Natural(Native)BornCitizen:Solved

2012DanGoodman ArticleII,Section1,Clause5states: "NopersonexceptanaturalbornCitizen,oraCitizenoftheUnitedStatesatthe timeoftheadoptionofthisConstitution,shallbeeligibletotheOfficeofPresident." Pardoningtheconfusionofterms,anaturalbornCitizenwasanativeborncitizen, bornintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,undertheArticlesofConfederationorthe UnitedStatesofAmerica,undertheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,whileaCitizen oftheUnitedStatesatthetimeoftheadoptionoftheConstitution,wasaperson whowasnaturalizedunderthelawsthenexistingundertheArticlesof Confederation. Anativeborncitizenthenwasonewhowasbornwiththeterritoryofa government(country)andsubjecttoitsjurisdiction.Inthiscase,theUnitedStates ofAmerica,undertheArticlesofConfederationortheUnitedStatesofAmerica, undertheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates. Thistypeofcitizenshipwasbasedonjussoli,thatisonewhoisbornonthesoilof thecountryofwhichheisacitizen. ThroughtheyearsfollowingtheadoptionoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,a newclassofcitizensnaturalizedunderthelawsundertheConstitutionoftheUnited Statescameintobeing.BeingcitizensoftheUnitedStates,theywereunderthe ConstitutionineligibletobePresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.However, theiroffspring,thatistheirchildrenwerenotinthesamecircumstances.Aslongas theywerebornintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,theycouldbecomePresidentofthe UnitedStatesofAmericaundertheConstitution.Thisisbecausetheywerebornto parentswhowerethemselvescitizensoftheUnitedStates,eventhoughtheywere ineligibletobePresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.[Footnote1] Thistypeofcitizenshipwasbasedonjussanguinis,thatiswhathisorherparents were,alsoknownasrightofblood. SoaftertheadoptionoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,andthepassingof thelastcitizenoftheUnitedStateswhowasacitizenoftheUnitedStatesatthetime oftheadoptionoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,theonlycitizenseligibletobe PresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,werenaturalborncitizens,thatisnative borncitizenswhocitizenshipwasbasedonjussoli(soil)orjussanguinis(blood). 1

ThepreambletotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesproclaims: WethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion, establishJustice,insuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefence, promotedthegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesand ourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesOF AMERICA. ThePeopleoftheUnitedStateswerethepeopleoftheseveralStates: ...LookingattheConstitutionitselfwefindthatitwasordainedand establishedbythepeopleoftheUnitedStates,andthengoingfurtherback,we findthatthesewerethepeopleoftheseveralStatesthathadbeforedissolvedthe politicalbandswhichconnectedthemwithGreatBritain,andassumedaseparate andequalstationamongthepowersoftheearth,andthathadbyArticlesof ConfederationandPerpetualUnion,inwhichtheytookthenameof'theUnited StatesOFAMERICA,'enteredintoafirmleagueoffriendshipwitheachotherfor theircommondefence,thesecurityoftheirlibertiesandtheirmutualandgeneral welfare,bindingthemselvestoassisteachotheragainstallforceofferedtoorattack madeuponthem,oranyofthem,onaccountofreligion,sovereignty,trade,orany otherpretencewhatever.Minorv.Happersett:88U.S.162,166(1874).
http://books.google.com/books?id=IEsGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false

ThePeopleoftheseveralStates,orthepeopleofthedifferentStatesinthisUnion, (were)thefreeinhabitantsofeachoftheseStates,paupers,vagabonds,andfugitives fromjusticeexcepted,...entitledtoallprivilegesandimmunitiesoffreecitizensin theseveralStates.ArticleIV,ArticlesofConfederation. UndertheArticlesofConfederation,thepeopleoftheseveralStates,beingfree inhabitantsofadifferentState,becameundertheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates, thepeopleoftheUnitedStates,beingcitizensofanindividualState;towit: TheCitizensofeachStateshallbeentitledtoallPrivilegesandImmunitiesof CitizensintheseveralStates.ArticleIVSection2Clause1Constitutionofthe UnitedStates. ThePeopleoftheUnitedStatesweretoocitizensoftheUnitedStates: Todetermine,then,whowerecitizensoftheUnitedStatesbeforetheadoption ofthe[14th]amendmentitisnecessarytoascertainwhatpersonsoriginally associatedthemselvestogethertoformthenation,andwhatwereafterwards 2

admittedtomembership.LookingattheConstitutionitselfwefindthatitwas ordainedandestablishedbythepeopleoftheUnitedStates.Minorv. Happersett:88U.S.162,166(1874).

