Chapter 12 The Rise of Medieval Europe 500 1300 A.D.

.D. Section I The Frankish Rulers A Land of great potential 1 Europe relatively small western end of Eurasia map page 297 2 resources 500 A.D. untapped a north Dense forests b rich, black earth - arable c rich mineral resources Coal Iron Copper Silver d sea Fishing Good Harborse rivers Fishing and Good harbors f streams provided power B Germanic Kingdoms 1 Farmers Herders 2 no cities no written laws a small communities behavior governed by custom 3 government a kings - Elected led men in battle b nobles warriors 1 received weapons and spoils of war in return for Oath for Loyalty 4 400 700 A.D. Germanic tribes carved up Western Europe C Franks strongest Germanic tribe 1 Clovis (r.481 511 A.D.) a founder of Merovingian dynasty 1 named after Frankish warrior-king Merowig (Merovech) (r.448 458 A.D.) b Brilliant Ruthless c built empire - to d 493 A.D. married .. Roman Catholic e 496 A.D. defeated Visigoths later defeated Alamanni 1 following victory Clovis and 3000 warriors converted to Roman Catholic Church f significance of conversion 1 many Germanic tribes were Arians 2 through conversion, Clovis won support of Roman Catholic Church 3 strengthened Roman Catholic Church in Europe 4 Church and Clovis used Arianism as cause for conquest of other German tribes 2 Mayors of the Palace a 511 A.D. Clovis died Frankish custom divided kingdom among four sons 1 division weaken power base prevented one man from gaining dominant control b Clovis sons weak quarrelsome 1 Cloviss successors known as Do Nothing Kings c Mayors of the Palace 1 assisted a as kings neglected duties, power Decreased 2 Pepin II (Mayor of Palace) a cooperated with Church supported Papal Missionaries b made office of mayor Hereditary Page 1

3 Charles Martel (term as mayor 714 741 A.D.) a Charles the Hammer b organized efficient, reliable Cavalryc 732 A.D. Battle of Tours (map page 296) 1 halted advance in Europe 2 saved northern Europe for Christianity ensured Christianity would stay dominant D Age of Charlemagne 1 Pepin III (The Short) (reign.751 768 A.D.) a son of Charles Martel b 751 A.D. appealed to Pope Zacharias 1 question should Mayor or Do Nothing be considered legal Frankish king? 2 popes response man with power should have title 3 752 A.D. Frankish nobles seized throne made Pepin III king c 754 A.D. Pope Stephen III traveled to France 1 crowned Pepin Rex dei Gratia (King by grace of God) (r.752 757 A.D.) a pope anointed Pepin with holy oil b made Pepin divinely chosen ruler in eyes of people d pope needed help in Italy versus Lombards 1 Pepin III took army to Italy defeated Lombards 2 gave conquered land to Church (papacy) a Donation of Pepin b Papal States- controlled by Roman Catholic Church up through late 19th century 2 Charlemagnes Empire (r.768 814 A.D.) a son of Pepin III b Char le magne (Charles the great) Carolus Magnus Karl der Grosse c built empire stretched from to . 1 did not include all of Spain included only northern Spain d government 1 allied closely with Church a December 25, 800 A.D. Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Romans b signified cooperation between Church and State c illustrated (power) struggle between Church and State - .. could claim over .. 2 divided empire into .. a administered by 1 raised armies 2 administered laws within own territory 3 a traveled in pairs one bishop one noble b maintained c visited counties 1 held court 2 checked on local courts d reported to Charlemagne Page 2

4 . (..) a defensive . districts b located at frontier areas of empire 5 capital city - - () (map page 296) e Carolingian renaissance 1 Charlemagne supported scholarship 2 supported .. and .. schools established . for members of family and nobility (at Aachen) 3 brought scholars to court at Aachen a Alcuin of York (England) 1 most famous 2 divided education at palace school into a Quadridium subjects - arithmetic - geometry b Rhetoric subjects - .. - 4 founded abbeys encouraged copying manuscripts Greek Latin Vulgate a scribes developed . modern form of writing upper and lower case letters 3 Louis the Pious (r.814 840 A.D) a son of Charlemagne more interested in religion than government b lost support of .. and . 4 division of empire a Louis three sons quarreled b 842 A.D. - Charles the Bald and Louis the German allied versus brother, Lothair c 843 A.D. Treaty of Verdun divided (Charlemagnes) Empire into three parts 1 Charles the Bold Present day France 2 Lothair middle part a land from North Sea to central Italy known as Lorraine 3 Louis the German Present day Germany d kingdom of Lotha soon fragmented e by late tenth century kingdoms established by Charlemagne dissipated collapse due to 1 internal quarrels 2 external attacks a northern Europe - . b Spain and Sicily - Muslims c Eastern Europe - Magyar End of Section I

