CULTURE Culture is defined not only with the arts or the various social activities that are in a given

community, but also with its historical and philosophy materials, its religious beliefs and its behaviours constructs with which is possible to distinguish a culture group of another one. LANGUAGE: 1. EXPRESSES CULTURE REALITY, because the words refer to common experience and reflect the speakers beliefs; 2. ENBODIES CULTURAL REALITY, because it creates experience through words; 3. SYMBOLIZES CULTURE REALITY, because we identify ourselves and others through our use of language. Speech community is composed by people who use and explicit the same linguistic code (like internet forums); Discourse community is a social group composed by people that share an interest in certain topics and goals, know and understand a great deal about them, and possess a common or technical vocabulary for discussing the same. (like political groups).

LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY Sapir-Worf Hypothesis states that there is an interdependence between the

language and the thought. In fact it states that people speak differently because they think differently...and they think differently because their language offers them different ways to expressing the world around them. Weak states that people speaking different language dont understand each others because they categorize experiences in different ways; in fact there are differences in the semantic associations evoked by seemingly common concepts.

MENING AS ACTION Cultural meanings are created through the actions and the interactions of speaker in a social context. Social context of situation is the physical, spatial, temporal and social background in which verbal exchanges take place. Social context of culture is the set of historical knowledge, beliefs and values shared by members of a discourse community that contribute to the meaning of their verbal exchanges.

JIHAD vs MCWORLD If we think about actual culture and its valence, we can think 2 possible futures, both bleak and neither democratic: 1. We can think the Jihad like a war that brings about bloodshed in order to allow a culture to control another one. 2. Depersonalization of the western cultures caused by fast music, fast food, fast computers that attack the human mind that is bringing towards the globalization.

SEMANTICS is the branch of linguistic which studies meanings; its keywords is REFERENCE that is the relationship between a word and what its point to in the real word. There are different types of meaning: 1. Denotation that is the relation between a word and that is refers to in a real or imaginary world; 2. Connotation relates to the speakers feelings towards a word; 3. Presupposed meaning relates to 2 types of restrictions: Selectional restriction that is the ability to image and anticipate a word; Collocational restriction that dont follow logical meaning of a word (you are the apple of my eyes) 4. Evoked meaning relates to: Dialect that is a variety of language used by a specific group of people; Register that is a type of language used in a specific situation (it depends on field of discourse, tenor of discourse, then the relationship among speakers, and mode of discourse that refers to the role of language (a lecture, a speech,...) and the medium of transmission (spoken, written....)

PRAGMATICS is the branch of linguistic which studies the use of language in communication. It refers to the relationship between sentences and context in which they are used. Speech acts theory (Austin): states that there are speech acts: 1. The locutionary act that is the utterances in itself; 2. The illocutionary act that is the goal of the utterances; 3. The perlocutionary act that is the effect of the utterances on the hearer.

POLITENESS It is important, during a communication, 1. The need to be accepted in a group; 2. The need to be independent

THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLS GRICE states that cooperative principle are important during the communication to make sense of what people say. It follow 4 maxims: 1. Quantity: people dont speak more than is necessary; 2. Quality: people must speak only when they are sure about what they are saying; 3. Relation: people must be relevant to the conversation; 4. Manner: people must avoid ambiguity, be brief and be orderly.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES SAY NOTHING APPROACH: when people communicate something without say but with non-verbal communication ; OFF RECORD APRROACH: when someone communicates something without say it directly (indirect speech) ON RECORD APPROACH: when someone communicates directly something (direct speech)