http://books.google.com/books?id=IEsGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false

Therefore,thePeopleoftheUnitedStates,beingcitizensofanindividualState, werealsocitizensoftheUnitedStates.Or,inotherwords,apersonborninthe UnitedStatesofAmerica;inadifferentstate,beforetheadoptionoftheConstitution oftheUnitedStatesandundertheArticlesofConfederation,becameunderthe adoptionoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,intheUnitedStatesofAmerica,a citizenofaStateandalsoacitizenoftheUnitedStates. Thus,anatural(native)borncitizenunderArticleII,Section1,Clause5wasa personbornintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,inanindividualState. AftertheadoptionoftheConstitution,onebornintheUnitedStatesofAmerica;in anindividualState,wasacitizenofaState,first,andthenacitizenoftheUnited States.[Footnote2]ApersonnaturalizedunderthelawsoftheUnitedStates, undertheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,however,wasacitizenoftheUnited States,first,andthenacitizenofaStateheorshewasdomiciledin.Gassiesv. Baloon,31U.S.(6Peters)761(1832).
http://books.google.com/books?id=ES43AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA761#v=onepage&q&f=false

Therefore,anatural(native)borncitizenwasacitizenofaState,first,andthena citizenoftheUnitedStates,entitledunderArticleIV,Section2,Clause1ofthe ConstitutiontoprivilegesandimmunitiesofcitizensintheseveralStates.A naturalizedcitizenwasacitizenoftheUnitedStates,first,andthenacitizenofa State,entitledunderArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitutiontoprivileges andimmunitiesofcitizensintheseveralStates.Theonlydifferencebetweenthem, beforetheFourteenthAmendment,wasthatanatural(native)borncitizencouldbe PresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericawhereasanaturalizedcitizencouldnotbe PresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica. DidtheFourteenthAmendmentchangethis? SincetheadoptionoftheFourteenthAmendmentandtheSlaughterhouseCases, therearenowtwocitizensinthecountryofUnitedStates;acitizenoftheUnited States,underSection1,Clause1oftheFourteenthAmendment,andacitizenofa 3

StatewhoisnotacitizenoftheUnitedStates,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1of theConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.[Footnote3]Thefollowingcases ondiversityofcitizenshipshowthatthereisacitizenoftheUnitedStates,anda citizenofaStatewhoisnotacitizenoftheUnitedStates: Thepetitionavers,thattheplaintiff,RichardRaynalKeene,isacitizenofthe stateofMaryland;andthatJamesBrown,thedefendant,isacitizenorresidentof thestateofLouisiana,holdinghisfixedandpermanentdomicilintheparishofSt. Charles.Thepetition,then,doesnotaverpositively,thatthedefendantisacitizen ofthestateofLouisiana,butinthealternative,thatheisacitizenoraresident. Consistentlywiththisaverment,hemaybeeither. ...AcitizenoftheUnitedStatesmaybecomeacitizenofthatstateinwhich hehasafixedandpermanentdomicil;butthepetitionDOESNOTAVERthatthe plaintiffisacitizenoftheUnitedStates.... Thedecisionsofthiscourtrequire,thattheavermentofjurisdictionshallbe positive,andthatthedeclarationshallstateexpresslythefactonwhichjurisdiction depends.Itisnotsufficientthatjurisdictionmaybeinferredargumentativelyfrom itsaverments. TheanswerofJamesBrownasserts,thatbothplaintiffanddefendantare citizensoftheStateofLouisiana. Withoutindicatinganyopiniononthequestion,whetheranyadmissioninthe pleacancureaninsufficientallegationofjurisdictioninthedeclaration,weareallof opinionthatthisanswerdoesnotcurethedefectofthepetition.Iftheavermentof theanswermaybelookedinto,thewholeavermentmustbetakentogether.Itis thatbothplaintiffanddefendantarecitizensofLouisiana.Brownv.Keene:33U.S. (Peters8)112,at115thru116(1834).
http://books.google.com/books?id=DUUFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false