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Section II Medieval Life Feudalism and the Manor A new system for rule 1 .. political (social and economic) system that developed in Europe when local nobles began to govern their own land in absence of strong central government 2 characteristics of feudalism a . something asked for and received by entreaty 1 decline of Rome no . 2 small landholders sought protection from large landholders a small landholders gave legal ownership to large landholders in return for protection b small landholders received right to stay on land and farm land b Comitatus Germanic tribal custom chief divided spoils of war with warriors in return for pledges of loyalty and military service c 1 certain rights/lands granted in return for specific services 2 when became hereditary, (land) termed Fief / Feud d terms 1 Lord - noble who granted land 2 Primogeniture noble who received land 3 grant of land 4 .. oldest son inherits all of fief 5 Dominium Eminens legal ownership lord to oldest son (Eminent Domain Government) 6 Dominium Utile - legal possession vassal to oldest son 7 Subinfeudation parceling out land by vassal to other nobles 8 Homage vassal becomes the lords man 9 Fealty oath of loyalty vassal to lord 10 Investiture ceremony in which fief is granted 11 alternative service service given other than military service by vassal to lord e obligations of feudalism 1 honorable relationship between Legal equals 2 nobles duties/obligations lord immediately above and vassal immediately below . 3 vassal a contribute to . of lords oldest daughter b if lord captured in war, contribute to .. c offer Hospitality to lord 1 up to 9 Days a year 2 not more than 3 days per visit at a time d attend lords court three times per year Easter Christmas Whitsunday (Pentecost) e military service usually 40 Days per year 4 lord a protect vassal during time of war b if vassal dies, lord must care for vassals family c if vassal died without an heir, fief reverts back to lord d if fief is left to minor lord could administer e if fief left to a girl lord could select husband Page 4

3 world of warriors a feudal nobles occupation - Warfare b training for knighthood 1 age seven son of noble placed with fathers lord or another noble a served as Page b learned 1 Riding and fighting 2 care for Armor and weapons c training difficult strict discipline d waited on ladies learned court etiquette 2 age fifteen squire a continued training in warfare b waited on lord and lady at table c studied Music and Poetry 3 age eighteen knight a day before ritual bath b night before knelt before church altar 1 sword on altar c morning sword blessed by priest/bishop d noble dubbed young knight Knight of the Bath e squire could be made Knight of the Sword after battle in which he fought gallantly B Castles for Defense 1 fortified homes designed for defense a Moat - ditch prevented entry except across drawbridge b Portcullis - iron gate to keep people out 2 materials Stone or Wood 3 walls several feet thick 4 Cold Dark Damp 5 few windows glass - Expensive Rare 6 Keep (Donjonne) tower contained Store Rooms Barracks Work Shops Lords Living Quarters 7 Great Hall lord held court and received visitors C Role of Noblewoman 1 lady directed affairs of manor when lord at war 2 duties a supervise vassals b manage household 3 rights of inheritance severely restricted a oldest son inherited land b did receive land as part of her dowry c if husband died, widow regained rights to her land 1 widows fierce subjects of negotiations 4 sent to homes of friends/relatives for training learned how to 5 marriage Arranged by parents 6 expected to bear children, be dutiful and loyal to husband D Chivalry - code of Ethics describing characteristics of ideal knight and conduct expected 1. Loyalty Courage Gallantry Honor Courtesy Page 5

