Introduction to Psychology Mr.

Klein

Life Span Developmental Stages

Jean Piaget believed youth go through four major stages of COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT an understanding of how children think about the world. Stage 1 SENSORY-MOTOR Birth to 2 years Coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence; self-recognition PREOPERATIONAL 2 to 7 years Development of symbolic thought, formation of language, fantasy play, conservation flaws, and egocentrism CONCRETE-OPERATIONAL 7 to 11 years Mental operations applied to concrete events, mastery of conservation, complex classification schemes FORMAL OPERATIONAL 11 years to adulthood Mental operations applied to abstract ideas; logical, systematic thinking

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Lawrence Kohlberg believed MORAL REASONING can be divided into three levels, each divided into two stages. PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL (childhood) Stage 1 Punishment orientation Right and wrong is determined by what is punished Stage 2 Nave reward Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded CONVENTIONAL LEVEL (adolescence) Stage 3 Good boy / good girl orientation Right and wrong is determined by others approval and disapproval Stage 4 Authority orientation Right and wrong is determined by societys rules and laws, which should be obeyed rigidly POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL (adulthood) Stage 5 Social contract orientations Right and wrong is determined by societys rules which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute Stage 6 Individual principles and conscience orientation Right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice
Kohlberg believed that individuals could only progress through these stages one stage at a time. That is, they could not "jump" stages.

According to psychologist Erik Erikson, each individual passes through eight stages of PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. Each stage is characterized by a different psychological "crisis," which must be resolved by the individual before the individual can move on to the next stage.

Stage 1
Infancy

TRUST vs. MISTRUST - Birth to 1 year

Infants depend on others for food, warmth, and affection, and therefore must be able to blindly trust the parents (or caregivers) for providing those.

Stage 2
Toddlerhood

AUTONOMY (independence) vs. SHAME and DOUBT - 1 to 3 years

Toddlers learn to walk, talk, use toilets, and do things for themselves. Their self-control and self-confidence begin to develop at this stage.

Stage 3
Preschool

INITIATIVE vs. GUILT - 3 to 6 years

Learning to achieve a balance between eagerness for more adventure and more responsibility, and learning to control impulses and childish fantasies.

Stage 4
Elementary school

INDUSTRY (competence) vs. INFERIORITY - 6 to 12 years

Children learn to make things, use tools, and acquire specific skills. They do all these while making the transition from the world of home into the world of peers (school).

Stage 5
Adolescence

IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION -12 to 18 years

"Who am I?" The answer comes by integrating a number of different roles a talented math student, an athlete, an artist, etc.into a coherent whole that fits comfortably with the self. It is in this stage where individuals make the transition from dependence on others to dependence on oneself.

Stage 6
Young adulthood

INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION - 19 to 40 years

Erikson says you are not developmentally complete until you are capable of intimacy. An individual who has not developed a sense of identity usually will fear a committed relationship and may retreat into isolation.

Stage 7
Middle adulthood

GENERATIVITY vs. STAGNATION - 40 to 65 years

Ability to look outside oneself and care for others, through parenting, for instance.

Stage 8
Late adulthood

INTEGRITY vs. DESPAIR - 65 years to death

Reflecting upon one's own life and its role in the big scheme of things, and seeing it filled with pleasure and satisfaction or disappointments and failures.