Reading Test 1

SECTION 1:Questions 1Questions 1Look at the information on the following page about the official use of university vehicles at the University of California. In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage Example Answer University vehicles are available for unofficial FALSE University business. 1. Certain designated people can authorize the use of University vehicles. 2. The use of private vehicles for University business is not encouraged. 3. University executives are never assigned vehicles. 4. Using University vehicles for transportation to and from personal residences is always the most economical alternative. 5. The Chancellor can authorize exceptions to this policy. OFFICIAL USE OF UNIVERSITY VEHICLES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 1. University vehicles shall be used only for official University business. 2. Responsibility for determining, authorizing, and controlling official use lies with the Chancellors and designee(s). 3. The use of privately owned vehicles for University business is generally encouraged, and Business and Finance Bulletin G_28, Policy and Regulations Governing Travel, should be consulted regarding applicable travel and insurance regulations. 4. University vehicles shall not be used regularly for transportation between personal residences and University campuses or other work locations, except those vehicles: a. Assigned to senior University executives (see University Policy Concerning Executive Automobiles); b. Used in conjunction with authorized ridesharing programs which include, but are not limited to, vanpools, carpools, buspools, and guaranteed ride home programs; or c. Used occasionally for transportation to and from personal residences in connection with departure and return from official University business trips, when the appropriate department official has determined that such use is more efficient and economical than available alternatives. 5. Any use of a vehicle for transportation between home and office, other than those stated

above, must be specifically authorized in advance and in writing by the Chancellor as an exception to this policy and justified by a special and/or frequent work requirement of the University which cannot reasonably be met by other means of transportation. Drivers using vehicles under this section shall be subject to campus parking regulations. Questions 6-13 Look at the driver regulation handbook excerpt on the following page. Match each of the following sentences with TWO possible endings A-M from the box below. Write the appropriate letters A-M in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet. Example Answer Intersections include ... A and D Example Possible Endings A. Cross streets B. Crosswalks C. Playgrounds D. Alleys Questions 6 and Always look to the sides at ... Questions 8 and You should not always rely on traffic signals because there might be ... Questions 10 and Areas where it is especially important to look to the sides because there is a lot of activity include ... Questions 12 and You should edge your car forward slowly at an intersection if your view of a cross street is blocked by a ... Possible Endings A. runaway elephant B. restaurants C. row of parked cars D. railroad crossings E. a drunk driver

F. construction areas G. building H. bus stops I. pregnant mother J. school yards K. a driver who doesn't obey traffic signals L. tree M. crosswalks California Driver Handbook 2000 SAFE DRIVING PRACTICES VISUAL SEARCH (SEEING WELL) Looking To The Sides Any time you come to a place where people may cross or enter your path, you should look to the sides to make sure no one is coming. Always look to the sides at intersections, crosswalks, and railroad crossings. An intersection is any place where one line of traffic meets another. It includes: - Cross streets, side streets, and alleys. - Freeway entrances. - Driveway and shopping center entrances, etc. Follow these rules at intersections: Look Both Ways - Look to the left first, since cars coming from the left are closer to you. - Look to the right. - Take one more look to the left before you pull out, just in case there is someone you didn't see the first time. Don't Rely On Traffic Signals - Some drivers do not obey traffic signals. - At an intersection, look left, right, and left again even if other raffic has a red light or a stop sign. A drunk or reckless driver may not stop. - While entering an intersection, look left, right, and ahead for approaching traffic. Make Sure You Have A Good View - Make sure you can see before crossing an intersection. If your view of a cross street is blocked by a building or a row of parked cars, edge forward slowly until you can see. Crosswalks: Every intersection where streets with sidewalks meet at about right angles has a crosswalk for pedestrians to cross the street even though there may be no painted lines. The crosswalk is that part of the pavement where the sidewalk lines would extend across the street and are areas set aside for people to cross the street. They are often marked with white lines.

Yellow crosswalk lines may be painted at school crossings. Most crosswalks are at corners. Sometimes they are in the middle of the block. Before turning a corner, watch for people who are about to cross the street. Remember, if you have a green light, the light is also green for them. Some crosswalks, especially in residential areas, are not marked. Pedestrians have the right_of_way in crosswalks. If you stop in the crosswalk, you put pedestrians in danger. Those pedestrians often have to go into the traffic lanes to avoid being hit by you because you have violated their right_of_way. Roadside Areas: Whenever there is a lot of activity along the side of the road, there is a good chance that someone will cross or enter the road. Therefore, it is very important to look to the sides when you are near: - Shopping centers and parking lots. - Construction areas. - Busy sidewalks. - Playgrounds and school yards, etc. SECTION 2: Questions 14Questions 14Look at the introduction to Bowdoin College and its surrounding area on the following page and at the statements (Questions 14-20) below: In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 14. There is not that much to do at Bowdoin. 15. The majority of students participate in some form of student club, organization, or athletic program at Bowdoin College. 16. The pines that frame the natural beauty of costal Maine are not beautiful because most are suffering from Pine_rust rot. 17. Residents of Brunswick skate in the fall, listen to band concerts in the summer, and shop at the farmer's market in the winter. 18. There are 4 Chinese restaurants in the pretty town of Brunswick. 19. You have to go to nearby Portland or Boston to get a haircut. 20. Nearly all the people who live in the areathe artists and shipbuilders, the fishers and writers, the elderly and the childrenchoose to live here only because of the natural beauty. Bowdoin College

Introduction It's hard to be bored at Bowdoin. The College offers more than 100 student clubs and organizations and an athletic program that inspires more than 80 percent of the students to participate in some way, as well as a multitude of volunteer opportunities. Together, these programs create a distinctive and dynamic learning community at Bowdoin. And don't think you need to stay holed up indoors most of the year. The weather in Maine is glorious if you dress for it, and it's worthwhile to get outside and experience it. When you've worked up an appetite, head to the dining halls, where the food is renowned and the personal service unmatched. Brunswick and Bowdoin Every college is a community within another community, a collection of students and faculty learning and exploring amid the activity of daily life. In Brunswick, daily life is framed by the natural beauty of coastal Maine where a view through the pines can startle and inspire. It is made vital by accessibility to recreation, shops, exhibits, and concerts in the midcoast area, in Portland and in Boston. And it is made meaningful by the peoplethe artists and shipbuilders, the fishers and writers, the elderly and the childrennearly all of whom choose to live here because of the opportunities and the beauty and the values of this place. Brunswick is a pretty town of 21,000 people. It has one of the widest main streets in the U.S., and the Town Mall, where residents skate in the winter, listen to band concerts in the summer, and shop at the farmer's market in the spring and fall, is capped with a beautiful little gazebo. Along with its charm, the town offers a great deal for Bowdoin students, including: 2 movie theaters (total of 11 screens) 3 video stores 55 restaurants, including 10 pizza, 4 Chinese, and 1 named for Joshua Chamberlain 4 record stores 3 radio stations 4 travel agencies 7 banks and 5 credit unions 3 art galleries 16 places to get a haircut 4 places to rent a tuxedo 4 bookstores 7 24_hour stores 4 coffee places 2 thrift shops 2 bowling alleys 4 sporting goods stores and: a daily newspaper, lots of places to get dorm room stuff," a golf course, a tattoo parlor, a futon store, a car rental agency, a bus station, a stereo re

pair shop, and an art supply store. The Town Mall, where residents skate in the winter, listen to band concerts in the summer, and shop at the farmer's market in the spring and fall, is capped with a beautiful little gazebo. Questions 21-26 Look at the Identifying Factors That Affect Growth on the following page. Each paragraph A-H describes a different factor that affects growth of a business. From the list below (i-xi) choose the most suitable summaries for paragraphs A,C and E-H. Write the appropriate numbers (i-xi) in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet. Note: There are more summaries than paragraphs, so you will not use them all. i. Barriers to entry ii. Your ability to pull together the right team for growth iii. The importance of intellectual property rights iv. How reliable your partners are v. Your intentions about your business vi. What your target market looks like vii. What your business proposal outlines viii. How innovative the industry is ix. What your competition looks like x. How predictable the industry is xi. Regulations that need to be circumvented 21. Paragraph A Example Answer Paragraph B ii 22. Paragraph C Example Answer Paragraph D ix 23. Paragraph E 24. Paragraph F 25. Paragraph G 26. Paragraph H Identifying Factors That Affect Growth When designing an effective growth plan, you first must understand all of the factors that affect your company's ability to grow. They start with:

A. You may be surprised to discover that business owners don't always want to grow their businesses substantially. They're perfectly happy running their little shops just the way they are, thank you. Probing a little deeper, you may find that the decision not to grow is rooted in fear. With a small business, you can pretty much control everything, but when your business grows rapidly, you begin relying on other people. For some entrepreneurs, delegating authority for their businesses to others is hard, like handing your child over into the care of someone else. Before your business can grow, you must want it to grow; it doesn't normally happen by itself. B. No matter how much you believe in your growth strategy, you can't do it alone. You need a team of people e as committed to your business as you are. Conveying your vision of company growth and convincing everyone to buy into it is critical to the successful execution of your growth plan. C. How much your company can grow is a function of the size of your market and the buying power of your customers. If your market is small and not showing signs of growth, achieving high levels of growth may be impossible. On the other hand, if your product or service has global potential, substantial growth is definitely within the realm of possibility. D. Why would anyone enter a market where giants play? Going head_to_head with the big guys is not a good strategic plan in most cases, unless you can create a niche in that market that no one else is serving. That way you can gain a foothold before the big companies find you. Older, stable industries are tough to grow unless you introduce an innovative product or new technology. E. If your industry isn't known for its innovations, your company can gain a competitive advantage by introducing something new. On the other hand, if you're in a highly innovative industry like software, you must quickly produce a constant stream of innovations to grow. F. Not many industries exist today where intellectual property isn't critical to long_term success. Owning patents, trademarks, and copyrights is the key to entering some industries and providing barriers to entry for others. If you can't gain access to the intellectual property you need through licensing, it may be difficult to grow. G. If you're in a predictable industry, differentiating your business from the rest can be more difficult. In an unpredictable industry like the Internet, you have more opportunities to find niches in the market. H. Your ability to grow your company is also affected by barriers to entry that others in the industry set up to keep you out. Those barriers can take the form of intense research and development, heavy expenditures in plant and equipment, contracts with key supply channels, or regulations, to name but a few. SECTION 3:Questions 27Read the following interview and answer Questions 27-

Meet the Paleontologist: Rodolfo Coria is doing his best to demystify the Mesozoic By Vern E. Smith July 25In the new movie Jurassic Park III," paleontologist Dr. Ian Grant (played by Sam Neill) gets the label dinosaur man" from an adoring youngster. But Argentinean paleontologist Rodolfo Coria is the real thing. Considered the world's most renowned paleontologist, Coria's work is centered in Argentina's Patagonia region, home to some of the oldest, largest and most unusual dinosaurs on the planet. He's led excavations of the world's biggest meat eater, the 47_foot_long Giganotosaurus, and the largest dinosaur of any type, the Argentinosaurus, which weighed over 100 tons. Cast replicas of both originals are featured in a new exhibition, Giants of the Mesozoic," at the Fernbank Museum of Natural History in Atlanta. The display is available for viewing now but will have its official opening on Aug. 25, when it becomes a permanent part of the museum. Coria, a tall, dark_haired 42_year_old, is in Atlanta this week to oversee final preparation. He talked about his life's work and dinosaursreal and movie_madewith NEWSWEEK's Vern E. Smith. NEWSWEEK: What do you think about the Jurassic Park" movies? Rodolfo Coria: I haven't seen the new one yet, but I really liked the first two because I like science fiction, dinosaur movies and Spielberg. But people have to be very aware that watching these movies is not a way to learn about dinosaurs. It's just entertainment. How close does Hollywood come in depicting the world of dinosaurs? In terms of movement, shape of the body, the volume of the muscles, and how fast some dinosaurs could run, that is correct. They are showing what we know about them now. In the current film, one of the major plot points revolves around the communication skills of raptors. How real is that? I think that is going very, very ahead of our knowledge. We do know that the closest relatives to dinosaurs are birds. Birds are actually meat_eating dinosaurs. And we know that birds communicate with each other. They have a vocalization all their own. They can shoot" answers from their relatives. So it could be possible that dinosaurs did the same thing. We don't have the evidence. But it's possible, and it's really fun. The raptors in this movie are given almost humanlike intelligence. How brainy were dinosaurs? We know that Troodontids, one of the last groups of meat_eating dinosaurs before extinction, had a very large brain, larger than any other dinosaur. Their brain was also larger than any other mammal that lived at that time. A North American paleontologist named Dale Russell proposed about 20 years ago that if the extinction of the dinosaurs hadn't come about, this group of dinosaurs could have kept developing, enlarging their brains and could have become smarter than other dinosaurs.

Why is there such a fascination with dinosaurs? That's very interesting, because I didn't have this fascination when I was a kid. I just became a scientist because of a slow evolution from biology in general to fossil fauna and then to extinct fauna and then to dinosaurs. When I started to study dinosaurs, I discovered it was something I liked to do, but I didn't feel this magic fascination. I think this fascination is a typical American cultural phenomenon. It doesn't happen in any other country, in my opinion. Kids and teenagers, at some point, are the center of this fascination. Grown people aren't really interested in dinosaurs, but they were when they were kids. This local fascination started when the first dinosaur exhibit was put together in the early 1800s in New York and supported by the American Museum of Natural History. It was a hit, and then several other museums in the states became interested in dinosaurs and began to build their own exhibits. This didn't happen in Argentina. The only dinosaur exhibit for many years in Argentina was at La Plata Museum. That seems odd, given how much fossil work goes on in Argentina. I think in Argentina, a new generation of paleontologists started to work very hard in the last 10 to 15 years. To that point, there was only one person researching dinosaurs, Dr. Jose Bonaparte, who was my teacher. He was surrounded by a gang of studentswhich was usand all of us are active paleontologists who grew up under the shadow of Bonaparte. I think that's why Argentina has taken this frontline place in dinosaur research. It's not because Argentina suddenly became a very rich area of dinosaurs. Argentina suddenly became a very rich area of paleontologists. But what about the peculiarity of the size of the fossils uncovered in Argentina? Some facts are showing some peculiarities in the South American fauna, and we are talking about Argentina, the Neuquen Province of Patagonia. It's easier to find dinosaur fossils in Patagonia because of the dry weather and lack of huge vegetation. The question of why they were so bigI don't have an answer. In every ecosystem, the plant eaters are always larger than the meat eaters, always. Still, the size of these guys is completely out of scale. This size was never repeated again in the whole evolution. The Jurassic Park" movies all depict a dinosaur world where the animals move in herds. How much scientific evidence of that is known? We do know about the social behavior of plant eaters because of the very good footprint sites in North America. The long_necked dinosaurs used to move in herds because the footprints of these herds. We recently discovered a nesting site in Patagonia that confirms that the sauropod laid eggs. Before that, we were not sure. But we found extensive nesting areas with millions of eggs with embryos inside. Raptor eggs also play a prominent role in the new movie. Raptors are a different problem. We don't have any record of raptor eggs. We know velociraptors, the small version of the ones in the movies, laid eggs. We found what we call a mega_raptor in Patagonia, about 20 feet long with almost a foot_long claw that could be comparable to the ones in the movie. These guys were very, very fast, very sophisticated running animals who could jump.

Movie paleontologists seem to favor the Indiana Jones fedora. What's the favored headgear on a real dig? Laughs You know what? Give me sponsorship, and I'll use any kind of hat. Give me Nike sponsorship, and I'll wear a Nike hat. I have seen the Indiana Jones hat on sites, but I don't know which came first. 2001 Newsweek International Questions 27-31 Complete the table below. Write a year or number for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet. Event Date Example Answer The length of the worlds biggest meat eater, the Gigano tosaurus,47 in feet. A mega_raptor found in Patagonia was how many feet long?(27) _____ The first Dinosaur exhibit in New York was put together in what time period?(28) _____ Dale Russell made a proposal how many years ago?(29) _____ The Argentinosauros weighed over how many tons?(30) _____ When a new generation of paleontologists started to do fossil work about ten to fifteen years ago in Argentina, how many persons were researching dinosaurs?(31) _____ Questions 32-36 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the interviewee in the interview? In boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement reflects the claims of the interviewee NO if the statement contradicts the interviewee NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this Example Answer Watching Jurassic Park is a good way to learn about dinosaurs. YES

32. In terms of how dinosaurs move, Hollywood accurately depicts the world of dinosaurs. 33. Troodontids were very smart because they had a brain as big as that of a velociraptor. 34. Fascination with dinosaurs is the result of a corporate marketing strategy. 35. Argentina has a wealth of paleontologists. 36. I'd wear any kind of hat if you give me a sponsorship. Questions 37-40 Complete each of the following statements (Questions 37-40) with a name from the Reading Passage. Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet. A new generation of Argentinean paleontologists was mentored by ...(37)....The only dinosaur exhibit in Argentina for many years was at the ...(38)... museum. Fossils are abundant in the ...(39)... province of ...(40)... due to a very peculiar fauna. (IELTS) Part Pract ice Tests Reading Test 2

SECTION 1: Questions 1-13 Questions 1-7 Look at the three restaurant advertisements on the following page. Answer the questions below by writing the letters of the appropriate restaurants (A-C) in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. Note: You may use any letter more than once.

Example Answer You can fax your order in ahead. A 1. You can also buy presents for your family and friends. 2. It is an award_winning restaurant. 3. You are in the mood for poultry. 4. Lunches are not available. 5. They serve a special meal that combines foods from breakfast and lunch. 6. This restaurant is in a different town than the other restaurants. 7. It is only open in the evenings. A Rotisserie done with a flair!"2935 South Fish Hatchery Rd. Madison, Wisconsin 53711 Phone 278_8887, Fax 278_8788 Call or fax ahead for order pick_up. Your food will be hot & ready when you arrive! Hours M_F 11am-830pm Sat & Sun noon-8pm Rotisserie cooking has been around for centuries. We relate rotisserie cooking with having a feast and a grand old timethe flames slowly smothering the seasoned bird, and the sweet aroma making you want seconds before you even have firsts! B Famous Prime Rib & Steaks The Avenue's Fish Fry & Fish Boil Served Nightly 6 pm-12 pm ZACH'S AVENUE BAR 1128 E. Washington, Madison, WI 608_257_6877 Award Winning Dining Voted Madison's Best" for 1997 Fish Fry for the 5th year in a row! Voted Madison's Best" for casual dining for 1997! C The Old Feed Mill Restaurant and Gift Shop 114 Cramer Street, Mazomanie, WI 53560, 608 795 4909 The Viste family invites you to come and share in this heritage. From the antique buggy used for display in the gift shop, to the restored, eclectic dinner tables in the restaurant, forgotten treasures come to life at The Old Feed Mill. Lunch: Tuesday thru Saturday

1100 am-200 pm Dinner: Tuesday thru Thursday: 430 pm-900 pm Friday & Saturday: 430 pm-1000 pm Sunday Dinner: 430 pm-800 pm Winter hours: 430 pm-800 pm CLOSED MONDAYS Sunday Brunch: 1000 am-300 pm Questions 8-13 Read the information given in World Call Payment Information" on the following page and look at the statements below (Questions 8-13). In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage Example Answer Wire transfers are the preferred mode of Worldcall payment. NOT GIVEN 8. Users should send their payments in hard currency to the Royal Bank of Scotland International, Douglas, Isle of Man. 9. You may make online payments using your charge card. 10. Calling rates are based on the average going rate of the market. 11. All payments are processed in the international traded currency of the wire transfer. 12. There is no need to use the Internet or email if you pay in cash. 13. All money that you put onto your Worldcall account are available indefinitely. WORLDCALL PAYMENT INFORMATION PAYMENT OPTIONSSelect One Wire Transfer All Major International Traded Currencies Accepted.