2 few knights lived up to ideal code completely used when convenient 3 value a source of inspiration b way to limit behavior of knights c enhanced status of women E Life of Nobles 1 occupation - warfare 2 life expectancy 42 years 3 diet Fish Bread Meat Vegetables - Cabbage a vices Drunkenness Gluttony b ate with fingers and dagger F Manorial System 1 manor heart of medieval economy lords estate 2 size 350-5000 Acres a self-contained and self-sufficient 3 manorialism developed as towns and cities declined in size and number trade between towns (almost) disappeared 4 manorialism based on mutual dependence a noble provided protection provisions b through work peasants contributed to the wealth of the Noble 5 manor house focal point of manor a often large, fortified castle b Demesne- land on which manor house was located 1 included- House Barns Stables Mills Bake Houses Cook Houses 6 village a church near rectory b peasant houses located along street 1 materials Wood Thatched Roofs 2 Single Room Dirt Floor 3 beds - Straw4 Slept in your clothes 5 no chimney Hole in roof 7 division of labor/land a noble took best portion gave rest to peasants b land divided into strips separated by Sod Ridges c peasants pooled plows and Oxen worked all fields together d Three Field System 1 two planted each year a Winter Wheat b Spring Wheat2 third field left (uncultivated) Fallow a rotated to keep land from being overworked E Peasant Life The devil did not want them in Hell because they smelled so badly 1 life harsh at mercy of noble(s) 2 most peasants Serfs (higher than slave, but less than free) a could not leave land b bound to land c considered property d could not be sold away from land Page 6

3 superstitious believed in witches magic ogres illiterate immoral 4 Food Black/Brown Bread Veggies Cheese Porridge 5 worked several days/week on a b fixing roads- bridges- fences 6 paid fees to nobles for everything 7 manor self-contained a (almost) totally self-sufficient food clothing shelter b cloth 1 Sheep Wool 2 Flax - Linen 3 Goats Cattle Skins/Leather c fuel - forest d food little variety sometimes scanty 1 most important Bread Staff of life e hay and grain for livestock 1 summer - scarce 2 winter cattle died starvation 3 livestock often killed in autumn f (most) available meat pork 1 Pigs Forage in forest for shoots and acorns g beverages 1 Beer Wine - Cider 2 Milk used for cheese 3 pure water Almost none End of Section II Section III The Medieval Church Age of Faith A Spiritual and Worldly Empire 1 split in Church following fall of Roman Empire a Western Church Roman Catholic Church 1 grew strong and wealthy during Middle Ages 2 controlled spiritual life of Christians 3 became most powerful secular Force in Western Europe 2 Church hierarchy a pope spiritual leader of Roman Catholic Church 1 ruled papal states- central Italy 2 claimed sovereignty over secular (temporal) rulers b churchmen supervised Church activities 1 high Church officials frequently nobles 2 archbishops and bishops had land 3 feudal rulers used Church officials to administer government

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3 Church authority a Christians believed all people - sinners 1 way to avoid tortures of hell receive sacraments b salvation 1 receive sacraments 2 faith in Christ c Church had absolute power in religious life of people during Middle Ages d Canon Law Church law covered 1 Religious Teaching 2 Behavior of Clergy 3 Morals and Marriage e Church enforcement of law 1 Excommunication a denial of all Church services and sacraments b no burial in consecrated ground c prohibited association with Church members 2 Interdict Church Lockout a directed against inhabitants of an entire region b no sacraments except Baptism and Anointing of the Sick c no burial in consecrated ground 3 Deposition a right claimed by Church to release subjects of disobedient ruler from oaths of loyalty to him B Church and Daily Life 1 most people contact with parish priest supervised religious life of people 2 village church a religion linked to routine of daily life b church Baptism Marriages Social Center (gossip and news) later Middle Ages-Education c cared for well by villagers d some housed relics 1 Bones/Blood of Martyrs 2 saints Articles of Clothing3 people made pilgrimages to pray before relics 3 Tithe required from all Christians a tax equal to 10% of income b use 1 Support poor 2 Support Hospitals 4 women and the Church a Church men and women equal in eyes of God b Church presented women in two roles1 Daughters of Eve a Weak easily led to sin b needing guidance of man 2 ideal woman Mary Mother of God a Modest Pure in spirit 3 everyday woman little to follow in way of Realistic Role Model Page 8

