nearly a thousand times lower than devices like the LM106 or M710. They are also designed to operate over a wider range of supply voltages: from standard 15V op amp supplies down to the single 5V supply used for IC logic. Their output is compatible with RTL, DTL and TTL as well as MOS circuits. Further, they can drive lamps or relays, switching voltages up to 50V at currents as high as 50 mA. Both the inputs and the outputs of the LM111, LM211 or the LM311 can be isolated from system ground, and the output can drive loads referred to ground, the positive supply or the negative supply. Offset balancing and strobe capability is provided and outputs can be wire OR'ed. Although slower than the LM106 and LM710 (200 ns response time vs 40 ns) the devices are also much less prone to spurious oscillations. The LM111 has the same pin configuration as the LM106 and LM710. The LM211 is identical to the LM111, except that its performance is specified over a -25C to +85C temperature range instead of -55C to +125C. The LM311 has a temperature range of 0C to +70C.

Connection Diagram
Dual-In-Line Package

Features:
Operates from single 5V supply. Input current: 150 nA max. over temperature. Offset current: 20 nA max. over temperature. Differential input voltage range: 30V. Power consumption: 135 mW at 15V.

Absolute Maximum Ratings:

Total Supply Voltage Output to Negative Supply Voltage Ground to Negative Supply Voltage Differential Input Voltage Input Voltage Power Dissipation ESD Rating Output Short Circuit Duration Operating Temperature Range Storage Temperature Range Lead Temperature (soldering, 10 sec) Voltage at Strobe Soldering Information Dual-In-Line Package Soldering (10 seconds)..260C 36V 40V 30V 30V 15V 500 mW 300V 10 sec 0 to 70C -65C to 150C 260C -5V

Small Outline Package Vapor Phase (60 seconds)..215C Infrared (15 seconds) 220C

LM555 TIMER IC
General Description
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200 mA or drive TTL circuits.

Features:
Direct replacement for SE555/NE555 Timing from microseconds through hours Operates in both astable and monostable modes Adjustable duty cycle Output can source or sink 200 mA Output and supply TTL compatible Temperature stability better than 0.005% per C Normally on and normally off output Available in 8 pin MSOP package

Applications:
Precision timing Pulse generation

Sequential timing Time delay generation Pulse width modulation Pulse position modulation Linear ramp generator

Absolute Maximum Ratings:

Supply Voltage Power Dissipation (Note 3) LM555H, LM555CH LM555, LM555CN LM555CMM Operating Temperature Ranges LM555C LM555 Storage Temperature Range Soldering Information Dual-In-Line Package Soldering (10 Seconds) Small Outline Packages (SOIC and MSOP) Vapor Phase (60 Seconds) Infrared (15 Seconds) +18V 760 mW 1180 mW 613 mW 0C to +70C 55C to + 125C 65C to +150C 260C 215C 220C

Connection Diagram
Dual-In-Line, Small Outline and Molded Mini Small Outline Packages

Applications Information:
ASTABLE OPERATION If the circuit is connected as shown in Figure 4 (pins 2 and 6 connected) it will trigger itself and free run as a multivibrator. The external capacitor charges through RA + RB and discharges through RB. Thus the duty cycle may be precisely set by the ratio of these two resistors.

In this mode of operation, the capacitor charges and discharges between 1/3 VCC and 2/3 VCC. As in the triggered mode, the charge and discharge times, and therefore the frequency are independent of the supply voltage.

VCC = 5V TIME = 20 s/DIV. RA = 3.9 kW RB = 3 kW C = 0.01 F

Top Trace: Output 5V/Div. Bottom Trace: Capacitor Voltage 1V/Div.

The charge time (output high) is given by: t1 = 0.693 (RA + RB) C And the discharge time (output low) by: t2 = 0.693 (RB) C Thus the total period is: T = t1 + t2 = 0.693 (RA +2RB) C The frequency of oscillation is:

The duty cycle is:

Figure shows the waveforms generated in this mode of Operation:

WORKING
This circuit consists of transmitter and receiver sections. The transmitter (IR LED1) is fitted on the back end of the front mudguard and the receiver sensor (IRX1) is fitted on the central portion of the crash guard of the bike such that IR rays from the transmitter directly fall on the sensor when the front mudguard comes in line with the body of the bike. The transmitter section is built around timer 555 (IC2), which is wired as an astable multivibrator with a frequency of around 38 kHz. The output of IC2 is further amplified by transistor T1 and given to an infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED1), which continuously transmits the IR frequency. The receiver section uses IR receiver module TSOP 1738 (IRX1), which is normally used in TV receivers. The receiver module senses the IR modulated frequency transmitted by the IR LED. When no IR rays are incident on the sensor, its output is high. But the output of the IR sensor goes low when it senses the modulated IR signal. The output of the receiver module is given to a negative voltage comparator built around IC LM311 (IC3). The input voltage at pin 2 of IC3 is fixed by using the voltage-divider network comprising resistors R7 and R8.

When IR rays are not incident on the IR receiver module, the voltage at pin 3 of IC3 is greater than the voltage at pin 2. As a result, the output of comparator IC3 is low. But when the receiver senses IR rays from IR LED1, the voltage at pin 3 of IC3 is lower than the voltage at pin 2. As a result, the output of the comparator goes high. The output of the comparator is given to a latch made up of JK flip-flop (IC4). The low-to-high going pulse from the comparator makes the output of IC4 high until it is reset. The output of IC4 is latched and used to energies relay RL1 via transistor T2. The relay is connected to the negative terminal of the bikes horn, while the positive terminal of the horn is connected to the positive terminal of the battery via resistor R1. The energized relay drives the horn, which continues sounding until you press reset switch S2 momentarily. At night, lock your bike using the handle lock and switch on the circuit using switch S1. Since the IR transmitter (IR LED1) and the receiver (IRX1) will not be in line of sight, IR rays from IR LED1 will not be incident on the sensor. When anyone tries to move the bike away, the IR transmitter and the IR receiver will come in line of sight and the IR rays from the IR transmitter will be incident on the receiver. This will make the output of the Comparator (IC3) high. The pulse from the comparator will make the output of latch IC4 high and transistor T2 will conduct to sound the horn via relay RL1.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

REFRENCE
1. Electronics for you Magazine. 2. www.efy.com. 3. www.DatasheetCatalog.com. 4. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits Ramakant A. Gayakwad.