Beneficiary: WorldCall International Ltd. Beneficiary Bank: Royal Bank of Scotland International, Douglas, Isle of Man - SWIFT Number: RBOSIMDX - Account Number: WOIN-USD 1 Intermediary Bank: Bank of New York, 48 Wall Street, New York, NY USA - Account Number: 8900051612 - ABA Number: 21000018 Cash Payment Secure Fast Payment in 170+ Countries. We Cover The Transfer Fees! Take your cash payment to your local Moneygram or Western Union agent. To find the agent closest to you, go to http://www.moneygram.com or http://www.westernunion.com . Fill out the send money form and send your payment to our US company representative Shahla Fataliyeva located in New Orleans, Louisiana USA. To allow collection of your payment, the transaction control number issued along with the name and telephone number of the sender you listed on the send money form should be e_mailed to us as soon as it is available. Official transfer fees covered up to a maximum of 10% of the amount sent. Credit/Debit Card Pay using your VISA, MasterCard or American Express card. As soon as your order form has been processed, you will receive an e_mail sent on our behalf from www.escrow.com . Using the link in the e_mail message log into www.escrow.com using your e_mail address and a selected password and follow the instructions to complete your payment by credit/debit card. Maximum credit/debit card order $100. Terms and Conditions All payments are processed in US dollars. Accounts will be recharged within 24 hours from the time payment has been received and the funds have been cleared. Customer shall be responsible for any loss, theft or unauthorized use of accounts. Accounts expire 12 months from receipt of the initial payment or the last recharge and are non_refundable with exception to $50 accounts which expire after 6 months. Calls are charged at prevailing calling rates and are subject to change without notice. WorldCall International Limited specifically disclaims any liability, loss or risk which is incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, from the use of its services. By clicking on the submit button you hereby agree to the terms and conditions detailed herein. SECTION 2:Questions 14-26 Questions 14-20 Read the passage about personal computers on the following page and look at the statements (Questions 14-20) below: In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 14. There are two computers and one printer available for public use in the library. 15. Do not turn off the computer when you are finished with your research. 16. Users with the permission from the NCI Information Technology department may use computers for developing individual entrepreneurial projects. 17. The use of personal internet email accounts is prohibited. 18. There are assistants available for questions seven days a week. 19. Computers may be used for your thesis if it is related to the research purposes of the NCI mission. 20. Laboratory assistants are permitted to drink coffee in designated areas. NIC LIBRARY COMPUTER USAGE PROCEDURES The computers are for academic research purposes only. CD_ROM usage is limited to the computer on the left in the NIC library. (Only library software CDs permitted). OPAC and Internet facilities are limited to the computer on the right in the NIC library. (These facilities are also available in the NCI computer laboratory). Printing facilities are not available in the NIC library, but you may download information onto diskettes, and print elsewhere. Computers should not be reset or turned off. E_Mail, Hotmail, YahooMail, News and Chat lines are not permitted. Word Processing is not permitted. No food or drinks are allowed in the library, especially around the computers. PERMISSIBLE USES OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AT THE NIC LIBRARY Authorised User Only NCI students who have received permission from NCI's Information Technology department are authorised users of the NCI library. Purpose of Use The use of any NCI information technology facilities at the library must be related to NCI mission, including research, administrative and academic pursuits.

PROHIBITED USES OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Prohibited Purposes a. Personal use that creates a direct cost for the NCI is prohibited. b. The NCI's Information Technology library shall not be used for commercial purposes that are not directly related to NCI's mission. Student IT Support Services In order to encourage support and assist NCI student's use of the Information Technology facilities at the NCI Library, Laboratory assistants are on duty from Monday to Friday. At peak times during the academic year a limited workstation booking system ismade available to facilitate students with thesis and project deadlines etc. Questions 21-26 Read the text on Selections from the Top Ten Worst Reasons for Choosing a Coll ege" on the following page. Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage, answer the questions below. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet. 21. What should you not assume that you can't afford? 22. What scores should you ask for to help determine if you might be able to get into a certain school? 23. What can a girlfriend or boyfriend easily become to your studies if your relationship has problems? 24. What do most scholarships have attached to them? 25. What can a college not guarantee? 26. What can provide excellent information about prospective colleges and universities? Selections from the Top Ten Worst Reasons" for selecting a college It's a great party school. It's important to pick a school that has an active campus life, whether you plan to live on campus or commute. A major part of your college experience, after all, will come from interacting with other students in clubs, organizations, and social situations. If there are too many distractions, however, you may have difficulty concentrating on studying, not to mention attending 8 a.m. classes.

It's where my boyfriend or girlfriend is going." Get real! If the relationship ends, you may find yourself scratching your head, trying to figure out how you ended up at a college that doesn't suit you in any way. If the relationship survives, the distraction might just affect your grades and/or stifle your social life. Either way, you'll most likely find yourself wishing you'd given your college choice more serious thought. I know I'll get in." While it's important to apply to a safety school", one for which you are well qualified, don't cross your dream college off the list without first doing your homework. Although most schools are vague when it comes to revealing admissions criteria, you can get a sense of your chances of acceptance by reviewing the profile of the previous year's freshman class. Ask about the mean SAT score, the range of high school averages, the number of students with a class ranking similar to yours, and the percentage of all applicants that were accepted. If you think you might be a borderline" case, find out which secondary factors are considered (e.g., interviews, essays, letters of recommendation, extra curricular activities, etc.) and make sure you are competitive in these areas. They offer the hottest Who_Wants_To_Be_a_Millionaire_By_Age_25 "major. While it's fine to set high goal for yourself (including financial goals), it's important to be realistic. No college can guarantee financial success for each of its graduates. That's not to say you won't be rich by your mid_twenties, but it's going to depend largely on your ambition, hard work, and luck. Also, since many college students end up changing majors, it's a good idea to enroll at a college that has a wide selection of programs. They're ranked number one in the Moron's Guide to Colleges and Universities." There are a number of excellent guidebooks that offer information about colleges and universities, all of which should be considered important resources in your selection process. However, be careful about those rankings. Take a good look at the criteria on which the rankings are based; some of these factors may not be all that important to you. Stick to the hard facts (student_faculty ratio, class size, percentage of courses taught by teaching assistants, etc.) It's the cheapest. Don't assume that you can't afford an expensive college, even if your family doesn't qualify for government aid. Most private colleges offer scholarships of their own, including many that are merit_based. Even if you are not a top student (although that certainly helps!), you may possess some other quality for which an alumnus or private donor has set up a special scholarship. Contact the admissions or financial aid office at the college for more information. They've offered me the most scholarship money. Don't compare apples with oranges. If college A" is offering $5,000 in grants, and college B" is only offering $1,000, college A" must be the better deal, right? Not necessarily! Subtract the amount of grants from the total cost of education at each school in order to get the real cost of attending. And remember: Most scholarships have conditions attached (i.e., you must maintain full_time status and a certain grade point average in order to retain the award). SECTION 3: Questions 27-40

Questions 27-32 The reading passage on the following pages has seven paragraphs (A-G). Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs A-B and D-G from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (i-ix) in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet. Note: There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all i. Digital economies ii. Anywhere in the world! iii. Recent difficulties iv. New competition v. Birds of a feather flock together vi. A wake_up call vii. Advertising improvements viii. Shrinking capacity ix. New worries Example Answer Paragraph C i. 27. Paragraph A 28. Paragraph B 29. Paragraph D 30. Paragraph E 31. Paragraph F 32. Paragraph G SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY Karen Anderson, June 21, 1999 A The past 13 months has been one of the most tumultuous stretches on record for the satellite industry. The in_orbit failure of PanAmSat's Galaxy IV bird last May struck a crushing blow to the U.S. paging industry and sent broadcasters scrambling for alternative capacity. Six U.S. space launches of government and commercial satellites have failed, tallying $3.5 billion in losses and prompting President Clinton to call a Department of Defense inquiry into the failures. And in the past two months, the three leading U.S. satellite operators have delayed launches of much_awaited new satellites.

B Aside from lost revenue for satellite operators, the failures and delays have led to a tightening of capacity in the U.S. market. There's been a tight equilibrium in the supply and demand," says Coudert Brothers' Logue. Today in the U.S. market, full_time leases take up about 85%95% of total satellite capacity. This leaves little capacity for occasional_use services, especially when there is a breaking news event and every news organization is vying for space.Capacity can become especially tight when a major event occurs, like NATO troops moving into Kosovo two weeks ago. CBS' Olinsky says, Everybody wants to be live all the time. C Experts say the U.S. market will continue to be tight for about three to five years, but will gradually loosen up as operators launch new birds and digital compression technology advances. Digital compression is already helping alleviate some of the capacity problems. Satellite operators, cable networks and broadcasters have made major inroads into digital delivery, and most resellers have fully digital operations centers and are able to provide end_to_end digital distribution services. In an industry where economics are a textbook model of supply and demand, some say digital compression is the only reason occasional_use prices have been kept to a reasonable level. In fact, many experts say pricing is getting better despite delays and failures. Experts estimate that C_band capacity costs about $650 to $800 per hour and Ku_band costs about $750 to $900 per hour. D While digital compression can help alleviate the capacity crunch and stabilize prices, some industry experts fear recent satellite failures of the past year may have caused customer confidence in the industry to wane. I believe satellite disruptions and failure to complete launches has damaged the reputation for reliability which satellites have enjoyed for years says EFC's Leone. But I think over time satellites will regain their position as one of the most reliable transmission modes. Coudert Brothers' Logue is more pessimistic. He is afraid customers will start to question the industry and ask, How much can I rely on satellites? E Considering the tight capacity market and new concerns about satellite reliability it's not surprising that fiber networks are starting to give satellites a run for their money in applications where only point to point transmissions are needed. Fox and NBC were among several broadcasters that used fiber to backhaul some feeds for coverage from Kosovo. European satellites were used to move traffic from war zones back to broadcast headquarters in London, and the signals were then routed to New York bureaus via Teleglobe's transatlantic fiber. There's actually much more fiber capacity in the Atlantic Ocean and soon the Pacific Ocean than the equivalent number of satellite transponders by far," says Tom Fabian, director of global broadcast marketing for fiber provider Teleglobe. Any point_to_point service between major cities will migrate to fiber optics, primarily ATM_based fiber optics for video. The quality is better and on point_to_point services. The economics are very strong to use fiber optic_based services." F Despite the recent downturn in satellites' fortunes, experts don't view the failures as a permanent trend. Many believe the rash of problems has been a wake_up call to the industry. It's just the latest twist in staying on top of what's going on," he says, I don't think we're in a do_or_die, life_or_death scenario yet, but it's certainly time to get our act in gear."

G In May, NBC's Today show broadcast Matt Lauer reporting from a cloudy 10,000 feet on Mt. Everest as part of the program's continent_hopping series, Where in the World is Matt Lauer?" During the show Katie Couric, in New York, made a point of reminding viewers that the video was provided courtesy of the wonders of satellite technology, which enabled NBC to broadcast from Nepal. According to PanAmSat, which provided transponder capacity for the broadcast, it was all in a day's work. It's pretty much the regular mom_and_pop transmission equipment we use every day," says Mike Antonovich, PanAmSat's senior vice president, broadcast services. NBC used a typical Ku_band flyaway" with 1.5_meter antenna. NBC transmitted the signal via PAS_4 Indian Ocean Region satellite to Israel, Antonovich says. From there it was retransmitted to New York. Questions 33Using the information from the passage compete each gap in the summary by choosing a word from the box below the summary. Write your answer in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet. Note: There are more words than gaps so you will not need to use them all. You may use any word more than once. SUMMARY OF THE STATE OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY Example Answer The recent ...(?)... of a key satellite disrupted the US paging in-orbit failure compaines. Due to the recent loss of a key satellite, highly anticipated new satellite launches have been ...(33)... by several of the largest ...(34).... This has also resulted in a reduction in ...(35)... that has put a real crunch on the market. It is predicted, however, that ...(36)... will help alleviate this problem. While recent difficulties in satellite technology have begun to see a decrease in ...(37)... alternatives such as ...(38)... are beginning to make headway, particularly in providing ...(39)... services. The benefits of satellite technology were seen recently again, however, in a NBC broadcast when ...(40)... was used to broadcast from the Himalayas. fiber opticsregular transmission equipment capacity governmentsdelayedconsumer confidence operators rushednew birds in_orbit failuredownloadingpoint_to_point additional funds Reading Test 3

SECTION 1: Questions 1-14

Questions 1-4 There are six job advertisements A-F on the opposite page. Answer the questions below by writing the letters of the appropriate advertisements in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. Example Answer Which job is at a bar? E 1. Which job is in a hotel? 2. Which advertisement does not specify any job in particular? 3. Which job is for taking care of people? 4. Which TWO jobs require some kind of computer skills? Questions 5-10 Read the page from a UK telephone directory on the opposite page. Answer the questions below by writing the appropriate telephone numbers in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet. Example Answer you are just started at this university? 4562 5.you think you are being charged too much for your account usage? 6. you think someone has stolen your account password? 7. you keep getting disturbing phone calls late at night? 8. you just can't handle the workload and you have to leave college? 9. you are not getting along with your roommate and you'd like to find another place to stay? 10. your friend has been in an accident and urgently needs to get to a doctor? BABSON COLLEGE: TELEPHONE INFORMATION New Arrivals(x4562)

If you are arriving at Babson as a new student, your account code is available at orientation, or by visiting the Babson Telephone Service Office at Park Manor North. To obtain your account code, please call 781-239-4562, or from on campus by dialing x4562. Reporting an Emergency(x5555) If you need Police, Fire, Ambulance or Medical Assistance, please call Babson Public Safety at x5555, and give your name, your exact location, and the location and nature of the emergency. How to Know if You Have Messages Waiting(x5930) Lift your telephone handset and listen to the dial tone. A steady dial tone indicates no messages waiting. If you have messages waiting, the dial tone stutters. To retrieve messages, dial x5930 Billing Errors and Disputes(x5216) If you feel your bill is wrong, or if you need more information about a transaction on your bill, please call x5216, or visit the Telephone Service Office located at Park Manor North. Moving to Another Dorm Room(x4560) If you plan to move to another dorm room, please notify the Telephone Service Office so your records and voice mailbox may be properly serviced. Call x4560. Repair Service(x4535) Babson is responsible to deliver a dial tone to the wall jack in your room. This means that Babson will assure dial tone to the jack, but not beyond. Your telephone instrument, including the base cord, base, handset and handset cord is your responsibility. Babson College does not repair, lend or sell student telephone instruments or cords. Protecting Against Fraud(x5550) Never give your personal account code to anyone who calls you to verify" the number or to conduct an investigation". If you are asked for your account code, ascertain the identity of the person asking for it, and report the incident immediately to Babson Fraud Division at x5550. Sharing of Personal Account Codes(x4570) Your six_digit personal account code is confidential. If you believe the security of your account code has been compromised, or if your account code is lost or stolen, contact the Telephone Service Account Office immediately at x4570. Withdrawal From Babson(x4569) Customers withdrawing from Babson must notify the Telephone Office in person, and must stop using their account code as of the effective date of withdrawal. If you are the recipient of an obscene, harassing or threatening call, contact Babson Public Safety immediately, on x5555. Questions 11-14 Read the following notice.

Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage answer the questions below. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet. Storm Drill Instructions If the electrical system is working, there will be intermittent rings on the regular bell system. If the electrical system is not working, word of mouth will be used to alert each room. When the alarm is activated: - All 7th and 8th grade boys will go to the boys' locker room. - All 7th and 8th grade girls will go to the girls' locker room. - All 6th grade girls will go to the girls' bathroom in their wing. - All 6th grade boys will go the boys' bathroom in their wing. - Teachers will be assigned to supervise each area. - Students are to be QUIET and follow the directions of the teachers immediately. In the event that it would be unsafe for students to proceed to their assigned areas, teachers may direct students to an alternate area of safety. Practice drills will be held periodically to accustom students to the proper procedure in case an actual emergency should exist. Example Answer What should students be during a storm drill? Quiet 11. By what method will you know if there is a storm when the electri city is out? 12. If you are have gone to the boys bathroom, what grade are you in? 13. How many grades are in this school? 14. If things are too dangerous, your teacher will take you to a different what? SECTION 2:Questions 15-27 Questions 15-20 Read Information for New Students below and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers in boxes 15-20 on your answer sheet. English Language Center: UMBC Continuing Education ClassSchedule:

Fall Session I: First week of September Session II: Third week of October to mid_December Spring Session I: End of January Session II: End of March to mid_May Summer Session I: First week of June Session II: Second week of July to mid_August Short Session Third week of July to mid_August (for short term summer students only) Acquisition Speed The ELC offers three levels of intensive English, from low to high intermediate.When you first arrive you take a placement test to determine your level. Depending on your entry level, you intensive studies may last from four to twelve months. Study Requirements You study from 20 to 28 hours per week depending on the semester. In addition to the class hours, students can spend extra time studying on the computers. In addition, students can spend extra time per week practicing spoken English and making friends in the ELC's conversation partner program. Visa Requirements Yes, if you are not a resident of the U.S. and will attend the ELC for 2 consecutive sessions. Pay close attention to the instructions for applying for admission to the ELC. The Certificate of Eligibility (Form I_20) required for you to obtain a student (F_1) visa can be issued only if all instructions are followed and if all required documentation is provided. Payment Requirements You pay the $40 application fee when you send in your application. The housing application fee and deposit are paid when you apply for on_campus housing. You pay tuition and fees in full when you register in person at the ELC. 15. In what month does each new school year start in the Fall? 16. If your language level is already quite high, how few months might you need to study? 17. Do you need a visa if you are an American? 18. Where can you make new friends? 19. For what kind of housing is an application fee required?

20. What do you take to determine yur language level? Questions 21Read the passage below about Lewis & Clark College, and answer the questions that follow. The College Lewis & Clark is fortunate to have one of the most beautiful law facilities in the nation. Students and faculty hold classes and conduct their research on a 21_acre campus adjacent to Tryon Creek State Park, a 600_acre wilderness with extensive nature trails. The law school is 15 minutes by car from downtown Portland. Framed by majestic fir trees, the campus is composed of four major buildings, which provide the full complement of facilities for legal education. All buildings are accessible by wheelchair. The center of activity for students and faculty, when they are not in class, is the magnificent Legal Research Center. This building houses a cafeteria, student lounge, faculty offices, research facilities, meeting rooms, and seminar rooms. In the student lounge dramatic windows, two stories high, look out on the forested park adjacent to campus. Special events held in the lounge throughout the year reflect a rich array of visiting speakers, student and faculty colloquia, awards ceremonies, and alumni receptions. The Paul L. Boley Law Library is a few steps away, across a covered skybridge from the research center. The largest and most comprehensive law library in the state and second largest in the five_state region, it houses a collection of over 450,000 volumes plus numerous computer_access facilities. Flanking the law library are three connected classrooms called collectively, The Hive. One of the classrooms serves as a courtroom for moot court competitions and when the Oregon Supreme Court or other regional courts sit in session on campus. A fourth building, Gantenbein, houses our legal writing program, career services, and student organizations. As beautiful and serviceable as the campus is, we are not content to rest on our laurels. Currently in the midst of a major capital campaign, the law school expects to enjoy not only modernization and expansion of facilities but also increased scholarships, more endowed professorships, and a larger operations budget. Construction to expand the new Carol Grant Library, including more study space for students, a Student Government Center, and additional technological capabilities, began in summer of 2000 and will be completed by fall of 2001. Additional enhancements to the campus are anticipated within the next three to five years. The college uses buildings in several different places. Where are the following things located? In boxes 21-27 on your answer sheet write TCP LRC PBL G if something is located in Tyrone Creek Park if something is located in the Legal Research Center if something is located in the Paul Boley Library if something is located in Gantenbein

H CGL

if something is located in the Hive if something is located in the Carol Grant Library

Example Answer Extensive nature trails TCP 21. Campus clubs 22. Law books 23. Dining 24. The class presidents office 25. Mock trials 26. Meetings for honoring individuals 27. Computers SECTION 3: Questions 28-38 Read the passage below and answer questions 28-38. The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness The history of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) is a long and rich one. The Sioux Indians apparently controlled the region during and prior to the 1600's. They were soon to be pushed out by the Chippewa (also called Objibway) who were steadily advancing westward with the assistance of firearms obtained from fur traders. By the time that explorers and fur traders began to push into the BWCAW in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the Chippewas were in control of the woodland areas, having driven the Sioux west to the plains. Many Chippewa names, or English translations of these names, are still found on the lakes of the BWCAW. The French explorers Radisson and Groseillers visited the north shore of Lake Superior in the Spring of 1660. In 1688, Jacques de Noyons was believed to have been the first white man to travel through what is now the BWCAW. The French explorer and fur trader Sieur de la Verendrye visited the area in 1731, and returned in the spring of 1732 to establish trading posts on the border lakes. This began the era of the fur trade and the French_Canadian Voyageur. Each spring, huge birch bark canoes loaded with trade goods would start out from Montreal and Quebec, to return with rich cargoes of beaver, otter, mink and muskrat pelts. The French lost Canada to the English in 1760, after the French and Indian War. English and Scottish traders soon replaced the French posts. But the fur trade had already begun to decline,

and by 1800 it was nearly over.In 1842 the Webster_Ashburton Treaty was signed, ending years of disputes between Great Brittain and the United States over the location of the international boundary in northern Minnesota. It was decided that the boundary would be along the main fur trade route to the west and that all the water communications and all the usual portages shall be free and open to the use of the citizens and subjects of both countries." During the late 1800's, farmers, loggers, and miners were moving into northern Minnesota. Railroads were soon to follow, allowing extensive mining and logging operations to be undertaken. Much of the north woods would never be the same again. President Theodore Roosevelt established the Superior National Forest in 1909. Most of what today is called the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness was set originally set aside as a wilderness recreation area in 1926. Over the years the reputation of this unique area spread, and the number of annual visitors climbed steadily. In 1975, 171,000 people visited the BWCAW. Questions 28-31 Complete the table below. Write a date for each answer. Write your answer in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet. Date ...(28)... ...(29)... ...1842... ...(30)... ...(31)... Event First fur trading posts established Sioux Indians dominated up to this period Northern boundary of Minnesota decided First white man traveled through BWCAW BWCAW set aside for leisure

Questions 32Look at the following statements. In boxes 32-38 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 32. Special permission is required to enter the BWCAW. 33. The border between Minnesota and Canada is in contention. 34. Spring was the busy season for Traders. 35. The first Europeans in the original BWCAW area were from France. 36. The Objibway overran their predecessors because of their renowned archery skills.