c Church tried to protect women 1 set minimum age for Marriage 2 Church courts fined men who seriously injured wives *** 3 double standard Church punished women for offenses more harshly than men C Monks and Nuns 1 monasticism Service to God through prayer, fasting, and self denial 2 Benedictine Rule a 529 A.D. St. Benedict founded monastery as Monte Cassinob Benedictine Rule 1 set of regulations to govern lives of monks 2 vows- Poverty Chastity Obedience ( to head of monastery - Abbot) 3 governed every aspect of daily life - nothing in excess 4 stressed manual labor 5 adopted as model for monasteries throughout Western Europe 3 monasteries and convents provided social services Schools Hospitals-Hospice for travelers and pilgrims 4 centers for learning a copied manuscripts by hand Greek Roman Bible b Scriptorium Writing Room place where monks copied manuscripts 5 missionaries risked lives to spread Christianity throughout Europe a Ireland St. Patrick b 599 A.D. St. Augustine 1 sent to England by Pope Gregory the Great 2 established mission at Canterbury c work dangerous many missionaries lost lives 6 convents a many women joined religious communities during Middle Ages b Saint Scholastica - sister of St. Benedict 1 established convent near Monte Cassino 2 encouraged Prayer Worship Work c (usually) not so well financed as monasteries d convents 1 sheltered travelers 2 cared for sickD Reform Movements 1 wealth and power caused problems a weakened discipline b (some) clergy lived worldly lives of luxury c (some) monks and nuns ignored vows d decay and corruption led to demands for reform 2 Cluniac Reform a 910 A.D. founded by Duke of Aquitaine 1 reforms initiated by Abbot Berno b charter recognized no external interference (except pope) regarding 1 Operation of Monastery 2 Election of Abbot Page 9

c strict discipline exercised by abbot d goals of Cluniac Reform 1 return to Poverty not Manual labor2 emphasis - Prayer and Liturgical Ceremony 3 end Secular interference e Cluniac model established elsewhere in Europe 3 1073 Pope Gregory VII (Hildebrand) a actions 1 extended Cluniac reforms throughout entire institution of Church 2 prohibited simony buying and selling of Church offices 3 outlawed marriage for priests 4 1075 A.D. forbade Lay investiture- prohibited appointment of Church officials by secular rulers (Section IV Chapter 12) 4 preaching orders a Friar Frater Brother 1 dedicated to work among needy not isolated 2 begged for alms referred to as (beggars) a i.e. depended upon support of the faithful for livelihood b Dominicans 1 1216 A.D. founded by St. Dominic 2 official name - .. 3 dedicated to a Preaching - Teaching b Missionary Activity c combat Heresy- frequently chosen to staff Church courts c Franciscans 1 established by St. Francis of Assisi 2 official name Order of Friars Minor (or Little Brothers) 3 name derived from vows of Poverty and humility believed all people are brothers in Christ d Beguines 1 made up of women who did not have $$$$$$$ to enter convent(s) 2 supported selves through Weaving and Embroidery e Poor Claires 1 1212 A.D. established by St. Clair of Assissi with aid of St. Francis of Assissi a Italian born in Assissi to rich and noble family b renounced her personal wealth 2 official name Order of the Poor Ladies 3 lived in strict poverty individual and Corporate 4 cared for sick and poor shelter to travelers E Jews in Western Europe 1 numerous Jewish communities in Europe a preserved laws of faith following Diaspora 2 Sephardic (Mediterranean) Jews flourished in Spaina Muslims (Arabs) conquered Iberia- tolerant of Jews and Christians b Jewish culture flourished 1 major center of Hebrew scholarship 2 served as officials in Muslim royal courts 3 Ashkenazim (German) Jews northern Europe a rulers protected/tolerated Jewish communities taxed heavily Page 10

