History Long Test reviewer I. Near East A.

Civilization Requirements -System of Writing -Existence of Cities -Specialization-full time crafts -Social states-Hierarchy-inequality-equal only in death -Hierarchical political system(state) B. Theories on the Origin of States Irrigation Theory- Water=power, necessity for crops Bureaucracy Circumscription-Robert Cornero Social-by Cities-War and conquest Environmental-natural barriers Trade Theory C. 1. 2. 3. 4. II. General causes of Decline Environmental Change Diseases Our extension Mismanagement

Near east A. Fertile Crescent- Dead sea-Persian Gulf -Mesopotamia-between 2 Rivers- Tigris and Euphrates Sumerians-from Ur Black Sea-overflowed-Great flood Writings: 1. Pictograms 2. Ideograms 3. Phonograph 4. Syllabary- Alibata/Baybayin 5. Alphabet-Phoenician, Hebrews, Alpha beta-romans Cuneiform Cuneus + Form | Wedge B. Sumer-South of Mesopotamia -City-States-Like Greece -1st Wheel C. Origin of Kingship and Religious Basis -Democratic

-Heavenly Prototype-Imperfect copy of the cosmos -All have heavenly original -Cities-States were deemed properties of Patron Gods-political priests LUGAL-Divinely appointed King -every six months -solely for military Leadership Kings A.Kish Getana-dominant City ,post-deluge 3rd Millennium-War became permanent; Kinghip became hereditary; Force all went to the king ranian B. Uruk(Meskiabasher) C. Elamite Interlude-Invasion of Iranians D. Adab(Lugal Annemundu) E. UMMA (Lugal Zagessi)

Gilgamesh-He who saw everything -Sumerian King/Despot Book 1-2 Enkid vs Gilgamesh 3-4-Duo vs Humbaba monster Tablet 6-Ishtarproposed to Gilgamesh rejected -Gil kills Ishtars bull -Enkidu dies-Gil reflected on Death ANU, Ea, Shamash-Trinity -Sought Untanapishtim, Survivor of the flood -found plant but was snatched by a serpent -Accepted death. *Sumer fell to Sargon-North of Mesopotamia;1st Imperial city -Sharru-kin(Sargon the great)--name means rightful ruler -Cupbearer to Up-Zabubu-Ist coup de etat Legend-born in Azuperalta -found in a basket -raised by Akki-Gardenre/irrigator Stele-Life of Slaves- Black-headed people,I ruled, mighty I governed -Mountains with axes of bronze I destroyed

Narram-Sin- Grandson, revived Akkad -Undefeated Grandson of Sargon Gutians from gutium-Migrated to a slow invasion Lagash-Ensi Gudea, Most Statues, collabotated with the Gutians Standard of Ur(2500 B.C.)-Lapiz Lazuli; Standard lives of citizens Babylonian empire-After Akkads Fall Hammurabi-Ammorites-amurru -not native of Upr but from the fertile crescent -6th in line in the Amorite Dynasty -From Persian gulf to Euphrates -Code of Hammurabu-divine law -282 laws of an eye For an eye -10-15 kings after Hammurabi,as vassals-peace treaties-betray -social status Kassites-conquered Babylon Assyrian Empire-replaced Babylonian empire -spartan equivalents Tiglath Pileser I-Killed 20,000 Sahrru Kin(Sargon II) AssurBanipal-Library of Niniveh, not a warrior king Neo-babylonians/chaldeen Empire-effaced Assyrian history Nebuchadnezzar II- Exiled Jews. -fell to Persian empire(Cyrus)-Isaiah-anointed -Xerxes married a Jew-Esther III. Greeks A. Maidens Io-nymph changed into a cow by Zeus, hid from Hera. -Gadfly-stung Io to Asia Minor -Panoples- 100 eyed monster killed by Hermes-From Argos

Europa-Phynician princess -rode Zeus as a flyng bull to Crete -Married Minos-loved by Poseidon -given a white bull -Europa fell in love with the bull and gave birth to the Minotaur Medea-wife of Jason/Iason - helped him retrieve the golden Fleece Pelias-brother of Jason Charon-Trainer of Achilles -Centaur -trained Jason -Argo-boat, -favored by Athena and Aphrodite -Man without a sandal-prophecy -Argonauts-Justice League of Greece Herodotus-father of History -Rational approach -wrote Histories of the Persian Wars 1. Phoenicians vs Persians | From red Sea, training voyage.best sea traders 2. On Argos-wares-sold out- they took 10 women 3. Io was kidnapped by the Phoenicians and brought to Egypt 4. Cretans carried Europa from Tyre 5. Greeks abducted Medea 6. All because they did not pay 7. Paris stole Helen Illiad-10 years? -ended with Hectors funeral Erastes-old man Eromenos-young man Egypt-never noticed Trojan war, No record. Illiad- like a Bible, epic songs is product of several bards Heinrich Schliemann-discovered troy and found the treasures of Priam -Labors by the Father of Medea -Flaming Bull -Dragon teeth

-occupied Mediterranean (Republic) -Asia minor and mainland -Nile delta -not politically unified -disputes at the North Barbaroi-Persians, not inferior -do not speak their language Empires 1. Sparta-Peloponesse -Located at Lakonia -slaves not for freedom -military camp -Messenia- slave rebellions 2nd war almost destroyed 2. Athenai (Athena)-defeated Persians in a navy battle -Attican Peninsula -villages united by Theseus 3. Theban Empire

Sparta-Diarchy-two kings -Dorians-ancestors of Spartans Classes A. Homoioi/Spatans-pure dorians 1.Wine test-Baby must not prune up 2. Evaluated by elders-throw off Mt. Taygetos or given to the Mother 3. Mother (0-70) teches obedience without speech. 4. Agoge-military school(7-13) Padonemoi-master Agelai=classes or groups Finals-given at cloak for one year-bathed in cold water and slept in a twig bed 4. Krypteia(12-20) assassination squad or secret police Last test-Ortheia artemis-festival -Steal the cheese while being whipped Mess-15 soldiers -syssitia-votes *Marry at 20-must steal wife

5. (20-50)-full soldier -become teachers and landowners when retired