37. Overhunting decimated the fur industry. 38. Industry expanded with the laying down of rail lines. Reading Test 4

SECTION 1: Questions 1-13 Questions 1-7 Look at the information on the following page about the costs and regulations of renting a car in Elpin, Canada. In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage Example Answer The deposit on the vehicle can only be paid in cash. FALSE 1. Extra drivers may be permitted to drive a rented car in Elpin. 2. In Elpin, CBD stickers are required on a vehicle any time a driver wishes to enter the downtown area. 3. Clients will be charged for any petroleum (gasoline) they use while driving the vehicle. 4. A client's deposit can be refunded at a different location from the one that he or she first rented the car. 5. You cannot ask your friend to return the vehicle and collect the deposit if he or she is unregistered. 6. If you hire a chauffeur_driven Mercedes you must pay for the gasoline. 7. If you want to rent a self_driven car you would be paying $65 to $255 a day in total. Costs and Regulations? of car rentals in Elpin Avis, Tel: 7371668

Budget, Tel: 4690111 Hertz, Tel: 4473388 Elpin Tours and Limousines, Tel: 2353111 Presidential Pacific Limousines, Tel: 2233668 Avis Limousines, Tel: 5428833 Regulations You must provide a valid international driver's licence. You may only leave the country with the vehicle if you have registered your intention to do so. The drop_off location has the right to inspect your car, so make sure you show the inspection form to them before settling your account. All parties who wish to drive must register with the company. Other un_registered drivers may be subject to extra charges. You are required to leave a deposit of $1000, which is fully refunda ble after the car is returned. The deposit can be made in the form of a cheque or cash. If you are dropping off the car at another location, only the renter may present the returned vehicle to receive his/her deposit. The deposit will not be returned to any other party. Before you head out, be sure to stock up on parking coupons and ask the rental companies to explain about Central Business District stickers (required 730-630pm on weekdays and 730am-3pm on Saturdays and on the eves of Public holidays.) Costs Self_driven cars cost from $65 to $255 a day plus mileage, depending on the size and comfort of your car. Costs of rentals are divided up into a base rate and also any extra kilometres traveled. Clients will be charged for gasoline consumed over the initial amount. If the car is returned with a full tank of gasoline, no charges will be deducted. A chauffeur_driven Mercedes costs $40 per hour. Questions 8Read the article on Raw Tienchi Ginseng Tablets" that informs users what they are and how to use them. Using NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS answer the following questions. THE SAME ANSWER MAY BE USED TWICE IF NECESSARY. Example Answer Raw Tienchi Ginseng grows in. Yunnan Province 8. Besides from experience (i.e. clinical practice), Chinese medical specialists know that Raw Tienchi Ginseng is effective because through their.

9. You can give Tienchi Ginseng to children as long as you give it to them in. 10. If you have a wound, you may take Tienchi Ginseng orally or you can apply it to the wound by first converting the tablets into a. 11. You should take the tablets with warm water, and in some cases with. 12. You can take the tablets even without having any injuries that involve bleeding but instead of taking it in larger doses you should try to take it in smaller doses of each time. 13. The only people mentioned in the directions that cannot take the tablets are those who. Raw Tienchi Ginseng Tablet Originally known as San Qi, and also called Jin Bu Huan, Pseudo_Ginseng is a special kind of precious medicinal herb growing in Yunnan Province, and classified as an acanthopanax plant, the common family of ginseng. Pseudo_ginseng is effective in preventing bleeding, dispersing clots, activating blood and relieving pain. In recent years, Chinese medical specialists have carried out research and clinical practice on pseudo_ginseng, and have proven that it has effective medicinal value. Meihua Brand Tienchi Ginseng Tablets (Raw) have the following characteristics. Indications & Actions: The product is able to stop bleeding and disperse bruised tissue. It is especially effective for stopping bleeding and clearing clots, and also healing all kinds of haemorrhagic symptoms, e.g., hemoptysis, nosebleed, hemofaeces, internal bleeding, falls, blows and injuries, abdominal pain, post_partum blood clots, unknown pain and sores. It can activate blood, clear clots in the veins, relieve angina pectoris, lower the hypercholesterol level, dilate coronary arteries, reduce oxygen consumption in the myocardium, improve blood deficiency in the myocardium, regulate blood pressure, and prevent coronary illness. If given to children in small amounts, it can also increase physical strength and promote growth. In cases of blows, falls, injuries and bruises caused by clots sprains and fractures, this product is an effective remedy by dispersing blood clots and swelling, and stopping pain. Directions: (1) For treating coronary illness, angina pectoris, obesity, etc., take 2-3 tablets each time, three times a day, together with warm water. (2) For treating falls, blows, contusion or external injuries with only bruises and swelling, take 34 tablets, twice a day, together with wine if you have no medical resistance to alcohol. (3) For treating bleeding, nosebleed, haemafaeces, hemopexis during post_delivery, abdominal pain with blood clot, unknown pain and sores, take 3-4 tablets each time, twice a day, together

with warm water. (4) For treating external bleeding, crush the tablets into powder, stir the powder and apply it to the wound. In case of unknown symptoms with purulent sores and pain, mix the powder with rice vinegar, and apply to the affected area to maintain moisture. (5) For stewed chicken, meat or other soup materials, put in the relevant quantity of the powder, according to the number of persons, and adjust the taste as required.Caution: Do not take this medicine orally during pregnancy. SECTION 2: Questions 14-23 Questions 14-18 Read the information on Computer Courses in Website Design" on the next page, and circle the correct answers to questions 14-18. In boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage Example Answer Laboratory access FALSE 14. Students must purchase course materials only after they have decided unequivocally that they will continue. 15. The instructors are all certified to teach website design. 16. Students who fail any of the website design exams may not receive a PWDA certificate. 17. If you are in the advanced course, you must have completed the beginner's course. 18. At least 60 hours of the total program should be spent on website design. Computer Courses in Website Design Winter/2001 Starting and Finishing Dates Winter Courses will commence on September 5th and will last for 3 months, ending on November 7th. After the Christmas Break, classes will resume on January 4th/2002. 60 hours of

lectures will be given, but an extra 10 hours per week is recommended for independent work. Courses There are 4 levels of courses: Beginner, Intermediate, Upper Intermediate and Advanced Design. Each course progressively introduces a multitude of website functions and is generally structured to move from personal designs to more professional designs used for commercial application. Prerequisites Students taking the Intermediate level Website design courses must have attended the previous level courses. For example, a person wishing to take the Intermedi ate course must have completed the Beginner program. Certain exceptions may be made if the candidate can show documents of working experience and is able to pass a qualification test. Withdrawals Students may withdraw and be refunded if they inform the office within 72 hours after the 1st class. There will be no refund for course materials, so it advised hat students purchase relevant material only after they have decided unequivocally that they will continue. Teachers The instructors are all professional website designers (i.e. they are certified in website design applications) from a variety of commercial fields. They are all available for tutoring if you need it. Laboratory Access Students may use the computers at school after class time, although it is strongly advised that you take along a laptop computer as well. Students will be issued a password and a registration number, which will allow for limited use. Access is restricted to 12 hours a week. Laboratory Rules No student will be allowed to use the computers for any reason other than for course_related applications. Commercial use or sustained browsing is not allowed under normal circumstances. Assessment Students are to be assessed at least 4 times during the programs. Students who complete all examinations successfully will be qualified to be issued a Professional Website Design Application (PWDA) certificate, recognised by large companies such as Java and Dreamweaver. Questions 19-23

Look at the following article about Student Societies in Britain". Match the headings with the article on Student Societies in Britain" with paragraphs A-G. There are more headings than required. The first heading has been completed for you as an example. I. Specific Benefits of Joining a Club II. General Reason for Joining a Club III. Besides Clubs IV. For the Athletic Types V. Examples of Great Clubs at Some British Universities VI. A Chance to Link Up Culturally VII. Diverse and Cosmopolitan Environment VIII. How to Find Out about Such Clubs Example Answer Paragraph D VI 19. Paragraph A 20. Paragraph B 21. Paragraph C 22. Paragraph E 23. Paragraph F Student Societies In Britain A There's no need to be lonely when you reach your chosen university or collegejoin one of the many clubs or societies on offer and you are sure to make friends quickly. The major benefit of joining them is that whether you choose to join a society or club because it will introduce you to people who share your interests, or to try something new, it is a great way to start your life in the UK. B The students union is the place to search for these new experiences. Student_run societies offer an incredibly diverse range of interests and activitiesfrom groups based on common nationality or religion, to leisure and matters that are more academic, and a range of sports clubs. Joining a club or society will not only increase the number of people with similar interests you can meet, but may well help you improve your English and adjust more easily to a new culture. C Many universities go all out to make their international students feel at home. At many universities such as the University of Hull, the International Students Association hosts their own freshers' week, as well as various events and parties all through the year. Aside from this, many other universities, such as the University of Plymouth, have other cultural clubs and societies,

ranging from the Christian Union to the Afro_Caribbean society. Interestingly, one of the most popular society with international students is the musical theatre society, proving in the UK you don't have to just stick with what you already know. D Many cultural societies have links with other universities, or even national networks, meaning you get a chance to mingle with people you share an interest with that you wouldn't usually get the chance to meet. This is certainly the case with the Union of Jewish Students (UJS), at the University of Delon, which is nationally run with groups at most universities. The Muslim Student Society (MSS), at the University of Greford, organises many events at local and national levels, including an annual national conference, which offers members the chance to get political as well as party. Joining a society makes you bond with other students who share your interests. E Cultural societies are not the only way to meet people. Joining a sports club is a good way to find your feet at university. Not only will joining a sports club help you make friends, it will help your understanding of British culture, both on and off the playing field. Sports clubs offer an exciting social life for their teams, from club events after a match to going on an international tour to play abroad. Sports nights at the students union are generally the busiest nights, wherever you are studying. F So make sure you check out what's on offer, either by attending the freshers' fair or looking in the students union handbook, which lists what societies are on offer, and which is available from your university or college union. Some university websites also offer links to their societies and clubs, so it is a good idea to check them out too. If you cannot find one that interests you, there will be plenty of support to start your own group. With a little effort, the benefits of joining a club or society will make your introduction to higher education in Britain easier and a lot of fun. After all, student life is not just about work! SECTION 3: Questions 24-40 The Anti_Cancer Smart Bomb" A A new drug shows hope of conquering a form of leukemia by targeting the misbehaving cells. It has already had a profound effect on a variety of patients, giving scientists hope that at least for one type of leukemia, cancer can be beaten. Two summers ago Douglas Jenson was so wiped out from battling chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) that he could do little more than sit by his window; watching the numbers on a thermometer rise and fall with the sun. Today thanks to an experimental drug called STI571 (brand name: Glivec), Jenson 67, is biking in Oregan and planning a trip to the Caribbean. I feel wonderful," he says. B So do his doctors. STI571, a smart bomb" drug that targets leukemia cells without harming healthy ions, first made headlines last year when researchers announced that white blood counts had returned to normal in 31 out of 31 patients who had taken the pill. Last week scientists were back reporting new data on just over 1000 patients. In one trial, more than 90% of 532 people on the drug saw counts return to normal. And under microscopic examination, 28 percent showed no evidence of cancer left in their bone marrow. While normally conservative about short term results, such early success indicators have attracted interest among many scientists and

doctors. C The drug even helped, although not as dramatically, some patients in the final blast" phase of the disease, when survival is measured in months. This was a rather unexpected result of the drug, for often the cancer at this phase is so widespread that it was thought that the effects of the drug might be minimal. This has led scientists to wonder whether further improvements to the drug might allow it to be completely effective, even with patients who are close to death. STI571 has ignited the cancer_research field", says Dr Brian Druker, an Oregan Health Sciences University researcher who developed the drug with manufacturer Novartis. D CML, diagnosed in 5100 Americans every year, is triggered when two chromosomes swap fragments of genetic information. CML starts with the mistaken swap of genes between two chromosomes. The resulting Philadelphia chromosome" produces the mutant Bcr_Abl protein. Bcr_Abl transfers a phosphate from the chemical messenger ATP to other proteins. They initiate a flawed signal to white blood cells to replicate incessantly. E STI571 returns blood counts back to normal for those patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in a smart bomb way" by targeting the protein that sends the message to make the white blood cells. The new pill works by deactivating the cancer cells' growth signal, thus essentially the message is never sent Bone marrow transplants can work extremely well, but they're applicable only for a minority of patients; otherwise, standard treatment is the injectable drug interferon. Many patients, however, cannot tolerate the adverse effects, which include severe fatigue, weight loss and depression. Side effects of STI571, including nausea, eye puffiness, and muscle aches have been relatively mild so far. F There is still plenty to learn. Scientists and the cancer establishment are cautious about embracing a drug too quickly, without knowing its full effect in other areas. Many drugs in the past have proven very effective in combating a number of diseases but their long term effects, which were previously unknown later emerged that made the drug unsafe to use. Will STI571 keep patients healthy for a prolonged period? Will undiscovered complications arise in the long term? Although it is expected that all drugs will experience some complications, the key issue is whether this drug is generally safer to use than alternatives. New and ongoing trials will seek answers over the next few years. G While investigating the possible problems with STI571 is an important task for scientists over the next few years, many scientists are more focused on discovering other possible positive potentials of the drug. Some scientists even suggest that STI571 could become the new aspirin of cancer, because it may lead to cures far beyond just leukemia. Researchers will also begin testing the drug in other cancers with similar molecular glitches: a rare intestinal cancer, a brain tumour called glioblastoma and small_cell lung cancer. Scientists say STI5 71 is a milestone in cancer treatment. H STI571 could be FDA_approved next year. Doctors are optimistic that it will get the approval but as often is the case, they may have to wait until more testing occurs. In the process, they may approve its use on a limited basis, and await further results from the patients before giving it the full nod for the market. However, there is often an element of politics in the process, which may

help STI571 get approval quickly. As the name of the drug begins to spread within doctors, and leukemia patients, there may be much pressure on the FDA to rapidly give it approval. I There will never be one redundant cancer cure, but as researchers unravel the unique biological properties of different cancer cells, designer drugs like STI571 should begin to emerge one by one, says Dr Michael Gordon of the Arizona Cancer Center. It may give way to a host of other smart bomb approaches to curing cancer, which will undoubtedly change the very nature of cancer treatment. In the past the focus has been on containing or killing the spread of cancerous cells and to combat the moist adverse symptoms of cancer. Now scientists are hopeful It's a very exciting time to be an oncologist," he says, And a very hopeful time for patients". Questions 24The passage The Anti_Cancer_Smart Bomb" has 7 paragraphs labeled A-H. Match the paragraphs that contain the following information, and write your answers in boxes 24-31 on the answer sheet. You may use each letter once only. Example Answer Research evidence that the drug is effective. B 24. Why the drug is more effective than other treatments. 25. Work needed to be done to confirm the drug's potential. 26. The effect it may have on the development of other drugs. 27. The successful experience of one patient who took the drug. 28. Work needed to discover any possible problems. 29. How the disease occurs. 30. Its potential for disease sufferers in the most serious stages of their illness. 31. The chances of fast approval by the US government. Questions 32-35 Are the following statements consistent with the information in the passage? In boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement is supported in the passage NO if the statement is contradicted in the passage NOT GIVEN if the statement is neither supported nor contradicted

Example Answer STI751 does not harm healthy ions. YES 32. Although evidence is strong (90% success rate) from one trial, under microscopic study the success rate was much less (only 28%). 33. Bone Marrow treatment causes severe fatigue, weight loss and depression. 34. Thus far, side effects of the drug STI751 have not been very serious. 35. The drug STI751 will be approved next year. Questions 36Complete each of the following statements WITH THE CORRECT TERM listed below the reading passage. Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. The first answer is done for you in bold. The problem currently with treatments today is that they either help only a minority of patients or they have too many ... side effects ...The new drug is more effective because it gets at the root of the problem, which is the ... (36) ... that actually sends the message to create an over_abundance of ... (37) .... While its success rate is very impressive, more research must still be done to find out whether it is effective in the long term, since scientists still do not know whether it may cause some ... (38) .... Still it will likely be approved next year since its side effects are mild ... (39) ...to other drugs. Scientists are optimistic that more such drugs will be approved, as researchers are beginning to unveil the biological ... (40) ... of cancer cells. adverse relatively properties complications proteins side_effects relative white blood cells Reading Test 5

SECTION 1: Questions 1-12 Questions 1-7 Look at the following application for Enrolling in Treist University in Australia and answer the following questions. In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet write

TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage Example Answer The application must be mailed to Australia. FALSE 1. Your tuition fee will not be returned to you if you are not accepted, since it is non_refundable. 2. You should not pay any fees until you have received the Letter of Offer. 3. International Students can apply for a Student Visa in Australia. 4. If you have not completed your studies, you may still send in records of academiachievement. 5. You may not need to pay for Overseas Health Coverage. 6. You cannot pay more than one semester's fees at a time. 7. You can only pay your bank_draft for tuition fees in Australian currency. Application Procedure for Treist Australia 1. Complete the application form, and mail it to Treist Australia or our local representative in your country. Your Application Form must be accompanied by: two (2) passport_sized photographs, certified copies of your latest academic qualification (preliminary & forecast results are acceptable), your English test score (e. g. TOEFL, IELTS, or others) and an application fee of A$150/(non refundable) 2. If your application's successful, we will send a letter offering you a program place. 3. On receipt of the formal Letter of Offer, you will need to pay your tuition fees (a minimum of one semester's fees) and the Overseas Student Health Coverage if applicable, in either of the following two forms: a bank_draft made out to Treist Australia" in Australian dollars, or a telegraphic transfer to: National Australia Bank Branch: Perth Office 50 St George's Terrace, Perth, Western Australia Account No.: 6006-67352-1521 Account Name: SWAN AUSTRALIA 4. On receipt of the fees, the Institute will forward an official Confirmation of Enrolment, which is needed for you to apply for a student visa at the Australian High Commission in your country. 5. All international students must apply for and obtain a Student Visa from the Australian High

