FLUID MECHANICS I

Solution 2

Question 1: Example 2.3

The solution is given in the textbook p74.

Question 2: Example 2.4

The solution is given in the textbook p76.

Question 3: Problem P2.31

Assumming that the fluids in the tubing between pipes A and B are at rest:

p1 − pA = ρbenzene g ∗ (hA − 0)
p2 − p1 = ρHg g ∗ (0 − h2 )
p3 − p2 = ρkerosene g ∗ (h2 − h3 )
p4 − p3 = ρH2 O g ∗ (h3 − h4 )
pB − p4 = ρair g ∗ (h4 − hB ) ≈ 0

where the vertical variation of pressure in at air is neglected. Adding the set of
pressure differences for each leg together gives:

pB −pA = ρbenzene g∗(hA −0)+ρHg g∗(0−h2 )+ρkerosene g∗(h2 −h3 )+ρH2 O g∗(h3 −h4 )

From Table A.3, ρbenzene = 881[kg/m3 ], ρHg = 13550[kg/m3 ], ρkerosene =

804[kg/m3 ], and ρH2 O = 998[kg/m3 ]. From the problem specification, hA =
0.20[m], h2 = 0.08[m], h3 = 0.4[m], and h4 = 0.14[m].
Final Answer: pB − pA = −8881[P a].
This pressure difference is approximately 9% of standard atmospheric pres-
sure. Notice the dominant role played by the heavy fluid, mercury.

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 Figure 1: Sketch of pipe layout.

Question 4: Problem P2.32

Start from the hydrostatic relation dp = −ρ gz. See sketch (Figure 2)
p1 − pA = −ρw g(z1 − zA ) = −ρw g ∗ H
p2 − p1 = −ρoil g(z2 − z1 ) = −ρoil g ∗ (0.18)
pB − p2 = −ρHg g(zB − z2 ) = +ρHg g ∗ (0.35 + H + 0.18)
Substitute to get pB − pA and then H.
pB − pA = ρHg g ∗ (0.35 + 0.18) − ρoil g ∗ 0.18 + (ρHg − ρw ) g ∗ H
Use Table A.3: ρHg = 13550 kg.m−3 , ρw = 998 kg.m−3 and ρoil = 0.827∗998 =
825.346 kg.m−3 .
H = 22.6 cm

2
z

2 z2 = (35 + H + 18) cm

Meriam red oil

1 z1 = (35 + H) cm
water

A zA = +35 cm Mercury

B zB = 0 cm datum

Figure 2: Sketch of the manometer.

Question 5: Problem P2.35 -see Figure 3

Assuming that the fluids in the manometer are at rest and that the fluid in the
pipe is not accelerating in the vertical direction:

p3 − p1 = ρH2 O g ∗ (h1 − 0)
p4 − p3 = ρHg g ∗ (h3 − h4 ) = −ρHg gh
p2 − p4 = ρH2 O g ∗ (h4 − h2 )

Adding the above gives:

p2 − p1 = ρH2 O g ∗ (h1 + h4 − h2 ) − ρHg gh

From geometry h2 = h1 + Ltan θ so the above reduces to:

p2 − p1 = −ρH2 O gLtan θ + (ρH2 O − ρHg )gh

From Table A.3, ρHg = 13550[kg/m3 ] and ρH2 O = 998[kg/m3 ]. From the
problem specification, h = 0.12[m], L = 2.0[m], and θ = 30◦ .
Final Answer: p2 − p1 = −26100[P a]

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 Figure 3: Sketch of pipe-manometer layout.

Question 6: Problem P2.36

pA = patm + ρw g ∗ 0.5 + ρoil g ∗ 0.5

p3 − pA = −ρw g h = −ρw g Lsinθ
patm + SGoil ∗ ρw ∗ g ∗ 0.5 + ρw g ∗ 0.50 = patm + ρw gLsinθ

ρw ∗ 0.5 + ρoil ∗ 0.5

sinθ = = 0.4225
ρw ∗ L
θ ≈ 25◦

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 patm

oil
50 cm
patm
3

L
50 cm water
θ
A
Figure 4: Sketch of the inclined manometer.

Question 7: P2.34
In the original configuration:

pB − pA = ρH2 O g(h + L) − ρoil g(h + H) = 0

In the displaced configuration:

pB − pA = ρH2 O g(h − ∆h + L − ∆L) − ρoil g(h − ∆h + H + ∆H)

From the original configuration this can be reduced to:

pB − pA = −ρH2 O g(∆h + ∆L) − ρoil g(∆H − ∆h)

If the oil level in the tube rises by ∆h, the oil in the reservoir must rise by
d2
∆H = ∆h D 2 since the volume of oil that leaves the tube must end up in the
d2
reservoir. Similarly, the water level in the reservoir must sink by ∆L = ∆h D 2.

Substituting these geometric relationships gives:

d2
pB − pA = (ρoil − ρH2 O )g∆h − (ρoil + ρH2 O )g ∆h
D2
From Table A.3, ρoil = 891[kg/m3 ] (this is for SAE 30W oil) and ρH2 O =
998[kg/m3 ].
Final Answer: If d/D ⇒ 0 then pB − pA = −1050∆h[P a] and if d =
0.15D then pB − pA = −1470∆h[P a].In the latter case, there is a 29%
error in neglecting the elevation change in the reservoirs.

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Figure 5: Original and displaced layouts of the oil-water manometer system.