Syllabus: Thefacts,whichinvolvedthesufficiencyofavermentsandproofofdiverse citizenshiptomaintainthejurisdictionoftheUnitedStatesCircuitCourt,arestated intheopinionofthecourt. Opinion: WecometothecontentionthatthecitizenshipofEdwardswasnotaverredin thecomplaintorshownbytherecord,andhencejurisdictiondidnotappear. 4

Inansweringthequestion,whethertheCircuitCourthadjurisdictionofthe controversy,wemustputourselvesintheplaceoftheCircuitCourtofAppeals,and decidethequestionwithreferencetothetranscriptofrecordinthatcourt. HadthetranscriptshownnothingmoreastothestatusofEdwardsthanthe avermentofthecomplaintthathewasaresidentoftheStateofDelaware,assuch anavermentwouldnotnecessarilyhaveimportedthatEdwardswasacitizenof Delaware,anegativeanswerwouldhavebeenimpelledbypriordecisions.Mexican CentralRy.Co.v.Duthie,189U.S.76;Hornev.GeorgeH.HammondCo.,155U.S.393; Dennyv.Pironi,141U.S.121;Robertsonv.Cease,97U.S.646.Thewholerecord, however,maybelookedto,forthepurposeofcuringadefectiveavermentof citizenship,wherejurisdictioninaFederalcourtisassertedtodependupon diversityofcitizenship,andiftherequisitecitizenship,isanywhereexpressly averredintherecord,orfactsarethereinstatedwhichinlegalintendment constitutesuchallegation,thatissufficient.Hornev.GeorgeH.HammondCo.,supra andcasescited. Asthisisanactionatlaw,weareboundtoassumethatthetestimonyofthe plaintiffcontainedinthecertificateoftheCircuitCourtofAppeals,andrecitedto havebeengivenonthetrial,waspreservedinabillofexceptions,whichformed partofthetranscriptofrecordfiledintheCircuitCourtofAppeals.Beingapartof therecord,andpropertoberesortedtoinsettlingaquestionofthecharacterof thatnowunderconsideration,Robertsonv.Cease,97U.S.648,wecometoascertain whatisestablishedbytheuncontradictedevidencereferredto. Inthefirstplace,itshowsthatEdwards,priortohisemploymentontheNew YorkSunandtheNewHavenPalladium,waslegallydomiciledintheStateof Delaware.Next,itdemonstratesthathehadnointentiontoabandonsuchdomicil, forhetestifiedunderoathasfollows:OneofthereasonsIlefttheNewHaven Palladiumwas,itwastoofarawayfromhome.IlivedinDelaware,andIhadtogo backandforth.MyfamilyareoverinDelaware.Now,itiselementarythat,toeffect achangeofoneslegaldomicil,twothingsareindispensable:First,residenceina newdomicil,and,second,theintentiontoremainthere.Thechangecannotbe made,exceptfactoetanimo.Botharealikenecessary.Eitherwithouttheotheris insufficient.Mereabsencefromafixedhome,howeverlongcontinued,cannotwork thechange.Mitchellv.UnitedStates,21Wall.350. AsDelawaremust,then,beheldtohavebeenthelegaldomicilofEdwardsatthe timehecommencedthisaction,haditappearedthathewasacitizenofthe UnitedStates,itwouldhaveresulted,byoperationoftheFourteenth Amendment,thatEdwardswasalsoacitizenoftheStateofDelaware.Anderson 5