Commission in their country of residence before leaving for Australia. The conditions required for a student visa to be issued are as follows: Letter from Treist Australia, indicating acceptance of application Confirmation of Enrolment from Treist Australia after the fees are paid Health check_up as required by regulation Proof of financial support Note: Please allow at least six (6) weeks for your visa to be processed. If at any time you need to contact us concerning any of the above, our address is: 2-8 Francis Street, Perth, Western Australia 6000 Telephone: (618) 94280088 Facsimile: (618) 94280099 E_mail: admn@swanaustralia.com Postal Address: P.O. Box 347, Northbridge WA 6865 Questions 8-12 Look at the instructions Answering Case Studies" on the following page. Match each of the following sentences with possible objects A-L mentioned in the instructions and in the box below. Write the appropriate letters A-L in boxes 8-12 on your answer sheet. Example Answer What position should you always remember that J you are in when trying to solve a case study? 8. What do you need to do before making assumptions about a situation? 9. What is the name of a kind of non_traditional case study? 10. Before choosing options, what should you do to generate possible solutions? 11. What can give your comments in case studies more legitimacy? 12. Besides using logic, what should you refer back to when making opinions in cases? Possible Endings A. An anecdote (i.e. personal story) B. The concepts you have learned C. Discuss the options' pluses and minuses D. Find out different sides of the story E. Quotations from the text or another source F. Your experiences G. A snapshot H. A person's perception I. A film

J. Manager K. Read the questions carefully L. Brainstorm ANSWERING CASE STUDIES Case studies have a number of forms, including: a) A written story in your text b) A film or video c) A personal study of an organizational situation This page is devoted to helping you analyse a written case study. You will need to develop this skill as there is a case study in your exam. A case study is a snap_shot of a segment of an organization. It is written from one person's perception. Hints/strategies for successfully answering case studies 1) Read the case study. 2) Read the questions carefully. 3) Read the case study again underlining, over_marking, or otherwise noting relevant sections. 4) Answer questions concisely using quotations from the study to back up your assertions, and referring to models or concepts you have studied where relevant. 5) If indirect information or grape_vine gossip is described, you should state the need to contact the people concerned to find out their side of the story. Remember that in answering the case you are being placed in the position of a manager solving a problem. Do not fall into the common managerial trap of making assumptions about people. 6) If you are asked how you would solve a problem, brainstorm your options. Discuss the pluses and minuses of each and describe the most appropriate option/s you would choose given the situation and the individuals concerned. 7) If you are asked for your opinion give clear reasons, from the case itself, from your knowledge of theory, and from your experience, for the answers you give. Always reinforce your personal opinions with sound reasoning and reference to the concepts you have studied. SECTION 2: Questions 13-26 Questions 13-19

Look at the article Managing Your Finances at British Universities". In boxes 13-19 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage Example Answer You should bring evidence that you have enough money TRUE to live in Britain. 13. University accommodation is cheaper than private accommodation. 14. A special student account at Barclays bank allows students to have overdrafts without paying interest. 15. All foreign students can transfer money, but they must seek permission from their countries of origin. 16. Not all students need to pay for university tuition fees at the start of the semester. 17. Living in a private dwelling in London is more expensive than living in a hall of residence. 18. Cash machines do not all charge extra money. 19. Tuition fees are automatically raised 3-5% annually. Managing Your Finances at British Universities Tuition Fees It is vital that you manage your finances carefully. To start with there are tuition fees. How much are they likely to be? It is not possible to give one overall figure since universities and colleges set their own feessome parts of the UK are more expensive to live in than others. You can get accurate information from the international offices of individual universities. As general guidance, tuition fees for 1999-2000 were around 7,000 for an undergraduate humanities or social science degree, 9,000 for a science degree and 17,500 for clinical courses, and they usually rise by 3-5 per cent annually. Many institutions allow international students to pay their tuition fees in installmentsso it is worth enquiring whether this is the case at the university or college where you intend to study. Many also guarantee not to increase fees during the course. Accommodation Universities and colleges usually advise you to budget for between 6,000 and 8,000 per academic year. (More if you intend to stay in the UK during the summer.) The cost of living will also varynot only according to where you live but also according to personal tastes. University and college accommodation costs, for instance, can vary from under 40 a week for a room in a

self_catering hall to over 100 for one with the suite facilities and all meals provided. One university says that a two_course cooked meal and a drink would cost 3.75 to purchase in the refectory. Another says 2.50. So you can see that prices vary a great deal depending on your own tastes and needs. Banks The major banks in the UK are: Barclays, Lloyds/TSB, HSBC, NatWest, Halifax and Royal Bank of Scotland. All six offer special student accounts with interest_free overdrafts, and a whole range of goodies to tempt you into their offices. Each bank has a massive network of cash machines on campus and often at halls of residence. You can use other banks' cash machines to withdraw money, but most charge you for this (up to 2). Banks are open Monday to Friday, 930am to 5pm. Most branches are open on Saturday morning. All banks offer a fast money transfer system so students can get emergency cash sent to them from home and there is no limit to how much a student can bring. BUT! It is advisable to check before coming if your country of origin does not require students to seek permission to transfer money abroad. Be warned: the UK is not cheap! Here are the essential costs you will have to endure Food In halls of residence, your breakfast and evening meal will be included in the cost. But those living in self_catering accommodation or in a privately rented house or flat should expect to pay around 20 a week. Rent In London, rent can be around 75 a week; elsewhere, look for places averaging 40 a week. For halls of residence, the average is 75 a week. Bills Phone: international calls cost big bucks, but not if you subscribe to the various special phone companies which save massively on the normal rate. Gas and electricity: again, if you are in hall, these will be included in your rent. In private accommodation, this is likely to cost around 5 a week each. Travel Most universities and colleges operate a cheap bus service between halls and campus. Otherwise, prices can vary. Expect to pay 5-10 a week (or walk!) Total If you are in London you'll be paying around 100 a week just for the essentials of life, elsewhere you could get away with 75 a weekand that's all before the cost of going out and enjoying yourself, or buying books. Questions 20-26 Look at the information below on Library InformationUniversity of Trenthead". Using NO

MORE THAN THREE WORDS complete the sentence below and write your answers on the answer sheet in boxes 20-26. THE SAME ANSWER MAY BE USED TWICE IF NECESSARY. Example Answer Besides Borrower Information, you can rememberloans docket the due date of your book by checking your. 20. Regular students do not need a special card; they can just use their. 21. If you're unsure which books cannot be borrowed, look for the status in the catalogue. 22. If you have any disputes about a fine you can contact the. 23. The regular time for borrowing books is. 24. Open Reserve material can only be returned at the. 25. If you do not pay your fines you cannot. 26. If you do not return a book at all, you will be subject to a book fine and a. Library InformationUniversity of Trenthead How to Apply? Regular Students can use their Student ID Card as a borrower card. All other borrower applications are lodged at the Loans Office, Level 2, Library, Kensington Campus, or at the Loans desk of the COFA campus Library. External students may register as borrowers for an annual fee of $165.00 (GST inclusive). What Can I Borrow? Most books and multimedia materials are available for loan under certain conditions. The following may not be taken out of the Library: serials (journals, magazines, newspapers etc.), valuable books with call number prefixes V, VQ, VF, K, KF, KQ; reference books, with call number prefixes MBREF, PREF, SREF, LREF; films and some videos; music on record and compact discs. Books and multimedia items which may not be borrowed carry the Not for Loan" status in the catalogue. Where Do I Borrow? Books from any part of the Library may be borrowed from any of the Loans Desks on Level 2 of the main Library building. Borrowing Rights A University Student Card is issued upon enrolment (for students or a library card issued for

other categories of borrowers). Students may borrow up to 99 items. How Long Can I Borrow? In_demand material may be borrowed for three days only (short_loan items). Other items may be borrowed for four weeks (standard_loan items). Some videotapes may be borrowed for seven days. Different loan periods apply at the College of Fine Arts. Returning Items Return borrowed item(s) on or before the due date(s) listed on the docket issued when you borrow. Borrowed items must be returned via Book Return chutes located inside the Library on Level 2 next to the Loans Desk; Items borrowed from the Open Reserve must be returned only via the Open Reserve chute. Overdue Failure to return or renew a borrowed item by the due date results in loss of borrowing privileges until the item is returned and accrues fines. The due date on your loans docket is your reminder. Fines and Charges The University Librarian is empowered to levy fines and charges on borrowers who break library rules by failing to return material on or before the due date, who fail to respond promptly to urgent recalls, or who lose or damage Library material. The fine for overdue items is $1.00 for every day the item is overdue. The fine is issued on return of the book. Failure to return books results in a book fine (equal to the value of the book), plus a processing fine of $30.00. Where should fines be paid? Fines may be paid at Unicopy, located on Level 2 of the Library, during Library opening hours. You must have your Library Card with you at the time of payment. What happens if the fines are not paid? Fines must be paid within 14 days from the notice date, or a further borrowing block may occur. If you are blocked from borrowing, you have paid your library fines, and you need to borrow on the same day, please present your library card to the Loans Desk on Level 2, or to the Fines Office. Your library record will then be updated. You can renew a loan on a book on or before the due date to avoid getting a fine. Renewals are subject to conditions. Any problems? If you have any problems regarding fines, please contact the Circulation Office located on Level 2 of the library. The number is: telephone: (02) 9385-2625 (extension 2625). After 500pm, on weekdays and public holidays, fine enquiries are available at the Level 2 Loans Desk. SECTION 3: Questions 27-40 The Best Restaurants in Artherville, Australia $ = very cheap $$ = quite cheap

$$$ = a little expensive $$$$ = very expensive The River Place Restaurant serves Chinese and Indonesian dishes under one roof; or rather one sky, as most of the patrons here prefer to dine under the stars at the tables placed outside. One Indonesian dish to try is tauhu telor, which comes with a generous amount of bean sprouts, carrots and lettuce strips covered with black sauce. The mixed seafood grill is also recommendedespecially the grilled squid. $$$$ Wholesome dishes prepared without MSG or sugar are served in the Good Life Healthfood Restaurant. Even the beverages are sugar_free, as only natural sweeteners like fruit juice, barley and rice malt are used. For a complete macrobiotic (diet intended to prolong life) lunch or dinner, try the set meal, which includes a soup, rice dish and a cup of kukicha tea. $$$ Having enough of healthy food, it is time to look for something more substantial. Feast on old art while you dineat Kinara North Indian Shore Cuisine, art appreciation is as important as serving Indian cuisine. The walls of the restaurant are decorated with the traditional art of phad painting. Phad painting is a large painted scroll made of cloth depicting scenes from folk epics of heroes and deities. Dishes like goose liver salad, pan_fried venison and fluffy lemon pancakes are available in most local French restaurants. L'Aigle d'Or located in a block of renovated shop_houses in Tanjong Pagar serves specialties such as mushroom ravioli (delicate skins encase the fresh chopped mushrooms) and a blend of poached sole and salmon as a main course. In Artherville, you can feast on wild game dishes, slice through done_to_perfection steaks and still leave room for some sinful desserts. The Baron's Table in the Royal Holiday Inn Crown Plaza serves well_prepared continental in a traditional hunting_lodge ambience. It also serves good old English fare in a romantic setting. $$$$ Long Jiang, Crown Prince Hotel. Tel: 7349056. Ng Off Mandai Road, take a taxi or the underground to Yishun, then shuttle bus at 9.05, 10.45, 2.45, 4.30 and Bus No. 171 or 137 drops you at the main road, then you walk. Away from it all in the countryside and overlooking the ponds, you sit outdoors to eat good seafood and local fare. $$$$ Seafood International, 902 Coast Parkway. Tel: 4420988. A reasonably priced seafood restaurant with the motto If it swims, we have it". All the seafood favourites in air_conditioned splendour with the added benefit of a free cultural show nightly. $$ Staffles Courtyard, Staffles Hotel. Tel: 337-8041. Marble and wrought-iron tables are set beneath the stars. Serves lobster and other seafood dishes. Promotions of other cuisines are occasionally offered. Very popular with the lunchtime crowd. An informal, family_type restaurant. A good place to gorge on seafood prepared Australian_style. Warm and casual restaurant which serves an enticing array of dishes. $$ Compass Rose Restaurant, The Westmerg Residence 103 Manor Street. Tel: 3 308 3 10. Upstairs in this stately home, once owned by one of Australia's founding families, there is an a_la_carte

Indonesian and Continental menu. On the ground floor is an East/West buffet, and there are barbecues out on the patio on Friday and Saturday nights. Worth a visit for the ambience alone. Open 24 hours, you can snack on Chinese, regional or continental favourites here. Spectacular view of the town. Pleasant decor and cuisine blending Asian and Western flavours. $$$$ Fourchettes, Hilton Hotel, 4th floor. Tel: 7372233. Brass, oak and candlelight setting with soft back_ground music. Hearty English fare in a friendly environment. The extensive menu of fresh ingredients, simply prepared to enhance the natural flavours includes fish and chips, chicken pies, ploughman's lunch... Popular with business executives. Forsters Olde English Eating House, German Shopping Centre. Tel: 7378939. Hunting lodge setting. Wild game is included on the menu. Sophisticated setting for souffl specialties, excellent choice, and a luscious lunchtime buffet. $$ Dan Ryan's, 91 Tanglin Road, Tanglin Mall. Tel: 738800. Romantic elegance and superb cuisine. Chicago food with baby back pork ribs. Friendly atmosphere. Loud and fun, with the best hamburgers west of Honolulu.$$$$ Palm Grill, The Westin Plaza. Tel: 3388585. Decor, interesting cuisine and delicious dessert buffet. $$$$. Cheerful and noisy deli serving all the Jewish specialties. $$ Questions 27-32 In Artherville, each place has something important to see. Where does the following information apply? Note: There are 6 statements so not all places below can be used, and one cannot be used twice. RP River Place Restaurant GL Good Life Healthfood Restaurant SI Seafood International Restaurant KN Kinara North Indian Food Restaurant LJ Long Jian Restaurant SC Staffles Courtyard Restaurant CR The Compass Rose Restaurant Example Answer A restaurant where you can get French food. FC 27. A restaurant that might help you to stay in shape. 28. A restaurant you would like if you were interested in a more artistic ambience. 29. A restaurant that might help you to enjoy seafood on a tight budget.

30. You are a nature_lover and are interested in a more natural environment where you may sit outside and enjoy your meal. 31. A restaurant that a history lover might enjoy. 32. A place where you will most likely find people dining outside, although it is not in the countryside. Questions 33-35 Complete the table below by writing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet. One restaurant may be used twice. Type of Restaurant Location Cost Special Attraction Example French Restaurant Tanjong Pagar Expensive Dishes like goose liver salad, pan_fried venison and fluffy lemon pancakes ...(33)... Not Mentioned Expensive Food that is usually served outdoors Wild Game Restaurant ...(34)... Quite Cheap Serves wilder food that would probably be eaten by hunters Seafood Restaurant ...(35)... Quite Cheap Place where you can eat and enjoy some entertainment Questions 36-40 Do the statements below agree with the information given in the text The Best Restaurants in Artherville, Australia"? In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage Example Answer The River Place only serves seafood.NOT GIVEN

36. No sugar is added to meals at the Good Life Restaurant. 37. There are pictures of gods on the Kinara restaurant walls. 38. The shop_houses located in the same block as L'Aigle d'Or are not old. 39. The Compass restaurant is owned by an Australian. 40. Staffles Courtyard is probably quite busy at noon. Reading Test 6

SECTION 1: Questions 1-11 Questions 1-6 Look at the following instructions on How to Obtain a Western Australia Driver's Licence". In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 1. A learner's permit will expire after a period of time. 2. The application fee varies, and so the article does not state the amount. 3. One can never use a photocopied identification document to get a permit. 4. As a visitor staying in Australia for a year, you can drive with your own license, but you need to take your driver's license test after that. 5. Permanent Residents who wish to drive in Western Australia need a W.A. driver's license after 3 months of staying in Western Australia. 6. A learner must not drive a car by himself or herself. HOW TO OBTAIN A WESTERN AUSTRALIAN DRIVER'S LICENCE Before you can drive any motor vehicle on the road, you must have a current Motor Vehicle Driver's License or a Learner's Permit.

LEARNER'S PERMIT Age: The minimum age a person can obtain a learner's permit is 17 years, except where: In the opinion of the Traffic Board, the denial of a license to a younger person would cause undue hardship. The application is for an N" Class (moped) license, minimum age 16 years. The instructor is the holder of a licence issued under the Motor Vehicle Drivers Instructors Act minimum age 16 years and 9 months. Instructors: A learner's permit allows you to drive a motor vehicle on the road only if you have an approved instructor with you. The instructor must sit beside the learner in the motor vehicle. A learner motorcyclist may carry the instructor on the pillion seat or in a side_car, or the instructor may ride another motorcycle. The following people may teach you to drive: 1. The holder of a licence issued under the Motor Vehicle Drivers Instructors Act. 2. The holder of a driver's licence (the same class) for at least 4 years. 3. The holder of a Class K, L, M or N licence for at least two years who has been approved, may teach a person to ride a moped. Application: You may apply for a Learner's Permit at any Transport Licensing Centre. A learner's Permit will be valid for twelve months. You will be charged an application fee for a Learner's Permit. This will cover the cost of two practical driving tests. Applicants applying for a motor vehicle driver's license for the first time have to prove their date of birth by showing one form of primary identification and one form of secondary identification. The identification documents must be originals or certified copies from the issuing body, and at least one must show the applicant's signature. INTERSTATE AND INTERNATIONAL LICENCES IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA A visitor to this State who holds a current driver's licence or permit to drive issued by their home State or Country is not required to obtain a W.A. licence for a period of 12 months. People who are taking up permanent residence in Western Australia are allowed to drive on their current Driver's Licence, issued by their home State or Country for a maximum period of three months only. After that, they must obtain a W.A. licence. It may be necessary to pass a theory test on the rules of the road. A practical driving test may also be required. Questions 7-9 Read the information on the next page and circle the correct answers to questions Example -9.

Purts can be used for what two purposes A To relieve stomach pain and to provide antacid relief B As a vitamin supplement and relief of stomach problems To provide stomach relief and extra calcium D None of the above 7. The main difference between taking it as a supplement and for medicinal purposes is... A. you may take fewer tablets if taking it as a supplement. B. you must consult a physician if taking it to relieve stomach problems. C. there is no difference. D. you must chew if taking it as a medicine. 8. The main ingredient that helps Purt become so effective is its... A. low sodium. B. antacid chemicals. C. calcium. D. not mentioned. 9. From the product insert, we can imply... A. stomach problems are usually the result of too little calcium. B. purts is very dangerous for children. C. purts is safe for adults. D. calcium carbonate has some role in relieving problems of excess acidity. PURTS Purts is an excellent source of calcium. Calcium is a factor in the normal development and maintenance of bones and teeth, as well as in the maintenance of good health. For antacid relief: For fast relief of acid indigestion, heartburn and sour stomach caused by excess stomach acidity. Directions: Chew 2 or 3 tablets after meals, as needed. Consult a physician if symptoms persist beyond 2 weeks recur. As a calcium supplement. Directions: Chew 1 or 2 tablets after meals or as directed by a physician. Medicinal Ingredients: 750 mg calcium carbonate/tablet. Equivalent to 300mg of elemental calcium. Lowsodium.