4 Persecution a as power grew, Church barred Jews from 1 Owning land 2 participating in many occupations Trades and Handicrafts 5 Jews - Scapegoats a blamed for ills - Famine and Diseaseb blamed for economic hardships many Jews Forced to become MoneylendersEnd Section III Section IV Rise of European Monarchy A England 1 Anglo-Saxon achievement a Angles and Saxons invaded from northern Europe and settled in England 5th through 7th centuries b greatest achievement Colonization of England 1 cut down Primeval Forests 2 developed heavy clay soil of central England for cultivation c Angles and Saxons gave England several important institutions political and legal 1 divided country in thirty-four Shires a administered by local earl, local bishop and royal representative called Shire-Reeve (Sheriff) 2 Hundreds subdivision of shire 3 Witan central council of great landholders, churchmen and royal officials a advised king on judicial and administrative matters 2 strong monarchs a Norman conquest 1 graphically portrayed Bayeux Tapestry 72 scenes eight colors of wool huge sheet of linen 2 1066 (Anglo-Saxon) King Edward (The Confessor) died without an heir 3 English nobles (Witan) chose Edwards brother-in-law, Harold Godwine, (Harold of Wessex) to rule a 1064 A.D. William, duke of Normandy (northern coast of France English Channel) had taken Harold captive (shipwrecked off coast of Normandy) b Harold secured release by promising to support Williams claim to English throne 1 1051 A.D. William visited his cousin (Edward the Confessor) a William is said to have received Edwards agreement that he (William) should succeed Edward to throne of England 4 William claimed Harold .. in 1066 by accepting crown a William prepared to invade England received papal approval (Pope Alexander II) 5 1066 A.D. October 14 - Battle of Hastings a Normans routed Anglo-Saxons b Harold killed in battle c major turning point in English history 1 English language and culture (to be) shaped by Normans not Anglo-Saxons 6 William of Normandy William the Conqueror William I (r.1066 1087) a crowned December 25, 1066 b tough ruthless c built numerous castles strategically located 1 tall Keeps symbolized Norman control Page 11

d William took land from Anglo-Saxon nobility 1 turned peasants into Serfs e every vassal swore first allegiance to William over all other lords 1 i.e. held possession from him alone f did not appoint any Saxons to English bishoprics 1 appointed Lanfranc ( a Norman) Archbishop of Canterbury g Domesday Book- begun in 1085 completed in 1086 1 listed all castles, fields, pigpens, etc. (Taxable Wealth) 2 used by William and successors to establish efficient system of tax collection 7 Williams successors improved two key areas of government - Finance and Law a created royal Exchequer (treasury) to collect taxes name derived from checkerboard table on which officials rendered accounts 8 Henry II (r.1154 1189) a began reign from position of strength 1 ruled England Normandy Anjou (northern France south of Normandy) b married Eleanor of Aquitaine (rich Duchy southwestern France) c brought rebellious English nobility to obedience destroyed castles and confiscated possessions d greatest contribution development of Common Law 1 increased use of itinerant (traveling) judges (begun by Henry I) handled cases in shire courts in uniform manner 2 used Juries - called to give evidence on which they had personal knowledge a French Jure To tell the truth b used to 1 accuse suspected criminals 2 testify to royal order and finances in area 3 Treatise on Laws and Customs of England first great textbook of English law e Henry II clash with Church 1 Henry claimed right to try clerics accused of crimes (e.g., murder) in civil court 2 appointed Thomas Becket (close personal friend) Archbishop of Canterbury a fiercely opposed king on issue 3 1173 A.D. Becket killed in cathedral at Canterbury in front of altar by four of Henrys knights 9 Richard I (the Lionheart) (r.1189 1199) a most of reign 1 waging war in Holy Land (Third Crusade) 2 held captive for ransom in Europe b government functioned well during absence 10 John (r.1199 1216) a brother of Richard I b mean suspicious unskilled ruler c Philip II (Philip Augustus) stripped John of most English lands in France (Anjou/Normandy) 1 to pay for wars John taxed English nobles very heavily Page 12

d offended Church refused to accept popes nominee for Archbishop of Canterbury 1 papacy imposed Interdict 2 later John Excommunicated 3 John eventually capitulated e 1215 English nobles compelled John to accept Magna Carta (The Great Charter) 1 placed limits on power of king 2 financial limits established on Scutage (shield money) and inheritance for fiefs 3 widows could not be compelled to remarry (remarriage did require lords consent) 4 several clauses interpreted (later 16th and 17th centuries) as guarantees of basic rights to all English citizens a right of representative parliament to control Taxation b right of trial by Jury of peers 11 development of Parliament a 1200s English kings sought advice from . 1 evolved into a derived from French . 2 gradually acquired larger role in government helped unify England b 1295 Edward I called Parliament into session 1 needed $$$$$ for wars against France 2 attended by representatives of common people, nobles and clergy 3 commons two knights from each county and representatives from towns c 1295 assembly became known as .. 1 established framework for Englands .. (law-making body) d Parliament evolved into (two house) unit 1 nobles and high clergy - 2 knights and middle class citizens - . B Royal successes in France 1 Capetians a 987 A.D. French feudal nobles revived Frankish custom of electing king to fill vacant throne 1 elected Count of Paris, - reasons a domain - - very small b posed no threat/ challenge to nobles b first six Capetians (987 1180) strengthened power within Ile de France 1 established continuity by a each king ruled long time (average .) b each king had son crowned before dying 2 gained complete control of personal domains became base from which to expand power 3 established efficient and loyal bureaucracy a b imposed .. c A and B increased prestige helped gain support of middle class towns 4 Capetians [especially Louis VI (the Fat) r.1108 1137] allied with Catholic Church a used armies to protect monasteries and towns complaining of oppression by feudal lords b Capetians used feudal law forced lords to appear in court stripped nobles of possessions c Philip II (r.1180 1223) contemporaries called him posterity .. 1 crafty ambitious shrewd able Page 13