v.Watt,138U.S.694.Bethisasitmay,however,Delawarebeingthelegal domicilofEdwards,itwasimpossibleforhimtohavebeenacitizenofanother State,District,orTerritory,andhemustthenhavebeeneitheracitizenof DelawareoracitizenorsubjectofaforeignState.Ineitherofthese contingencies,theCircuitCourtwouldhavehadjurisdictionoverthe controversy.But,inthelightofthetestimony,wearesatisfiedthattheavermentin thecomplaint,thatEdwardswasaresidentoftheStateofDelaware,wasintended tomean,and,reasonablyconstrued,mustbeinterpretedasaverring,thatthe plaintiffwasacitizenoftheStateofDelaware.Jonesv.Andrews,10Wall.327, 331;ExpressCompanyv.Kountze,8Wall.342.SunPrinting&Publishing Associationv.Edwards:194U.S.377,at381thru383(1904).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tekGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA381#v=onepage&q&f=false

ThebillfiledintheCircuitCourtbytheplaintiff,McQuesten,allegedhertobe acitizenoftheUnitedStatesandoftheStateofMassachusetts,andresidingat TurnerFallsinsaidState,whilethedefendantsSteiglederandwifewerealleged tobecitizensoftheStateofWashington,andresidingatthecityofSeattleinsaid State.StatementoftheCase,Steiglederv.McQuesten:198U.S.141(1905).{After theFourteenthAmendment} TheavermentinthebillthatthepartieswerecitizensofdifferentStates wassufficienttomakeaprimafaciecaseofjurisdictionsofarasitdependedon citizenship.Opinion,Steiglederv.McQuesten:198U.S.141,at142(1905).{After theFourteenthAmendment}
http://books.google.com/books?id=ceIGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false

AcitizenoftheUnitedStatesisnolongeracitizenoftheUnion;thatis,the UnitedStatesofAmerica,butnowisacitizenoftheUnitedStates(Fourteenth Amendment),thatis,acitizenoftheterritoriesandpossessionsoftheUnitedStates, includingtheDistrictofColumbiaaswellasfederalenclaveswiththeseveralStates. [Footnote5]AssuchonewhoisacitizenoftheUnitedStatesisonewhoisnot bornintheUnitedStatesofAmerica;thatis,inanindividualStateoftheUnion.A citizenofaState,underArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution,isstillone whoisstillborninanindividualStateoftheUnion.[Footnote6] Thus,acitizenoftheUnitedStatescannotbecomePresidentoftheUnitedStates ofAmerica,sinceheorsheisnotbornintheUnitedStatesofAmerica;thatis,inan individualStateoftheUnion.ArticleII,Section1,Clause5stillappliestoonewhois acitizenofaState;thatis,onewhoisborninanindividualStateoftheUnion. 6

________________________ Footnotes: 1.ArticleII,Section1,Clause1oftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesreads: TheexecutivePowershallbevestedinaPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html

2.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthebillcontainsaprayerthat,ifthereliefsought cannotbehadagainstAndrewJohnson,asPresident,itmaybegrantedagainst AndrewJohnsonasacitizenofTennessee.Butitisplainthatreliefasagainstthe executionofanactofCongressbyAndrewJohnsonisreliefagainstitsexecutionby thePresident.Abillprayinganinjunctionagainsttheexecutionofanactof Congressbytheincumbentofthepresidentialofficecannotbereceived,whetherit describeshimasPresidentorasacitizenofaState.StateofMississippiv. Johnson:71U.S.475,at501(1866).

http://books.google.com/books?id=EQ0yAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA501#v=onepage&q&f=false

NoPersonshallbeaRepresentativeswhoshallnothaveattainedtotheAgeof twentyfiveYears,andbeensevenYearsaCitizenoftheUnitedStates.ArticleI, Section2,Clause2ConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica. NoPersonshallbeaSenatorwhoshallnothaveattainedtotheAgeofthirty Years,andbeennineYearsaCitizenoftheUnitedStates.ArticleI,Section3, Clause3ConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html