Warning: DO not take within 2 hours of another medicine, because effectiveness may be altered. Caution: Keep out of reach of children. Questions 10-11 Read the information on this page and circle the correct answers to questions 10-11. 10. The charge on your account applies to A. all existing accounts. B. those who have less than $500 in their accounts at any time during the month. C. those in the future who withdraw $500 from their accounts. D. those in the future who have their OUB GRO or Premium Savings Account under a certain amount when averaged out. 11. If you have less than $500 now, you A. will be charged $2 per month. B. you may not be charged since charges are only levied if the average is too low. C. may or may not be charged depending on the existing policy. D. none of the above Notice on OUB Savings Accounts With effect from 1 May 2001, the following new interest rate structure will be introduced for OUB GRO Savings Accounts: Amount Interest Rate NB3330.01-NB3333000.00 NB3333000.01-NB33350000 >NB33350 000.00 1.5% Also, a charge of NB3332 per month will apply if the monthly average in your OUB GRO or Premium Savings Account is less than NB333500. To avoid incurring the charge, simply ensure that your balance is more than NB333500. SECTION 2: Questions 12-24 Questions 12-18 Look at the following information on Health Care Coverage in Australia and decide whether the following statements pertain to MBC (Medibank Card), OSHC (Overseas Health Cover), both MBC and OSHC, or none of the previous. Answer the questions below in boxes 12-18 on your answer sheet.

Please Write M if it applies to MBC O if it applies to OSHC B if it applies to Both N if it applies to Neither Example Answer This (these) is (are) $274/year for a single rate O 12. Which is mandatory for all Overseas Students wishing to study in Australia? 13. Which allows you to be reimbursed when you show it? 14. Which tells you the expiry date? 15. Which one gives you your AQBJ after paying it? 16. Which does not cover pregnancy? 17. Which must be renewed after one year? 18. Which are necessary for Macquarie enrolment? Health Care Cover for Overseas Students in Australia What is Medibank Private? Medibank Private is Macquarie University's chosen provider of OSHC for 2000. All international students must take out OSHC as a condition of their student visas, and Macquarie University arranges payment of OSHC to Medibank Private when you pay your fees and the first year of your OSHC, before you are issued your Confirmation of Enrolment. Why do I need Health Insurance? Medical treatment in Australia is expensive, and if you have an accident or get sick, it will cover many of your expenses. It is a condition of your student visa. Cost of OSHC 12 months at the single rate$274 12 months at the family rate$548 Note: if your family is accompanying you to Australia, you must take out the family rate of coverage. How to Register at Medibank and get your Membership Card Pay your OSHC fee at the International Office. This is usually paid with your tuition fees. Collect your AQBJ number from the International Office. They will be posted on the wall

outside the International Office. It will take around 4 weeks for your fee to be processed and your AQBJ to become available. Take your AQBJ number and your passport to any Medibank Private office (the closest is in the Macquarie Centre) to finalise your membership and receive a temporary membership card. This can be used until your official membership card is processed. Your membership card will be posted to you within about four weeks. What if I get sick before I get my Medibank card? All international students are covered from the date they arrive in Australia. However, you will not be able to be reimbursed for any medical expenses until you have actually received your Medibank Card. Remember to retain any receipts for medical treatment so that you can be refunded when you receive your card. What is covered by OSHC? OSHC covers treatment by a doctor, either in a public hospital or in a doctor's surgery. It also covers pathology and radiology services (x_rays and blood tests), eyesight testing performed by an optometrist, transport by ambulance to a hospital in an emergency, and a limited amount towards the cost of prescription medication. International students with Overseas Student Health Cover (OSHC) will be able to have all the charges reimbursed by Medibank Private. Hospital Services In a public hospital, OSHC provides 100% coverage for treatment by a hospital_appointed doctor and full coverage in a shared ward. You will only need to make a payment if the doctor or any of the medical services charge a rate above the government_scheduled fee. There is also a medical centre located at the Macquarie Centre. Public hospitals are open 24 hours a day. If you need to see a doctor urgently outside normal working hours, you should go to the Casualty Ward. The nearest public hospital to Macquarie University is: The Ryde Hospital, Denistone Rd. Eastwood. Tel: (02) 9874 0199 What is not covered by OSHC? Pregnancy_related services provided by a medical practitioner if your visa is for three months or less. Treatment for medical conditions or disabilities in existence before you came to Australia during the first twelve months of membership, eye glasses or spectacles and contact lenses, dental services, physiotherapy, additional charges for single room, charges in a public hospital, treatment for children over 18, treatment for which compensation or damages can be claimed, optional extra coverage. If you want to be covered for any of these items, you can take out extra coverage at an extra cost. How do I Pay? 1. Directly Pay the doctor straight after the consultation. Then claim from Medibank in person or by mail. You will need to present your receipt for medical treatment when making your claim. You will be refunded 85% of the government_scheduled fee, either in cash or by cheque. 2. Through Medibank Private Take or send the unpaid account to Medibank. Receive a cheque made payable to the doctor for 85% of the cost. Then send the cheque plus any additional amount owing to your doctor as soon

as possible. Note: Many doctors request that they be paid at the time of consultation. Renewing your OSHC It is essential to maintain your health insurance for the duration of your stay in Australia. Payment can be made for three, six or twelve months, or the duration of your visa. After the first year in Australia, it is your responsibility to renew your health insurance with Medibank, or take out insurance with another OSHC provider. We advise you to begin the process of renewal several weeks before the expiry date of your OSHC (printed on your card). Questions 19-24 Look at the information on the following page that informs visitors about Macquarie University. Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage, answer the following questions in boxes 19-24 on your answer sheet. Example Answer Which intakes are common for most programs?March and April 19. How long is an MBA program? 20. Who will help me, besides the airport greeting service and the housing office, if I have problems finding a good landlord? 21. The School of Education has a higher entry requirement for what skill? 22. Besides attending classes at Macquarie University, how else can I obtain a Macquarie MBA? 23. If you score a 214 on your English test you probably passed which test? 24. With what can the Dean of Post Graduate studies help you? A Post Graduate Degree at Macquarie University Undertaking a Postgraduate Degree or Diploma is one of the most important career decisions that you can make. We are increasingly living in a period where a postgraduate qualification will give you that extra leverage to advance your career or to change career direction. It is also often a move considered at a time when you are wishing to concentrate on your career or have other commitments such as a family. It is a big decision and one that will impact many aspects of your life. For those potential students who are able to come to Sydney to study on our beautiful campus, the widest range of options is availableMarch and July intakes for most programs, a four_semester year for our MBA and an increasing number of summer programs. We are committed to providing a range of services to assist you in making the best of your time at the University.

We have comprehensive pre_ and post_departure guides to help you settle into life in Sydney and at Macquarie. We have an airport greeting service and can assist you with finding temporary and permanent accommodation. Our housing office operates a fully staffed resource room to assist you with on_ and off_campus accommodation, and international student advisors are available to assist with your settling in. The Dean of Postgraduate Studies and course_based academic staff are available to assist you with academic problems. There are however other options to studying in Sydney. A number of our programs are also run by distance education, and this may also be an option you may wish to explore. Many programs, particularly in business and management, are run at locations in Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Nanjing. These programs may also suit your needs if you are from one of those locations, or need to study part_time or will find it easier to travel there for study. Macquarie University is committed to providing a greater range of programs internationally and to providing you with the greatest flexibility in making this most important decision. Macquarie is a university highly regarded for the quality of its postgraduate programs and for the breadth and relevance of its offerings. We are confident that among our programs you will find a choice that will suit your needs and we look forward to facilitating your admission to the university. English Proficiency Requirements: Higher entry requirements for English proficiency exist for the Centre for Studies in Money, Banking and Finance; the School of Education, the Graduate School of the Environment, and all Audiology postgraduate programs (Please see below for details). Approved entry requirements for English proficiency for other postgraduate programs are: Paper_based TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)a total score of at least 550 and a minimum of 50 in each section for Listening Comprehension, Structure and Written Expression, and Reading Comprehension. Computer_based TOEFLoverall score of 213 with a minimum of 16 for Listening Comprehension, 18 for Structure and Written Expression, 17 for Reading Comprehension IELTS (International English Language Testing Service)an overall minimum of 6.0 and a minimum score of 6.0 in each of the reading, writing and listening components CULT65% overall GCE O" level in English language with a grade of C or above GCE A" level or Hong Kong A" level Use of English with a grade of C or above SECTION 3: Questions 25-40 THE ANATOMY OF LAUGHTER A Even after centuries of scientific research, no one knows for sure why human beings (plus a few other primates, including chimpanzees, apes, and orangutans) laugh. People have ideas, though. Charles Darwin speculated that laughter, which begins in infants as young as three months old, served as an evolutionary reward" to parental care_giving. Laughter in infants

sounded and felt so different from crying, he believed, that even prehistoric parents must have interpreted it as a sign of well_being, kind of like the purring of a kitten. The parents enjoyed the laughter, which encouraged them to continue caring for the child. Sigmund Freud believed (of course) that laughter was closely intertwined with lust. Contemporary theorists believe that laughter evolved as a means for primates to diffuse tension and reduce the likelihood of confrontation when meeting and interacting with others. B Even if scientists still do not know why we laugh, they have learned a lot about it. For example: You use 15 different muscles in your face to laugh.The sound of laughter is created when you inhale deeply and then release the air while your diaphragm moves in a series of short, spasmodic contractions. The typical laugh is made up of pulses of sound that are about 1/15th of a second long and 1/5th of a second apart. Hearty laughter produces physical effects similar to those resulting from moderate exercise: The pulse of the person laughing can double from 60 to 120, and the systolic blood pressure can increase from 120 to 200about the same thing that happens when you exercise on a stationary bicycle. Stanford University researcher Dr. William Fry even refers to laughter as a kind of stationary jogging." When people stop laughing, their muscles are more relaxed than they were before the laughing started. Heartbeat and blood pressure are also lower. This leads scientists to assume that laughing is a means of releasing stress and pent_up energy. C One of the most interesting things researchers have learned is the powerful healing effect of laughter. Well, actually they're re_learning it after centuries of neglect: In the Middle Ages, doctors treated" their patients by telling them jokes, but modern medicine discounted the curative properties of laughing. That began to change in 1979, when editor Norman Cousins wrote Anatomy of an Illness, in which he credited watching humorous videos with helping him reduce pain and recover from a life_threatening degenerative spinal disease. The book inspired researchers to look into whether laughter really could aid in healing and recovery from illness. D In 1995, two researchers at the Loma Linda University School of Medicine had 10 medical students watch a 60_minute videotape of Gallagher, a stand_up comedian famous for smashing watermelons and other objects with a sledgehammer. The researchers found that after watching the video, there was a measurable decrease in stress hormones, including epinephrine and dopamine, in the students' blood, plus an increase in endorphinsthe body's natural painkillers. But the most changes were found in the students' immune systems including increased levels of special hormones, cells, substance, and natural killer cells which the body uses to attack foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected by viruses. E Some of the levels even began to change before the students watched the videojust from the expectation that they were about to laugh. Say you're going to your favorite restaurant, Dr. Berk explains. You can visualize the food; you can almost taste it. You are already experiencing the physiology of enjoying it. Your immune system (also) remembers. By using humor to combat stress, you can condition yourself to strengthen your immune system. F In 1995 Peter Derks, a psychologist at the College of William and Mary, tested how the brain stimulates laughter. He hooked research subjects up to an EEG (electroencephalogram) topographical brain mapper, then told the subjects jokes. His findings: At the start of the joke, the

brain processes the information in the left lobe, the analytical side that processes language. As the joke progresses, the primary activity shifts to the frontal lobe, where emotions are processed. Just before the punch line is delivered, the right side of the brain, which controls the perception of spatial relationships, begins coordinating its activity with the left side of the brain. This is the point where the brain is trying to get the joke. What humor is doing, Derks says, is getting the brain into unison so it can be more efficient in trying to find explanations forin this case the punch line. G Robert Provine, a psychology professor at the University of Maryland, has studied the laughter that takes place in conversations between men and women. He and his assistants eavesdropped on more than 1,200 conversations that took place on the street and in offices, shopping malls, cocktail parties, and other public places around Baltimore. His findings: We found that far and away the most laughter takes place when males were talking and females were listening, and the least took place when females were talking and males were listening. Male_male and female_female conversations fell somewhere in between." Provine believes that this is because females are better listeners and are more encouraging in conversation. Men are more likely to make jokes than women are, and women are more likely to laugh at them than men are. H Chimpanzees, apes, orangutans and a few other primates laugh, but no other animals do. Chimps laugh at the relief of tension, when tickling each other, and when playing chasing games. Their laugh sounds like rapid panting, but unlike humans, they are unable to regulate or control the air as they breathe out, which means they cannot change the way it sounds. This lack of ability to control airflow is same thing that deprives them of speech. Just because primates can't talk, it doesn't mean they can't share jokes. Chimps and gorillas that have learned sign language have been known to sign one another for laughs. Sometimes they give incorrect signs in conversation," and then laugh with each other; other times they urinate on humans and then sign funny. Questions 25-33 Find the paragraph in which the following statements would be supported. You are advised to spend 10 minutes on this section. The first one is done for you as an example. NOTE: You may use any letter more than once. Example Answer The Difference in Gender for Humour G 25. Historical Theories about Laughter 26. Anticipatory Effect on the Immune System 27. Various Effects on the Immune System 28. The Way the Brain Responds to Humour

29. Humour and Other Creatures 30. The Process of Laughter 31. Modern Breakthrough in Humour for Therapy 32. The After_effects of Laughing 33. The Reason Laughter Developed Questions 34-40 Look at the following statements. In boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet write T if the answer is True F if the answer is False NG if the answer is Not Given in the passage Example Answer Scientists do not have clear evidence as to why people T laugh. 34. The brain uses a variety of locations during a joke. 35. Only humans and some primates are capable of jokes. 36. Scientists have conclusive proof that the primary function of laughter is to reduce tress. 37. The reason for the medical benefits of laughter relates to the way it affects the immune system. 38. Human beings are the only creatures that seem to know how to control laughter. 39. Laughter involves the intake and release of air. 40. When you are laughing, you reduce your blood pressure, since you are releasing stress. Reading Test 7

SECTION 1: Questions 1-12 Questions 1-

Look at the following application for BanonScan N650C and answer the following questions. In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage Example Answer The instructions advise you to not to have too many TRUE objects surrounding the scanner. 1. The instructions advise users not to move the scanner from conditions of high humidity to low humidity because doing so may cause image errors. 2. Direct sunlight may cause humidity in the scanner. 3. You should not move the scanner from high to low humidity, as this could be even more damaging than moving it to a sudden change of temperature. 4. If you move from high to low temperatures you can still use the scanner provided you give the scanner time to adapt. 5. The scanner should never be used outdoors in direct sunlight. 6. There are five conditions the instruction sheet mentions as detrimental to the scanner. 7. Scanners are powered by batteries rather than by electrical power. Setup and Operating Conditions for BanonScan N650C In order to use this scanner safely, please head the following instructions at all times. Use in an area where the following temperature and humidity conditions can be met. Surrounding temperature: 5 degrees-35 degrees C Surrounding humidity: 10%-90% RH (without condensation) Make certain there is plenty of clear space around the scanner. Set up the scanner so that the cable can reach from the scanner to the electrical outlet. Do not set up in areas where there is an excessive fluctuation in temperatureor humidity. Also, do not move the equipment from high humidity areas to low humidity areas. Condensation may cause image errors. After moving from a high temperature area to a low temperature area, leave the scanner enough time to gradually adapt to the new conditions before use.

Do not use the scanner in areas subject to direct sunlight. The humidity may rise inside the equipment, and cause damage or decrease image quality. If you have to use the scanner in direct sunlight, make sure to use a thick curtain to block the light. Questions 8-12 Read the Information on how to pay your telephone bill. Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage answer the following questions. THE SAME ANSWER MAY BE USED TWICE IF NECESSARY. Example Answer You will find the payment slip at the bottom of .the bill 8. When paying the bill by mail it is important to enclose both the cheque and the. 9. To pay by B pay you must enter both the customer reference number and the. 10. Although you may see information about previous periods on your bill, you do not need to worry about them since they are not. 11. If you notice that your whole bill does not include an extra 10% charge, this is because some things on the bill are. 12. There are altogether 5 different ways to pay the bill. Two are by telephone. Two others are by direct mail and in person, and the other one is by. How to Pay the Telephone Bill Optus offers two alternative telephone payment options: B Pay Biller Code: 3079 Customer Ref: 27852383 Contact your participating Bank, Credit Union or Building Society to make this payment directly from your cheque, savings or credit card account. When prompted simply enter the Biller Code and your Customer Account Number shown above. CREDIT CARD Call Optus on 1300 309 309 anytime to pay your bill. Optus accepts Visa, Bankcard, MasterCard, Diners Club and American Express. Please note that transaction limits may apply. Please record your receipt number and the date of your payment. Receipt/Transaction No.

Date DIRECT DEBIT DD Use the Optus AutoPay service to have the total amount due deducted on your nominated savings, cheque or credit card account on the due date. You will receive your bill prior to the due date to ensure you have time to call us with any queries. To apply, please call the Bill Enquiries number on the front of this bill. MAIL Detach the payment slip from the bottom of this bill and return it together with your cheque in the envelope provided. Cheques to be made payable to Optus Billing Services Pty. Ltd. IN PERSON Present this bill at any Post Office to make your payment via cash or cheque. Accounting Period When you receive your account you may notice that some call details refer to a prior period. This is due to the timing of information processing. They are not duplicate charges. GST As of July 2001, most supplies will be subject to GST at the rate of 10%. The GST amount is displayed on Page 1 of your tax invoice. Please note that some items on your invoice may be classified as GST_free and will not be included in the GST calculation. Services provided prior to 1st July 2000 will not be subject to GST. SECTION 2: Questions 13Questions 13Look at the following information regarding refund policy at the National Centre English Language Training Research (NCELTR) at Macquarie University. In boxes 13-19 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage Example Answer All fees must be paid in advance. FALSE 13. Students in the NCELTR program who have their visa rejected may have their enrolment fee refunded if they write to the director of the NCELTR within 14 days of enrolment. 14. Once students begin classes they cannot ask for refunds.

15. If notice of withdrawal is given, more than 28 days before the commencement of the period of enrolment (CPE), tuition fees will be fully refunded. 16. Financial difficulties are not sufficient grounds for a refund. 17. If the student is experiencing financial difficulties he or she may be able to defer payment. 18. If Macquarie cancels a class the student can choose a refund or an alternative class. 19. Verbal notices of withdrawal from a course are unacceptable. NCELTR Fee Policy (English Language Programs) This section is administered by the Macquarie University National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research (NCELTR), and relates to students undertaking English language programs at NCELTR. 1. All fees are payable in advance, and must be paid before a Confirmation of Enrolment will be issued. 2. The enrolment fee of A$150 is payable once only, and is not refundable. 3. Course fees will be refunded in full if a visa application is rejected. Evidence from the relevant Australian Embassy must be provided. 4. Macquarie University reserves the right to cancel or amend courses as necessary, depending on student numbers. Students affected by the cancellation of a course will be offered an alternative course or a full refund of their fees. 5. Australian visa regulations require overseas students to attend at least 80% of their timetabled classes. 6. Request for refunds must be made in writing. If notice of withdrawal is given, more than 28 days before the commencement of the period of enrolment (CPE), tuition fees will be refunded, less a charge of up to 20%. If notice is given less than 28 days before the CPE, the charge will be 5 weeks of tuition. No refunds are granted after the CPE. 7. Requests for transfers must be made in writing, and evidence of acceptance by the other institution must be provided. 8. All refunds will normally be reimbursed in the same currency as the fees were originally paid and in the student's home country, except in exceptional circumstances. 9. All applications under this policy must be made in writing to the Director NCELTR within 14 days of withdrawal.