2 strengthened government a used paid officials 1 loyal to him 2 drawn from Church, middle class, poorer nobility b granted .. to new towns c organized .. d introduced . 3 quadrupled royal landholdings a stripped King John (of England) of . and . b used . Heresy as reason to wage wars in southern France (county of ..) 1 horrible massacres in name of religion 2 Toulouse incorporated into kingdom through . d Louis IX (r.1226 1270) 1 grandson of Philip II 2 made French monarchy most admired in Europe a b . 3 Blanche of Castille (1185 1252) a mother of Louis IX b trained Louis in 1 .. 2 .. 4 wracked by ill-health all of life a - acute infectious disease characterize by diffusely spreading deep-red inflammation of the skin b recurrent .. c . worsened by own 5 political achievements a sent out government officials to check on local officials b expanded c outlawed . d ended on his own lands e Philip IV (Philip the Fair) (r.1285 1314) 1 grandson of Louis IX 2 clashed with pope Boniface VIII a Philip tried to collect taxes from clergy without papal consent 1 Philip needed $$$$ to pay for wars against England and France (text page 312) 3 Boniface forbade Philip to tax clergy a issued - (solemn papal letter) Clericis Laicos and Unam Sanctam (1302) 4 Philips threat arrest clergy who did not pay 5 Philip sent troops to arrest Boniface a pope escaped prestige broken died soon afterward 6 Frenchmen elected pope papal court moved to 7 1302 Philip established . a representatives of three estates in French society 1 First Estate - . 2 Second Estate - .. 3 Third Estate - . Page 14

b wanted to use assembly to raise taxes on national level rather than locally c never became so powerful as Parliament in England C The Holy Roman Empire (map page 310) 1 Otto I (r.936 973 A.D.) Duke of Saxony a crowned at b worked closely with Church 1 appointed bishops and abbots to top government positions 2 took army to Italy to aid pope versus rebellious nobles in .. c 962 A.D. Pope John XII crowned Otto emperor 1 successors took title 2 emperors and nobles a H.R.E. great potential 1 claimed power over central and eastern Europe 2 claimed power over parts of France and Italy b real rulers dukes, counts, archbishops, bishops, knights 1 problem - .. 3 conflict with Church a .. call of Italy 1 excuse protect Italy and pope 2 reason control rich cities of . b key conflict - . 1 precedent for H.R.E. rulers in France and England appointed high Church officials 2 . strengthened Church popes seek end to external interference 4 two determined rulers a Pope Gregory VII 1 among most powerful medieval popes 2 outlawed lay investiture a said only pope had right to appoint and install Church officials b pope versus emperor 1 Henry IV H.R.E. (r.1056 1106) a upset by popes ban 2 Henrys argument a bishops held land from Henry as .. b as lord Henry could invest them with symbols of office (..) 3 German nobles supported pope chance to undermine Henrys power 4 1076 Gregory Henry - subjects a Henry had to make peace faced with rebellions 5 barefoot a January 1077 Henry went to .. northern Italy 1 asked pope for forgiveness 2 stood barefoot for three days in snow b pope knew Henry trying to keep power 1 as . Gregory had to forgive Henry 6 Henry returned to Germany subdued rebellious nobles

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5 1122 Concordat of Worms a H.R.E., Henry V reached compromise with papacy b H.R.E. gave up claim to invest bishops with symbols of office (..) 1 allowed to invest with - represented power c clergys right to elect bishop recognized 1 elections to take place in presence of emperor (H.R.E.) allowed some influence d pope relinquished demand to rule religious estates in Germany 1 full control over appointment of bishops in northern Italy End of Section IV End of Chapter