3.AcitizenoftheUnitedStatesisrecognizedinSection1,Clause1ofthe FourteenthAmendment.AcitizenofaStatewhoisnotacitizenoftheUnitedStates isrecognizedatArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates ofAmerica: ...Thereisnoinherentrightinacitizentothussellintoxicatingliquorsby retail.ItisnotaprivilegeofacitizenoftheStateorofacitizenoftheUnited States.Crowleyv.Christensen:137U.S.86,at91(1890).

http://books.google.com/books?id=htIGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false

Anotherobjectiontotheactisthatitisinviolationofsection2,art.4,ofthe constitutionoftheUnitedStates,andofthefourteenthamendment,inthatthisact discriminatesbothastopersonsandproducts.Section2,art.4,declaresthatthe citizensofeachstateshallbeentitledtoalltheprivilegesandimmunitiesofthe citizensoftheseveralstates;andthefourteenthamendmentdeclaresthatnostate shallmakeorenforceanylawwhichshallabridgetheprivilegesandimmunitiesof citizensoftheUnitedStates.Butwehaveseenthatthesupremecourt,inCrowleyv. Christensen,137U.S.91,11Sup.Ct.Rep.15,hasdeclaredthatthereisnoinherent rightinacitizentosellintoxicatingliquorsbyretail.Itisnotaprivilegeofacitizen ofastateorofacitizenoftheUnitedStates.Cantiniv.Tillman:54Fed.Rep.969, at973(1893).[Footnote4]
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ehg4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA973#v=onepage&q&f=false

4.AcitizenofaStatewhoisnotacitizenoftheUnitedStatesisalsoacitizenofthe severalStatesunderArticleIV,Section2,Clause1oftheConstitution.Seemywork TwoDistinctStateCitizensForPurposesOfDiversityOfCitizenship. 5.SeemyworkBlundersoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates,Part3;where Ishowthatthepoliticaljurisdiction(completejurisdiction)oftheUnitedStates extendsONLYtotheDistrictofColumbia,theterritoriesandpossessionsofthe UnitedStates,andfederalenclaveswithintheseveralStatesoftheUnion.Thus,a citizenoftheUnitedStates,underSection1oftheFourteenthAmendment,isone whoisbornintheUnitedStates,nottheUnitedStatesofAmerica;thatis,inan individualStateoftheUnion. InthisworkIalsoshowthatanindividualStatealsohaspoliticaljurisdiction. Thus,onewhoisborninanindividualStateisacitizenofthatState,andnota citizenoftheUnitedStates: ThelanguageoftheFourteenthAmendmentdeclaringtwokindsofcitizenshipis discriminating.Itis:AllpersonsbornornaturalizedintheUnitedStates,and subjecttothejurisdictionthereof,arecitizensoftheUnitedStatesandoftheState whereintheyreside.Whileitthusestablishesnationalcitizenshipfromthemere circumstanceofbirthwithintheterritoryandjurisdictionoftheUnitedStates,birth withinastatedoesnotestablishcitizenshipthereof.Statecitizenshipis ephemeral.Itresultsonlyfromresidenceandisgainedorlosttherewith.Edwards v.PeopleoftheStateofCalifornia:314U.S.160,183(concurringopinionofJackson) (1941).
http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6778891532287614638

6.AcitizenofaStatewasanatural(native)borncitizenbeforetheadoptionofthe FourteenthAmendment,andstillisafteritsadoption: (BeforetheFourteenthAmendment) Itappearsthattheplaintiffinerror,thoughanativeborncitizenofLouisiana, wasmarriedintheStateofMississippi,whileunderage,withtheconsentofher guardian,toacitizenofthelatterState,andthattheirdomicile,duringtheduration oftheirmarriage,wasinMississippi.Connerv.Elliott:59U.S.(Howard18)591,at 592(1855).

http://books.google.com/books?id=RkcFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA592#v=onepage&q&f=false

(AftertheFourteenthAmendment) JosephA.Iasigi,anativeborncitizenofMassachusetts,wasarrested, February14,1897,onawarrantissuedbyoneofthecitymagistratesofthecityof NewYork,asafugitivefromthejusticeoftheStateofMassachusetts.Iasigiv.Van DeCarr:166U.S.391,at392(1897).

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