10. Financial difficulties should not be seen by students as reasons to withdraw from subjects or course, and apply for a refund. Students in financial difficulty are encouraged to contact the Coordinator, International Student Services in the International Office at the earliest opportunity to discuss the universitys deferred payment and student loan schemes. 11. If a student has his/her visa rejected he/she may appeal in writing to the Director NCELTR within 14 days of being notified of the rejection for a refund of their tuition fees. Questions 20-26 Look at the information below on Heriot Watt University MBA Program". Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage answer the following questions on the answer sheet in boxes 20-26. THE SAME ANSWER MAY BE USED TWICE IF NECESSARY. Example Answer Heriot has developed MBA programmes with this University of University. Budapest 20. Heriot_Watt is not exactly located in the city centre of Edinburgh. Where is it actually located? 21. Besides classes, what must students complete to finish the course? 22. What tool used to link past students to new students? 23. What area is currently being developed as an MBA major? 24. How is Heriot_Watt school described in terms of size? 25. For what area of research is The Esmee Fairban Research centre mostly known? 26. Although Heriot_Watt may have a good MBA program, what kind of university is it primarily known to be? Heriot_Watt University MBA Program The University Heriot_Watt, which is located on a most attractive campus on the outskirts of the city of Edinburgh, is predominantly a technological university with excellent links with industry and commerce worldwide. In 1972, the university established the first UK research park; this now contains some 40 companies employing around 600 people. Further expansion is under way. Facilities The on_campus facilities of shops restaurants, students' union, sports halls, library and accommodation are excellent. These range from the distinctive Business Executive Centre, to

small seminar rooms. The school has three computer laboratories. The Business School The school moved in 1989 to new purpose_built accommodation on the main campus. It is a medium_sized school with fifty_plus teaching and research staff and a range of post_experience, post graduate and undergraduate courses. Through the university's unique Department of Languages, strong European links have been established, initially with French and German business schools. More recently, these have included Eastern European countries. The business school has developed MBA programmes and initiatives with the University of Budapest. The business school has worked closely with the engineering faculty in the Institute of Technology Management establishment, and further joint major international links are being developed. Links Most recently a consortium MBA programme has been developed with Scottish Power and Dawson, International. Since the early 1980s the school has generated over 2 million pounds in research income. The Esmee Fairbairm Research Centre, which has an international reputation for its research in economics education, undertakes a range of management development programmes for business executives worldwide. The experience gained over 20 years in the field of executive education has been applied to the production of the courses for the distance learning MBA. A Heriot_Watt MBA Network has been established to link past Heriot Watt MBA graduates, present course members and staff quality teaching rooms from the business school. Structure of Full_and Part_Time Courses Course members have to complete six core classes, four elective classes from a wide choice and a dissertation. The compulsory core subjects deal with the basic elements of business management. An international study option is currently being developed as a major. Distance Learning Programme This programme offers a unique, self_sufficient course of study. To obtain an MBA, seven compulsory courses (accounting, economics, finance, marketing, organisational behaviour, quantitative methods and strategic planning) and two elective courses must be completed, but in any order. Exams are held twice a year at centres throughout the world. There are no formal admission procedures to begin this course. SECTION 3: Questions 27-33 THE DISCOVERY OF THE PLANETS A As early as kindergarten we were taught that there are nine planets, but 200 years ago, even scholars were sure there were only six planets. People have known about Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn for a long time. Early civilizations named the days of the week after each of these planets, plus the sun and moon. The Greeks watched them move through the night sky, passing in front of the stars that make up the constellations of the zodiac, and called them planets, which mean wanderers." As recently as the 1700s, people still believed that the planet Saturn was at the farthest extent of the solar system. That there might be other planets wasn't

even a respectable idea. B In 1781 a self_taught astronomer, William Herschel, was sweeping the skies" with his telescope when he spotted an object that appeared as a disk rather than a glowing star. Because it moved slightly from week to week, Herschel thought it was a comet. After a few months, however, he decided the orbit was circular ... and came to the shocking conclusion that it wasn't a comet, but an unknown planet. People were astonished. No one since ancient times had anyone named a planet. Herschel felt that it should be called Georgium Sidus" (George's Star) after George III, the king of England, some wanted to name it Herscher" after its discoverer. But one influential astronomer suggested Uranus," after the Greek god of the heavens. That made sense, since it was thought to be the limit of the solar system. C The newly found planet had a slight variation in its orbit, almost as if something were tugging at it. Could there be another planet affecting Uranus? A century earlier, Isaac Newton had come up with laws describing the effects that the gravitational forces of planets have on one another. Using Newton's laws, two young scientists, Jean Leverrier and John Couch Adams set out independently in 1840 to find the unknown planet whose gravitational forces might be pulling on Uranus. Both hoped the unknown planet would be where their calculations said they could find it. Adams finished his calculations first, in September 1845. The following August, Leverrier completed his. Neither had access to a large telescope, so they couldn't verify their projections and no one would make one available to them. Finally, Leverrier traveled to the Berlin Observatory in Germany, and the young assistant manager, Johanna Gottfried Galle, agreed to help search for the planet. D That was September 23, 1846. That night, Galle looked through the telescope, calling out stars and their positions while a young student astronomer, Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, looked at a star chart, searching for the stars Galle described. Finally Galle called out an eighth-magnitude star that d'Arrest couldn't locate on the charts. They had found the unknown planet! It had taken two years of researchbut only a half hour at the telescope. The honor of the discovery belongs to both Adams and Leverrier, who had essentially discovered the new planet with just a pen and a new set of mathematical laws. The greenish planet was named after Neptune, god of the sea. E Leverrier was on a roll. He started looking for other planets ... and became convinced that there was one between the Sun and Mercury. He called his planet Vulcan the god of fire, because it was so close to the Sun. Leverrier noted that, like Uranus, Mercury experienced disturbances that caused it to travel farther in one point in its orbit. Since Neptune was one of the causes of similar pulls on Uranus, it made sense that another planet was affecting Mercury. Leverrier never found Vulcan, but people believed it was there until 1916, when Einstein's general theory of relativity was published. Einstein gave a satisfactory explanation for the discrepancies in Mercury's orbit; scientists no longer needed Vulcan. It thereby ceased to exist ... until decades later, when Gene Roddenberry, creator of Star Trek," appropriated the planet and made it the home of Spock. F The discovery of Neptune did not completely account for the peculiar movements of Uranus. Once again, scientists considered the pull of another planet as a cause and set out to find Planet X". Using the telescope at his observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, Percival Lowell searched for

Planet X for 10 years. After he died in 1916, his brother gave the observatory a donation that enabled it to buy a telescope-camera. The light-sensitive process of photography allowed astronomers to capture images of dim and distant stars that they couldn't see, even with the aid of a telescope. G In 1929 the Lowell Observatory hired Clyde Tombaugh, a young self-taught astronomer from Kansas, to continue the search for Planet X. Lowell had suggested that the unknown planet was in the Gemini region of the sky. Using an instrument called the blink microscope Tombaugh took two photographs of that area of the sky a few days apart and placed them side-by-side under the microscope. If something moved in the sky, as planets do, it would appear as a speck of light jumping back and forth as Tombaugh's eyes moved from one photograph to the other, looking through the microscope. HThat's just what happened. The observatory announced the discovery of the ninth planet on March 13, 1930. An 11-year-old girl, the daughter of an Oxford astronomy professor, chose the name Plutothe god of the netherworldfor the new planet. Four years before his death, Tombaugh repeatedly declared that there were no more planets in our solar system. If there were, he said, he would have found them. The following statements were made by an astronomy student in the UK. Find the paragraph in which the following statements would be supported. You are advised to spend 10 minutes. The first one is done for you as an example. NOTE: YOU MAY USE ANY LETTER MORE THAN ONCE! Example Answer Newton's laws can't always be relied upon to E discover new planets. 27. You don't need to be a trained astronomer to discover new things in the sky. Even in the 20th century, self-taught astronomers have made important discoveries." 28. Sometimes it takes a little bit of math and logic to make discoveries, rather than just by searching." 29. The effect of a planet's orbit may be due to the tug of another planet, but not always." 30. The concept of 9 planets hasn't always been accepted." 31. Besides math and observation, special tools and instruments can really help to make discoveries." 32. Sometimes research, a good telescope and photography can successfully find new objects in the sky." 33. Planets are usually named after Greek gods, but one planet was almost named after a mere mortal." Questions 34-40

Look at the following statements. In boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet write T if the answer is True F if the answer is False NG if the answer is Not Given in the passage Example Answer Pluto used to be called Planet X.T 34. Clyde Tombaugh had received no formal education in astronomy before being hired by the Lowell Observatory. 35. Planet X actually turned out to be Neptune. 36. Each of the last 3 planets were named after Greek gods. 37. Uranus was discovered by chance. 38. Neptune took the most amount of painstaking research and mathematical computations to find compared with Uranus and Pluto. 39. It was Adams and Leverrier who first observed the planet Neptune. 40. Tombaugh's 11-year-old daughter did not name the 9th planet. Reading Test 8

SECTION 1: Questions 1Questions 1Look at the following notice regarding Interlibrary Loan Service. In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage Example Answer The IDD can give you a signal if another call comes FALSE through. 1. There is a surcharge on all IDD calls. 2. You can put another call on hold to receive a second call without having to pay for the first call. 3. If you have a bad connection on your line you can phone the Telephone Supervisor and have your charges revoked.

4. You can be protected against people who use your phone to call overseas. 5. A telephone call will take 30 seconds or less to connect after dialing the last digit. 6. GSM and PCN phone calls under IDD are free of charge. NOTES FOR INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CALLS Terminating a Call A caller is advised to terminate an international telephone call immediately under the following circumstances, as the longer the call is held the higher will the IDD charges be as the circuits are still being utilized. Poor Connection If the connection of an international telephone call is poor (e.g. noisy, faint, report the poor connection to the Telephone Supervisor at Tel No.1800 also arrange for reconnection in the case of operator-assisted calls. Warning Tone Provided By Call Waiting Facility Upon hearing the warning tone, which indicates to you that another party is calling, terminate the international telephone call if you wish to answer the incoming call. However, if you choose to put the first call on hold" and then receive the second call, the timing for the international call will continue. Rates Table The call charges and other related information for destinations are tabulated on pages 23 to Phone Lock Facility You can prevent unauthorised IDD and Operator-Assisted overseas calls from being made from your telephone with the Phone Lock Facility. Call 169 for details if you are a residential customer, or 166 if you are a business customer. Payphone for International Calls There is a $0.30 per call surcharge for IDD calls made from cardphones and credit card payphones. Please call 104 toll-free if you are making enquiries from public cardphones or credit card payphones. Mobile/Callzone Phones for International Calls echoes), you can who can

You can make an IDD call from your Mobile/ Callzone phone if it has an IDD facility. For Mobile phones, all GSM and PCN phones come with IDD facilitiesprovided at no extra charge. Connection After the last digit of the called party's telephone number is dialed, it may take as long as 30 seconds for the connection to be established before a tone is heard. Dialing USA Domestic Toll-Free Numbers Domestic toll free numbers in the USA (USA 800 numbers) can be assessed by Singapore Telecom's IDD service. Questions 7Look at the product information on the following page. Match each of the following sentences with TWO possible endings A-M from the box below. Note: You may use each letter once only. Write the appropriate letters A-M in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet. Example Answer What are two nutrients contained in bee pollen? J and L Questions 7 and What are the two benefits of bee pollen? Questions 9 and What are two ways that the Enriched Bee Pollen's quality is enriched? Questions 10 and Who are two types of people who might particularly benefit from Bee Pollen? Questions 12 and Which two sources praised the health benefits of bee pollen? Possible Endings A. ancient Egyptian writings

B. ancient Chinese doctors C. people heavily involved in sports D. gathering the pollen at a certain temperature E. a large number of nutrients F. Hippocrates G. people who often get tired in the afternoons H. people who lack nutrition I. giving you energy and stamina J. magnesium K. not gathering it from only one source L. calcium M. gathering it from areas without pollution Enriched Bee Pollen ONE OF NATURE'S PERFECT FOODS The beneficial effects of bee pollen have been noted for millennia and praised in the Bible as well as in ancient Chinese and Egyptian texts. It has long been prescribed by traditional health practitioners, including the father of modern medicine Hippocrates, and Pythagoras. Now as then, bee pollen is often referred to as one of Nature's perfect foods. This remarkable title is because of the fact that it contains a higher percentage of necessary nutrients than any other food: at least 18 amino acids, more than a dozen vitamins, 28 minerals, 11 enzymes or co-enzymes, 14 beneficial fatty acids, proteins and carbohydrates. Bee pollen supports many of your body's systems by allowing them to perform at their peak and enhancing your feelings of energy and stamina. This is especially important for anyone who struggles with mid-day burnout. Bee pollen provides the nutritional support to keep your body going all day long. Not surprisingly, bee pollen is used by athletes in training to improve their endurance and performance. When the body's systems are receiving all the nutritional support they require, they can concentrate on optimal performancewhether that means having more energy to spend quality time with your children at the end of a long day or competing at a world-class level.

To ensure its quality and purity, Enriched Bee Pollen is gathered year-round in remote areas of the United States in which there are no industries, agriculture or residences to interfere with the natural pollen-collecting processes. Enrich bee pollen is amassed from thousand of plant varieties, mixed together and then air-dried at temperatures below 45 degrees to create the highest quality bee pollen available. Contents: Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Beta Carotene Phosphorous, Zinc Bee pollen is an easy way to provide your body with complete nutrition for energy and stamina to enable you to achieve optimal performance in all areas of your life. SECTION 2: Questions 14Questions 14-19 are based on the passage Learning The Ropes of Education in the UK. Which paragraphs contain the following information? Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. You only need ONE letter for each answer. Example Answer The cost of studying at a British University? 14. How British universities differ from one another 15. The difference between postgraduate styles and undergraduate styles 16. Assessment preference of British universities 17. One student's experience with essays at a British University 18. A more pressing problem for international students besides writing 19. The issues that underly the adjustment of learning styles from a non-British university to a British university Learning The Ropes of Education in the UK A Learning the ways of a new university or college can be tricky, especially if you arrive from another country. In Britain, teaching methods differ considerably from most systems found in mainland Europe. While French, German and Japanese students maintain a respectful distance from the teacher, their British counterparts join them for tea. And while Scandinavians sweat over five-hour exams, the Brits write essays. The system is demanding and competitive, but may also be very rewarding. In the words of one senior lecturer in international relations at Keele University, you get out what you put in". B Undergraduate degrees, which last for three to four years, tend to follow a fixed schedule, with a tutor lecturing and students taking notes. Postgraduates, on the other hand, are expected to work

independently towards deadlines with the help of tutorials and seminars, and only a few lectures. In fact, teaching on this level can be surprisingly informal and it is not unusual for tutors to develop strong bonds with the students. C The exact structure of the course depends very much on the university or college. Britain's higher education institutions offer an enormous wealth of subjects to choose from. Also, they are virtually free to design the contents of their own courses. A degree at one university or college may be very different from one found elsewhere. The system allows universities or colleges to seek their own particular profile. The LSE, in which international students make over 60 per cent of all enrolments, has established itself as a centre of excellence in politics and other social sciences. And Goldsmiths College, part of the University of London, has built up a reputation for high-quality courses in fine arts, both in the UK and abroad. I think the diversity of British universities is a key strength of the system itself. If you go to one that suits your particular learning style, you are likely to be very well catered for," said a spokesman for the National Union of Students (NUS). D But quality comes at a high price, particularly for students from outside the EU, whose tuition fees may reach a staggering 9,000. The NUS and students' unions all over Britain have campaigned vigorously for the abolition of tuition fees ever since they were introduced in 1997, but so far with little success. Despite the cost, almost 270,000 students travel across the seas every year to educate themselves in the UK, according to the Higher Education Statistics Agency. E Whatever the chosen field of study, you are likely to do a lot of writing. Essay writing is a favoured method of assessing course work at all UK universities and colleges. For those with a mother tongue other than English, the first essays will be a challenge; practically all international students own a well-thumbed dictionary. Writing skills are thoroughly tested during the examinations. Many academic disciplines, especially the social sciences, favour a model in which students answer two out of 10 essay questions during a period of two hours. It may sound convenient, but producing something coherent in a language that is not your own in a short time is very demanding. The British system places quite a big part of the learning process into the student's hands. F I had never written an essay before I came to England, so the first one took me ages. But things soon got easier as I wrote more," says Iciar Ancizu, who came from Spain in September 1998 to do an MA in gerontology at Keele University. You cannot just reproduce other people's words. You really need to think about your topic, do your research and elaborate upon the arguments you are going to put forward in your piece." G For most international students, however, speaking English is far more difficult than writing it. In the beginning I felt like a baby!" says Emiko Yamasaki from Japan, studying for an MA in radio media at Goldsmiths College. The first lecture was frustrating because I couldn't really follow what was being said." For Emiko, it has been a process of constant learning; every day there have been new words, expressions and idioms to pick up. The usual trick, she outlines, is to think basically in English. As Iciar points out, it is also very important not to have too high expectations when going abroad to study. Although friends and lecturers are supportive, things are not going to be easy in the beginning. You have to take it step by step. Questions 20-26

Look at the information on the e-library services offered at a certain location in Canada on the following page and at the statements below. In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 20. Student Virtual Community is free to access. 21. The e-library is open every day. 22. There are librarians at the e-stations. 23. You can only find local advertisements no further than 20 years back. 24. You can use the e-station if you have a book that you have borrowed and you want to sign it out again. 25. The info-express service is only equipped to find information about Canada. You can use the e-station to communicate with others. WHERE CAN I FIND THE E-LIBRARY? At the e-station: The e-station is a premier entertainment centre where you will conveniently find a wide variety of broadband services, featuring state-of-the-art technology. 3 Apllebom Boulevard, Cardwaitte Tel: Suntec City Mall

Open daily from 9 am to 1 pm WHAT IS THE E-LIBRARY? The e-library is a value-added service provided by the National Library Board. Hosted and located within the e-station at Suntec City Mall, the e-library brings you the best of the library's electronic resources, enhancing your research for both work and leisure. WHAT IS AVAILABLE AT THE E-LIBRARY? A whole range of resources is available at your fingertips. TIARA Your one-stop information resource tool. Access a wide range of databases and services, which include Dialog, Engineering Information Village, Elsevier Science, Faulkner Information Services, and much more. VEGAS (Virtual Exhibition Gallery Systems) Allows retrieval of digital resources on Canada. Photographs, posters and even local advertisements dating back three decades can be found here. lnfoXpress Quick information on such topics such as Canada's history, heritage, and culture. You

can find information on many more topics although the above mentioned are most easily accessed. Videos For an absolutely enriching audio_visual experience, our video selection offers a wide variety of documentary selections. @THE LIBRARY NLB homepage Search the librry catalogue. Reserve or renew items and check your library account. All in real_time. Newsletter @the library The latest events. Exciting activities, services and new arrivals. So you keep in touch while we keep you updated. Reference Enquiry Want facts, information and references quickly and efficiently? Reference librarians to your rescue. Simply post relevant questions to the reference librarian via e_mail on the Reference Point Page. Student Virtual Community Students and teachers! You get support here when we provide rich on_line resources for project work. Then engage in discussions, exchange your ideas and publish project and personal contributions online. SECTION 3: Questions 27There's A Dinosaur in your Backyard The evidence that birds are descended from dinosaursindeed are dinosaurshas become conclusive for most paleontologist and evolutionary biologists. The theory had fallen out of favour in the 1920s because, although theropods and birds share a great many features, no dinosaurs appeared to have a furcula, or wishbone. But furculae are now known in many species of theropods including Velociraptor, unearthed in Mongolia in 1991. Its two clavicle bones are joined to make a v_shaped furcula. A few scientists reject the dinosaur_bird connection. They see the similarities as convergent evolutionthe development of like traits in separate species. To them dinosaurs and birds share a common ancestor (which is yet to be discovered) but evolved along separate paths. But they have no physical evidence," says paleontologist Hans_Dieter Sues, of Toronto's Royal Ontario Museum.Only dinosaurs are anatomically suited to be the precursors of birds."The answers will require years of study," says John Ostrom. Perhaps even centuries. More than a hundred years after the discovery of Archaeopteryx scientists still aren't sure how well it could fly. Nor is it clear how its ancestors first took wing. A small group of scientists believes that a tree_climbing reptile with the habit of jumping from tree to tree evolved wings that allowed it first to glide and th en to fly. But most paleontologists contend that a small, two_legged dinosaur much like Velociraptor ran along the ground flapping its forelimbs and eventually developed the characteristics that allowed it to take off. Ted Goslow believes that clues to the origin of bird flight can be found in living birds. An

evolutionary biologist at Brown University, Goslow studies the bones and muscles used by birds in takeoff, flight and landing to try to understand how these features might have evolved. He flies birds in wind tunnels and records their motion with high_speed film and with electrodes that measure their muscle activity to capture the subtle and complex movements in a single wingbeat. The flapping flight of a bird_the streamlined upstroke and powerful downstroke_is incredibly efficient,Goslow says.The muscle that lifts the wing for the upstroke, for instance, can generate a force ten times the body weight of the bird . Recently Goslow and his colleague Sam Poore analyzed the wingbeat of starlings to decipher the role of this specialized muscle. They found that the muscle was critical not just for raising the wing but for repositioning it for the downward strokea finding that might shed light on Archaeopteryx flight. Anatomical evidence suggests that the bird had some ability to fly. But it lacked features essential to sophisticated flapping flightthe large, deep breastbone, for instance, that anchors wing muscles in modern birds. The modern bird wing also has this clever, weird pulley mechanism that allows the muscle to raise and twist the wing, Goslow explains. Theres no evidence of this mechanism in Archaeopteryx suggesting that it might have been hampered in the trickier movements of slow flight, such as takeoff and landing, and was perhaps only at the threshold of true powered flight. To prepare for the all_important downstroke, a starling must quickly position the wing high above its back. Goslow and Poores study of Archaeopteryx shows that it lacked the shoulder structure necessary for a rapid wing upstroke. If the archaic bird did flap its wings to remain airborne, it did so by some as_yet_unknown mechanism. Evidence of a modern shoulder didnt appear in birds until several million years after Archaeopteryx another gap in the still puzzling history of the development of true flight. Birds have come a long way since the first avian creature took wing. The most numerous vertebrates on Earth, after fish, they are exquisitely adapted to exploiting nearly every airy niche. A peregrine falcon can dive out of the sky for prey at well over a hundred miles an hour. A hummingbird hovering above a flower beats its green and burnished wings nearly 60 times a second. A wandering albatross rides the currents over oceans for thousands of miles slung beneath ten feet of narrow wing. SECTION 3: Questions 27Write the answers to the following questions using boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet. Example?Answer Which evolutionary biologist who believes that the?Ted Glosow origins of bird flight can be found in the study of modern birds? NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS in

27. By analyzing the modern starling, researchers now know that the reason dinosaur birds couldn't move upwards (upstroke) and downwards quickly was because which part of the body was missing? 28.The theory that birds are descended from dinosaurs was not popular, because dinosaurs did not have which part of the body? 29.Some scientists think that, rather than evolving from dinosaurs, birds may have evolved from which creature? 30.The wishbone is present in a few ancient dinosaurs by the joining of which two bones? 31.The experiments to determine the evolution of bird flight were conducted in which types of laboratories? 32.Which rather amazing feature of the bird's body is not part of thewing, but along with the muscles, acts to allow a bird to perform various flying maneuvers while in the air? Questions 33Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer of the reading passage? In boxes 3336 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the writer NOT GIVENif it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this Example? Answer The excavations are inexpensive.?NO 33. The theory that birds evolved from dinosaurs became popular again in the early 20th century. 34. The theory that birds evolved from reptiles is not popular. 35. Archaeopteryx could probably fly, but probably not very well. 36. According to the author, the ability of birds in their flight must have improved rapidly from their dinosaur days. Questions 37Complete each of the following statements with a word from the reading passage which best reflects it. Write your answers in lines 37-40 on your answer sheet. Living birds can provide the clues to the ...(37)... of bird flight. He uses various equipment including ...(38)..., since it is difficult to detect which muscles are being used during the flap of a wing. Scientists can see what body structures there are, and based on this ...(39)... evidence, they

believe that Archaeopteryx dinosaurs could fly but doubt whether they could remain ...(40)... for long. typesorigins anatomicalairborne wind tunnelselectrodes scientificcameras Reading Test 9 SECTION 1: Questions 1You are advised to spend 20 minutes on Questions 1-14. First, read the text below and answer Questions 1INFANT LIFESAVING 101 Even if you know adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it's important to take a refresher course once you become a parent. CPR and the Heimlich maneuver are different for infants than for adults; in fact, they're different for children over age 1 than they are for your baby. Review the basic infant CPR steps below. CPR is performed when a baby has stopped breathing. If you discover that your baby can't breathe because an object is blocking his airway (food or some other small item), do the infant Heimlich maneuver. A. Call for help If you think your child isn't breathing, even after you've tried to rouse him, have someone immediately call 911 (or your local emergency service if you don't have 911) while you get started on CPR. If you're alone, go through the CPR routine once, then carry your child to the phone with you. Continue CPR while you're calling, if possible. B. Do a 5_second breathing checkWith your baby on his back, tilt his head back and lift his chin. This should open his airway and allow you to listen to check whether air is passing in and out. Watch to see if his chest is rising and falling. If you don't detect any signs of breathing, go to Step C. Start mouth_to_mouth resuscitation With your baby's head still tilted back, cover his lips and mouth with your lips. Create a seal. Give two small breaths and let the air flow back into your mouth between breaths. You should be blowing hard enough so that his chest rises. If it doesn't, retilt his head and try the breaths again. If there's still no rise in the chest, assume that there's an obstruction in his airway and begin the Heimlich maneuver. D. Check for a pulse If your breaths have gone in, press two fingers against the inside of your baby's upper arm to feel

for a pulse. If a pulse is evident, but the baby isn't breathing, continue giving a slow breath every three seconds, stopping to check the pulse every minute or so. As long as there's a pulse, repeat the one slow breath every three seconds until the baby begins to breathe, or until help arrives. E. Starting CPR If you can't feel a pulse and the baby isn't breathing, place two fingers in the center of his chest about an inch below his nipples. Press five times firmly and quickly (within about three seconds). The baby's breastbone should go in about an inch each time you press. Follow the five compressions with one breath. Repeat the compression_breath cycle about 20 times during the next minute. Then check the pulse again. Continue until you feel a pulse or help arrives. Questions 1Match the pictures below to the appropriate section in the instructions. Write the correct letter AE in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. Questions 5Answer the following questions on the text Infant Lifesaving 101" using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS. Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet. 5. What maneuver should you perform if your baby still isn't breathing after mouth_to_mouth resuscitation? 6. How far in should the baby's chest go when you begin CPR by pressing? 7. If you are alone conducting CPR on your baby, what should you do at the same time? 8. What opens when you tilt your baby's head back? Now read the information below and answer Questions 9-14. CELEBRITY CRUISESGUEST SERVICE INFORMATION Age requirements for Celebrity Cruises' onboard baby_sitting services On sailings when the family Cruising Program is operational, group babysitting is offered in the children's playroom for children ages 3-12, from 1000 P.M. to 100 A.M. There is a charge of $ 6.00 per hour for each child. Private, in stateroom babysitting is available for a charge of $8.00 per hour. This service is on a limited basis and arrangements can only be made on board through Cabin services or Guest Relations. The child must be at least six (6) months old. Onboard Dress Code You ill need three types of clothing on your Celebrity cruise: casual shipboard attire or day wear, conservative port wear and eveningwear.

Daywear includes slacks or pants, blouses or shirts, knit tops or polo shirts. Bring a pair of sneakers or rubber_soled shoes for deck sports and a swimsuit cover_up for cool areas on the ship. Port wear for women includes a casual dress, skirt and blouse, or pants outfit; for men, casual pants or walking shorts, and polo_type shirts. Comfortable walking shoes are a must. Also, remember to bring extra bathing suits, as well as sun block, sun visors and other types of sun protection. A gentleman's choice for casual nights includes a sport shirt and slacks, while women will be comfortable in a pants suit, skirt and blouse, or casual dress. On informal nights, men are requested to wear a jacket, shirt and tie, while women may want to wear a suit or dress. For the formal nights, including the Captain's Welcome Aboard Cocktail Party, dinner on the second night, and the Captain's Farewell Dinner held the next_to_last night of the cruise; both men and women may prefer more dressy attire, such as an evening gown for women and a tuxedo or dress suit for men. Medical Staff onboard Onboard we have two fully qualified doctors, and three nurses. Tips for Seasickness, or Will I get seasick? Everybody is different. In the event that you do get sea sick, you can go to the guest relations desk and ask for a sea sickness medication. Do your cabins have irons and ironing boards? None of the staterooms onboard any Celebrity Cruises vessel have irons or ironing boards. However, there is a full laundry and dry_cleaning service available onboard for a reasonable rate. - Special articles of apparel such as silks, flannel trousers, woolens and other items which are difficult to clean are accepted for laundering only at owner's risk - Items marked DRY CLEAN ONLY," should NOT be laundered - In case of loss or damage, liability is limited to ten times the prices charges for laundry/pressing of said article. Not responsible for shrinkage, fastness of colors, zippers, buttons and ornaments, or ordinary wear and tear in pressing, or anything left in pockets of garments Questions 9Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet. 9. If you want to have childcare during your cruise a. bring your own help.

b. ask the nurse when she has a break. c. arrange for it when the family program is in service. d. make lots of friends. 10. If you get seasick a. ask the desk for a vomit bag. b. ask to be seen by the cruise doctor. c. lay on your bed for stability. d. get medicine from staff. 11. None of the rooms have a. televisions. b. irons. c. head boards. d. toothbrushes. 12. For onboard games bring a. your own ball. b. a partner to play with. c. special gym clothes. d. a pair of tennis shoes. 13. When should you wear casual clothing? a. to the Captains Welcome Party. b. on the final evening. c. when you go sightseeing in town. d. to dinner on the second night.

14. On board dry_cleaning may be liable for a. forgotten money in clothing. b. burns on clothes. c. tears during pressing. d. garments that come out smaller than when they went in. SECTION 2: Questions 15You are advised to spend 20 minutes on Questions 15Questions 15Look at the article Dartmouth Outdoor Clubs. Which club would you contact for each of the requirements below? Write the appropriate letter A-G in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet. You may use each letter more than once. The first one has been done for you as an example. ExampleAnswer You wish to go deer hunting.?A 15. You would like to do something every Tuesday. 16. You want to present at a conference. 17. You miss the smell of your family farm. 18. You love being on the water. 19. You are want experience in planning recreation trails. 20. You are concerned about sport safety. 21. You are looking for something to do after your 850-945 class on Mondays at Robinson Hall. DARTMOUTH OUTDOOR CLUBS (DOC) A. Bait and Bullet Bait and Bullet was founded in 1921 by J.R. Titcomb '23 for the purpose of stimulating hunting and fishing about Hanover." Bait and Bullet organizes hunting and fishing trips throughout the greater Dartmouth region. They also exercise their skills closer to home with practices and workshops. Each fall they run a hunter safety course.

B. Boots and Saddles Boots and Saddles was formed in 1928 and became affiliated with the DOC the following year. The club has a strong competitive side, given its close connection with (and many members in common with) the Dartmouth Riding Team. The club however also offers a more relaxed environment for learning and practicing skills. Boots and Saddles is based at the Dartmouth Riding Center at the Morton Farm in Etna, NH (about ten miles from campus). The Riding Center includes an outdoor ring and an indoor arena, a twenty_five horse stable and several additional outbuildings, several acres of fenced pasture, and three miles of additional riding trails. C. Cabin and Trail Cabin and Trail (C&T) runs hiking and backcountry skiing trips, maintains ten cabins throughout New Hampshire, and maintains 70 miles of the Appalachian Trail, including ten shelters. Their Woodsmen's Team competes against other schools in New York, New England, and Canada in woodcraft skills. C&T meets every Monday at 10 p.m. in the basement of Robinson Hall. D. Ski Patrol The Dartmouth Ski Patrol evolved out of the DOC's Winter Sports Division. The club provides patrol and rescue services on the Dartmouth Skiway and medical safety support to the activities of the other DOC clubs throughout the year. All patrollers are members of the National Ski Patrol, are certified as Outdoor Emergency Care Technicians, and are well versed in various special rescue techniques, including toboggan handling, chairlift evacuation and technical rope rescues. E. Environmental Studies Division In the 1960s a new awareness was born in the DOC, that involvement and love of the out_of_doors could include more than recreational pursuits. In 1969 the DOC formed its Environmental Studies Division to promote environmental education and activism. ESD continues to influence the College's policies and management. The club's energy use and recycling programs have driven the College's environmental awareness and improved practices on campus over the past three decades, and recently members of ESD were influential in implementing a 1991 Environmental Studies 50 recommendation for the creation of the Dartmouth Organic Farm. The club also hosts speakers and conferences throughout the year to educate its members and the Dartmouth community. F. Ledyard Canoe Club The Ledyard Canoe Club is dedicated to flatwater, whitewater, and ocean paddling. The Ledyard Canoe Club meets Mondays at 900 p.m. at their Clubhouse during the summer, and at Robinson Hall the rest of the year. The Ledyard Canoe Club was founded in 1920 and is the oldest and largest collegiate canoe club in the country. Hanover has extensive flatwater canoeing on the

Connecticut River and nearby lakes, as well as several good local whitewater runs. G. Cycling Club The Cycling Club was founded in 1975 to encourage touring and racing. Since then the club has seen a boom in membership and has adapted to the advent of mountain biking. The recreational areas in the Dartmouth vicinity offer a variety of terrains and difficulty levels for both road and mountain cyclists. Club members participate in races, All_DOC events, and daily group rides. Every week beginner mountain bike rides take place, offering those with less experience a chance to learn about nearby trails with a qualified leader. For those students who feel the need for excessive speed and adrenaline, the club offers downhill trips to the Killington ski resort during the spring, summer, and fall terms. In addition the club has recently become active in the planning of new mountain bike trails at the Oak Hill recreational facility, demonstrating a commitment to the future of cycling in the Upper Valley. Questions 22Read the article on International Students House and look at the statements below. In boxes 2229 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVENif the information is not given in the passage The first one has been done for you as an example. ExampleAnswer Internet facilities are available? TRUE 22. There are three connected buildings that compose the International Student House. 23. The Mundo bar offers drinks on school nights. 24. Photocopying on 8 1/2" by 11" paper requires you bring your own supply. 25. You can talk to someone about depression whenever it overwhelms you. 26. You can win prizes on game nights in the Uno Mundo Bar. 27. Recent graduates are not allowed to have club memberships. 28. Users should pay for Internet use at the front desk. 29. Children are not allowed in the London International Student House. London International Student House General Information At ISH we provide accommodation for over 550 people in a combination of single, twin, triple, quad and multi_bedded rooms. We have 3 sites: 2 of them are joined to form the main building,

(Wills House and Great Portland Street), the third is Mary Trevelyan Hall (5 minutes walk). There are also 46 self_contained flats available to married students and students with children. On arrival you will receive 15 minutes of complimemtary internet time in our Cybercfe and a 2 for 1 drinks voucher for the Uno Mundo Bar. Student Style Accommodation may be available at times throughout the year and during vacations. For further information, please contact our Accommodation Office. Membership Membership of International Students House is only open to all full_time students, professional trainees, students nurses and au pairs. The Club offers many facilities (see below) and a sports and social programme to suit a wide range of interests. Half price membership for au pairs/students nurses when taking out membership for 4 months or more The Uno Mundo Bar The Uno Mundo Bar is a stylish lounge bar. It is an ideal place to relax after shopping, travelling or sightseeing. Uno Mundo has some of the lowest priced drinks in the West End, with special drinks promotions, club nights, quizzes and other entertainment. It is a great place to meet other travellers, visitors and friends. The large screen TV hosts all the major sporting events via our satellite. The Bar at Mary Trevelyan Hall is open most evenings during term time from 2000 to 2300 and is located in the basement of the Hall. The Cyber Cafe The Cyber Cafe on the first floor has 10 terminals for Internet or general PC usage. They require a prepaid card to operate them which is available from the Cyber Cafe counter, Uno Mundo bar or the reception desks at both Great Portland Street and Mary Trevelyan Hall. The cards cost either 2 (1 hour of use) or 10 (6 hours of use). The same cards also operate the photocopiers at GPS and MTH. A 2 card gives 40 (Paper size A4 11.69 copies and a 10 card 240 (Paper size A48.27 ) copiesor a combination of both Cyber Cafe use and photocopies. The Cyber Cafe is NO SMOKING throughout and has a selection of newspapers, a range of freshly made coffees and teas, and both draught and packaged alcoholic drinks available from 530pm pm. The Cyber Cafe also carries a range of toiletries and other little essentials you may need during your stay with us. Welfare Service C ISH has an Independent Welfare Advisor who is available to give CONFIDENTIAL information and advice to overseas students studying in London. Appointments can be made at any time by telephone or by dropping in. Call Chris Hutty on 020 7631 8369. Chris is also available on

Tuesday and Thursday evenings until 8pm. welfare@ish.org.uk Whatever your problem, from immigration to health, finance to study, if the advisor is unable to help then he can point you in the right direction. ISH in association with LCOS produce an annual guide to welfare advice. The AZ: A Guide to Living in London' is freeplease just contact or email the Welfare Advisor for a copy. SECTION 3: Questions 30You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 30-41 which are based on the Reading Passage below. The Composting Toiletan ecologically responsible solution by Flemming Abrahamsson, Mikroben" nr.7, 1994 translated from the Danish by Renewable Energy" The composting toilet solves with one blow the problems of black waste water" and loaded nutrient salts in the recipient and overuse of our precious water resources. A. Water consumption Our daily consumption of water is 180-200 litres which translates to approximately 70,000 litres of drinking water/person/year. Ordinary flush toilets are responsible for 15-20,000 litres of this amount. Composting toilets do away with this water wastage and at the same time keep feces, paper and even urine out of the sewage system. B. The composting toilet When one mentions the word composting toilet" or mulch latrine", people immediately protest and come up with such comments as, you don't mean you expect us to go back to the use of stinky latrines ?!" and doesn't it smell like slurry ?!" But on this matter I must be firmtoday we have an odourless and comfortable solution very suitable for installation inside the home. In contrast to many so_called ingenious" solutions such as incineration toilets, freezer_bag toilets, dry toilets and the like, which often require the use of large amounts of energy, a genuine composting toilet consists of a large container in which a composting process takes place before the contents are removed, and a toilet stool + seat very similar in appearance to that of an ordinary flush toilet. The end product of the composting toilet is an odourless humus material totally unlike manure or the contents of a latrine. (there is no danger in handling it and it can be used as fertilizer for shrubs and decorative plants as long as it has had soil contact for 19 months) C. Denmark's neighboring countries During the past few decades, individuals in Norway and Sweden have been continuously working on the development of composting toilets, so that today we have a new generation of composting toilets. In 1982, according to the Nordic Minister council, there were 300,000 composting toilets installed throughout Scandinavia. I suppose that Denmark accounts for only about 100 of these. Development has continued at a fast rate in the neighbouring countries and

the latest encouraging news is that Tannum municipality", near Goteborg, Sweden, has recently forbidden flush toilets from the year 2000 and currently builds 70% of their new housing without flush toilets. D. Development in Denmark Because of the fact that 7% of Danish housing (in rural areas) aren't connected to central sewage systems, some research on composting toilets has been undertaken at The Danish Technical University and the most current news in this field is that a project called Kompost_toiletter 1994" by Simon Wris_Berg and Peter Friis Moller has been awarded a prize by Denmark's agricultural school. Some Danish firms have experienced an increase in inquiries about composting toilets during the past few years due both to increasing environmental awareness as well as ever increasing water costs. E. The design of a composting toilet Composting toilets vary in appearance depending upon the manufacturer, but common for them all, is that they have a collection container for feces, paper, in some cases kitchen garbage, while some separate urine into a second container. The contents of the feces container are composted by aerobic process, which takes about one year, into a humus like material. In the company Renewable Energy", we have developed a year_round model called the Eco_composter" for family homes. The collection container of our toilets is made of fibre reinforced concrete which makes for a reduction in use of fibreglass and epoxy. The toilet stool, which is made of either fibre_concrete or porcelain, is designed so that urine and feces are kept separate. The feces, paper and kitchen garbage drop vertically down into one tank, while the urine is collected at the fronta design appropriate for both female and male use. In this way the urine can, without coming into contact with the feces, be collected in a tank and, because there is no danger of disease, be used as liquid fertilizer when mixed with 4-5 times its amount in water. The urine can also, of course, be mixed with household grey waste water". But this must be regarded as the second solution. Our porcelain stool is designed in such a way that the urine compartment can be flushed with 0.1 litres of water. The tank has ventilation channels to enable the oxidizing process to take place, and all air is drawn up through a vent which reaches up through and over the roof of the house. This means that the composting toilet itself functions as a ventilation system for the entire toiletroom, keeping out unwanted smell. This makes for quite an advantagethere is never any unpleasant smell connected with avisit" to the toiletroom. As indicated in previous research, a family's yearly production of compost humus is approximately 100-200 litres (the original amount of uncomposted feces having been greatly reduced after composting). The components of our composting toilet take up the same amount of space as a traditional flush toilet in the toiletroom itself, while the collection_container and ante_chamber are located beneath the floor of the toiletroom or from a connected lightbox" located outdoors.

F. Infection and the authorities The Danish authorities require that the same minimum criteria are fulfilled as with sludge delivery, due to a risk of disease_carrying bacteria and parasites, although the compost can always be spread on the ground because the amount of heavy metals in human feces + urine is extremely low when not mixed with other wastewater (see table 1). The compost_humus could of course be pasteurized at 70 degrees for a minimum of 1 hour, but this holds no interest for us, because we want to avoid the use of large amounts of energy and retain the good balance with nutrients which are present in the compost_humus. We don't want to use energy for no reasons. We require that the compost is brought in contact with soil bacteria and kept behind a little fence for yet another year before being spread out on gardens or fields. This requirement is easy to live with in cases where there is a complete plan for the composting toilet and the grey wastewater", for instance first via a microbiological cleaning in a sandfilter and finally by means of gravitation in an energy_forest draining system" so that we really can put the compost in the energy_forest". Today we are no longer confronted with the same resistance to this installation design as 10 years ago, due to greater environmental awareness and stricter wastewater treatment requirements. G. The future We will experience fast and hopefully creative development in the area of composting toilets combined with more research which initially can find support in the results of our neighbouring countries. Because the lack of fresh water is a global problem, these solutions are quite suitable for export to other countries. Questions 30Complete the summary below of the first two paragraphs of the Reading Passage. Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. You may alter the form of the word you choose. Write your answers in boxes 30-36 on your answer sheet. Summary Due to environmental problems such as recent shortages in ...fresh water..., composting toilets are gaining popularity because they help reduce ...(30)....While most people initially react negatively to the idea because they thinkit ...(31)..., the end product of bio_composting can even be used as ...(32)..., particularly if the product has been in contact with ...(33)... for a certain period of time. A compost toilet looks like a ...(34)... and the end product can even be ...(35)... because it is no longer a pollutant. It can also be used as a for fertilizer if it has had contact with ...(36)... for a while. Questions 37Look at paragraphs B and D and, using the information in the passage, complete the flow chart below. Write your answers in boxes 37-41 on your answer sheet. Use ONE OR TWO WORDS for each answer.

Reading Test 10 SECTION 1: Questions 1Questions 1Read the following advertisement and answer the questions. Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 1-2 on your answer sheet. Welcome to the Magical Land of Lotta Loot! You've entered Moola Moola's magical kingdom where everyone places a high value on saving and learning about money. The Moola Moola Savings Club for kids is full of colorful characters and a magical monster from the make_believe land of Lotta Loot. The magical monster Moola Moola, and his Money Minder friends, lead children 13 and under through the world of savings with a special children's savings account. Kids experience saving money for special items, and as their savings grow they receive great Moola gifts. Best of all, kids learn good savings habits and have fun, too. Children are rewarded every time they make a deposit to their account and receive special treats in the mail. 1. What is the Magical Land of Lotta Loot? A. A cartoon contest B. A club for make_believe friends C. A banking service D. An adventure park 2. How often do kids receive gifts? A. Each month B. Each time they visit the Magical Land of Lotta Loot C. Each time they add to their savings D. Each time they get mail Questions 3-6 SHORT_TERM HEALTH INSURANCE How does it work? One advantage to a short_term health insurance plan is that it works like an indemnity" plan in the sense that you have no preferred care provider (PCP) or gatekeeper, and you are not confined to an Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) network of doctors. Short_term plans give you the freedom to go to any doctor or specialist you like. What treatments are covered?

The kind of treatments covered by a short_term policy are fairly comprehensive. Surgery, hospital care, emergency services, diagnostic tests, prescription drugs, follow_up office visits, and even limited mental health care are included under short_term coverage. What treatments are not covered? There are, however, several areas where short_term coverage falls short of a traditional policy: -Preventative care, including physical exams, immunizations, and PAP tests, as well as child_wellness care, are not covered, except where required by state law. -Maternity care is almost never covered by short_term insurance. Most plans will cover complications arising from pregnancy, but routine doctors' visits are excluded. -Most short_term policies are nonrenewable. If you decide that you want to extend your short_term policy, your provider will make you apply for a new policy. Some insurers will flatly refuse to issue you a second policy if you filed any claims under your previous short_term policy. Others might offer you another policy, but they will treat any injuries or illnesses that occurred during your previous short_term policy as pre_existing conditions and thus will not cover treatment related to such conditions. Look at the following statements after reading the notice on Short_Term Health Insurance. In boxes 3-6 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage Example? Answer Short_term health insurance can pay for hospital visits.TRUE 3. With a short_term health insurance plan you are required to go to specified care givers. 4. Immunizations are required in every state. 5. Short_term health insurance covers routine checkups during pregnancy. 6. Short_term health insurance providers do not look favorably upon giving a new short_term policy if you were sick during a previous short_term health insurance plan. Questions 7You want to send some mail. Read the test North Carolina State University Mail Services" on the next page and answer

questions 7-12 using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 7-12 on your answer sheet. 7. What should be put on top of the outgoing mail pile? 8. What types of international mail items do not need extra packaging? 9. What is the maximum value of an item that can be registered? 10. For which mail service are return receipts not available? 11. What should be included on the address along with the city when you use international mail? 12. How much does Express Mail insurance cost to put separated, damaged, or loose documents back together? NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY MAIL SERVICES ACCOUNTABLE MAIL Accountable Mail includes all Certified, Registered, Insured and Overnight Express mail. Critical mail for these categories should be bundled separately or placed on top of the bundle of outgoing mail to insure immediate processing. (a) Certified Mailprovides you with a mailing receipt and a record of delivery is maintained at the recipient's post office for two years. Return receipts are available for an additional fee. Certified mail service is available only for First Class Mail. No insurance coverage is provided. A numbered label and completed receipt must be affixed. (b) Registered Mailthe registered mail system is designed to provide added protection for valuable mail. Postage insurance may be purchased to cover articles valued up to $25,000. Registered mail is the most secure mail the Postal Service offers. It incorporates a system of receipts to monitor registered articles from the point of acceptance to delivery. Return receipts and restricted delivery services are available for additional fees. Padded envelopes, spun_bonded envelopes and envelopes made of plastic or glossy material are not acceptable for domestic registered mail. Added security may delay delivery by 24-48 hours. (c) Return ReceiptsA return receipt is your proof of delivery. It is available for insured, certified, registered and domestic Express mail shipments (International mail excluded). The return receipt identifies the article number, who signed for it and the date it was delivered. Be certain to identify your box number and department on any return receipts so we can route them back to you. (d) Insured MailYou can obtain payment for domestic mail that has been lost, rifled or damaged by having it insured. You can buy insurance up to $5000 for Standard (A) and Standard(B) mail, Priority mail and First Class mail rates. Express Mail includes $500 insurance at no extra charge. (e) Express MailUse this service when reliability and speed are paramount. Available from the United States Postal Service, it reaches all major markets in the United States and most foreign countries. Express Mail, which can be used to ship letters, documents and other mailable items, carries document reconstruction insurance at no additional cost. You may mail up to 70 pounds. Mail for this service must be delivered to Mail Services by 330pm to make the day's mailing. A completed postage charge form should accompany each piece. Delivery is guaranteed by the United States Postal Service and provides for a full postage refund if the item is not delivered on time.

INTERNATIONAL MAIL (a) Postage rates to Canada and Mexico are less than other foreign countries. To assure that the proper postage is applied, please separate mail for Canada and Mexico from all other international mail. (b) All mail going to foreign countries must be enveloped or wrapped (except post cards). (c) All foreign mail should be sealed by your department. (d) Foreign mailings should have the country name printed in capital letters in English as the only information on the bottom line. The postal delivery zone, if any, should be included with the city. For example: MR THOMAS CLARK 117 RUSSELL DRIVE LONDON W1P 6HQ ENGLAND SECTION 2: Questions 13Questions 13-19 The following notice gives information about school field trips. Each field trip is labeled A-J. SCHOOL FIELD TRIPS A. Discovery Theater Discovery Theater presents performances by visiting companies and commissions original plays. Programs vary from acting and puppetry to singing and instrumental performances. B. Freer Gallery of Art, Sackler Gallery Discover the varied arts and cultures of China, Japan, South Asia, and the ancient Near East. Objects are available for students to handle and to enhance their understanding and enjoyment of Asian art. C. Cooper_Hewitt, National Design Museum The Cooper_Hewitt, National Design Museum is the only museum in the nation that focuses exclusively on historical and contemporary design. Design is the way something looks and works. It's also the process of thinking, planning, conceiving, envisioning, and building. Design is part of everyone's life and a measure of the quality of life. D. Exploring Forests Exploring Forests involves students in several hands_on stations including: identifying plants

and trees; measuring light, wind, and temperature at several heights from the forest floor; studying photosynthesis; collecting weather data, and collecting data on tree diversity. This program is educator_led and requires a pre_visit. E. Rhode River boat trips Rhode River boat trips aboard the center's forty_five_foot research vessel, begin at the Smithsonian dock and continue through the Rhode River into the Chesapeake Bay. Center staff provide instruction in local points of interest and the ecology and biology of the bay. Participants have the opportunity to measure several indicators of water quality at different locations in the river and deeper areas of the bay. F. Creeks, Creatures, and Canopies Creeks, Creatures, and Canopies is a parent and/or educator_led program employing a variety of activities, costumes, and colorful visual aides to create a positive nature experience for young students. After learning basic ecological concepts, students can explore the forest and marsh around SERC to study the environment in a more directed, educational way. G. Stamp Stampede Stamp Stampede explains how a letter gets delivered, shows the many jobs of a stamp, covers two hundred years of postal transportation, and gives students an opportunity to create their own topical stamp collection. H. Those Inventive Americans Your students learn about American inventors when docents visit your classroom. The class is asked to solve nineteenth_century problems by creating practical inventions. Students learn to use simple mechanical processes to design labor_saving devices, building their own inventive skills and confidence in the process. I. O. Orkin Insect Zoo In the O. Orkin Insect Zoo, visitors have close encounters with living insects and their relatives. Groups are admitted at any time. J. Who Lives at the White House? Who Lives at the White House? educates students about presidents who now live or once lived in the White House through a tour of special objects and exhibitions in the museum, with the help of Peanuts characters. Answer questions 13-19 below by writing the appropriate letter A-J in boxes 13-19 on your answer sheet. Note: You may use any letter more than once. Example Answer Which field trip would you choose if you also wanted? A to see a puppet show? 13. What field trip would you choose if you wanted to learn about bugs? 14. Which location probably has artifacts from China?

15. On which two field trips could you learn more about water ecology? 16. What field trip would you choose if you were interested in climate change? 17. What field trip would you choose if you wanted to know more about historic, visionary designers? 18. What field trip would you choose if you liked tinkering with mechanical gadgets? 19. What field trip would you choose if you were a playwright? Questions 20The reading passage UNESCO Findings on Education Do the following statements correspond with the information given in the passage? In the boxes 20-25 on your answer sheet write: TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 20. The Internet has greatly improved access to teaching materials. 21. Access to education for all people is important to UNESCO. 22. Universities are minimizing their role in contributing to development. 23. Practical skills learned at the local level were discussed at the conferences. 24. Existing education policy funding mechanisms need to be reevaluated. 25. Globalization is not good for small people groups. UNESCO FINDINGS ON EDUCATION Access was the key goal of 3 major UNESCO conferences in Hamburg, Seoul and Budapest recently convened by UNESCO. As the concepts of Education For All and of higher education have evolved over the past decade, both now contribute to realizing the ultimate goal of learning throughout life. The 5 orientations for promoting access are: 1. Promoting the right to education The importance of non_formal education /training and the acquisition of life skills for community development was highlighted. There was also a growing imperative to gain competences related to the workplace, notably for adults whatever their previous level of education. Expanded educational opportunity and diversified provision were accented. 2. Recognizing the needs of cultural and socio_economic groups The Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development (Stockholm 1998) stressed the need for effective strategies to address issues arising from an increasingly multicultural world. The role of national development policies to promote the empowerment of all citizens was highlighted. 3. Facilitating entry to diverse fields includes technical and vocational training, continuing education and skills development

Although wider access is advocated as a public good (OECD 1998) and crucial for poverty reduction in the developing world (World Bank/UNESCO 2000) the realities involved have necessitated rethinking higher education policy. This includes reevaluating governance and management structures, funding, teaching and learning, as well as student services. 4. Realizing the potential of IT to widen access Educational institutions have clearly been able to emulate other global networks to reduce time requirements and space needs to meet growing demand. In the developing world, the awareness to compete on the global market via virtual learning facilities has been heightened, including the challenges of the digital divide. In all parts of the world, more research is required to assess the true quality of the new technological paradigm in education and its ability to respond satisfactorily to current issues of concern to higher education such as regional diversity, co_development, scientific excellence, intellectual property, the compatibility of teaching materials and quality assurance. Every effort must be made to continue exploring the potential of IT to render education and training more widely available. 5. Strengthening the contribution of higher education to the entire educational system Because higher education has always been a key motor of social and economic development, it has understood the complexity of change. More recently, the sector (and notably universities) have been urged to demonstrate their relevance through their contribution of expertise to international, national and regional and local development. In fact this relevance is now a recognized indicator of this sector's social accountability. In this way higher education plays its part in the key role of the overall educational enterprise today: preparing to empower citizens to live, work and participate in a democratic and more equitable society. SECTION 3 Questions 26Questions 26-40 are based on the reading passage below. In Your Backyard: Smart Growth, Stupid Sprawl A few years after Oregon adopted the nation's first comprehensive growth_management law in 1973, Portland, the state's largest city, drew a line around its periphery and pledged that urban_style development would go no farther. Remarkably, Portland held true to the promise, even as the twin economic booms in high technology and Pacific Rim trade, coupled with a quality of life perennially near the top of the best places" rankings, made the Northwest one of the fastest_growing regions of the country. Not until last December, two decades after the urban_growth boundary was established, did the Portland area's three_county regional government finally give in and expand the line by a relatively modest 5,100 acres. Even at that, officials treated the decision with great reluctance and regretsort of the land_use equivalent of signing a death warrant. What we did was right, not what was easy," one council member said mournfully.

Such fidelity to the principles of what has come to be known recently as smart growth" has been winning Oregon accolades for years. In fact, though, Portland's story is only a qualified successthe result of outside factors that advocates for livable cities never acknowledge. A bestcase examplePortland, Oregon Just last month, in its annual national report on urban sprawl, the Sierra Club rated Oregon first in the nation in land_use planning, fourth in protection of open space, fifth in community revitalization and sixth in transportation planning. No other state landed in the top 10 in all four categories. The environmental organization went further, singling out Oregon for special recognition as a beacon for how to manage growth and a best_case example of how to tame sprawl." Instead of losing jobs, the state has attracted a bevy of high_tech businesses," the report's authors wrote. Downtown Portland, once underused, has become a thriving community, the report continued. The area surrounding the city, served by an excellent light_rail system, has managed to escape paralyzing traffic congestion. Outlying areas have benefited, too. Some 25 million acres of farmlands and forests have been preserved. And 20 minutes from the heart of downtown, green space and natural beauty are abundant. The praise is certainly understandable. More than most cities its size and many that are smaller, Portland, with a metro population of 1.8 million, seems to have learned how to have it all: robust economic growth, preservation of its central core, maintenance of open space. Oregon's growth_management act, in league with the Portland area's elected regional government (another first in the nation), has been hailed as the best working model for how cities of the future might work. The Clinton administration's Livability Agenda," which has smart growth as its centerpiece and which Vice President Al Gore has made a key element of his own bid for the White House, is certain to draw even more attention to Oregon's triumph. Yet Portland's much_ballyhooed three_county regional government defies geographic reality: The metropolitan area actually includes four counties. And the fourth oneClark County, Wash.has made it economically and politically easier for Portland to claim success at holding the line on development. A free_for_all zone_Clark County, Washington State Clark Countynamed for the explorer who, along with a guy named Lewis, once camped there en route to the Pacific Ocean long has been Portland's forgotten sibling. A few hundred yards of water called the Columbia River is all that separates the county and its seat, Vancouver, from the rest of the metropolitan area. Yet Portland's urban_growth boundary ends at the river, and what is beyond it in Clark County has been until recently a free_for_all zone. Washington adopted statewide growth management only a few years ago, and it is weak compared to Oregon's version. Clark County's political leaders, accustomed to seizing what few leftover development crumbs Portland might leave it, have not yet learned how to say no with

any consistency to the local Chamber of Commerce and home_builders association. Washington as a whole suffers from this affliction, which is why the Sierra Club ranked it 29th among the states in open_space protection and 31st in revitalization (though the state did make the top 10 with Oregon in transportation planning and land_use planning). In effect, Clark County has served as a relief valve for Portland's development pressures. Since 1970, the county's population has zoomed 127% to nearly 350,000. The city of Vancouver's population has jumped from 47,000 to almost 135,000 in the last decade alone, due in part to the largest annexation in state history. From 1996 to 1997, the Portland metropolitan area saw a net population growth of 29,300. Multnomah County, which encompasses Portland proper, generated just 10% of that total; Clark County accounted for 46%. Yet Clark County has lagged far behind in employment growth. Between 1990 and 1997, it added 2.2 people for every new job; in the same period, Multnomah County created 1.4 jobs for every new person. Which explains why some 65,000 Clark County residents cross two interstate bridges southbound to work in Portland each weekday, while only 18,000 commute the opposite way to work in Vancouver. Clark County is, despite frequent protests to the contrary, the classic bedroom community. The evils of growth and wait and see The result is that all the evils of growth Portland has avoided have manifested themselves in Clark County: suburban sprawl consuming farm and forest land at a ferocious pace; strip_style commercial development, with no effort to integrate homes, shops and workplaces; overcrowded roads and schools, and a severe lack of parks and swimming pools; and infrastructure costs that are spiraling out of control. The latter affliction is at least partially responsible for a Washington state ballot initiative that, among other things, requires all local governments to win voter approval of any increase in taxes or feesincluding such things as fishing licenses and fines for overdue library books. The initiative was approved earlier this month; the percentage of yes" votes in Clark County was among the highest in the state. The Sierra Club was right when it urged several states, including Washington, to do more than use the rhetoric of smart growth and begin implementing the tools they have available to curb sprawl." But Washington's failure has been crucial to Oregon's success, and the inability of smart growth" advocates to acknowledge that fact does their effort no favors. We are still waiting to see the successful experiment in responsible urban development. In Portland, the experiment was rigged! Questions 26Indicate whether the following characteristics apply to Portland or Clark County

or both or neither by writing: P if it applies to Portland CC if it applies to Clark County BOTH if it applies to both NEITHER if it applies to neither Portland nor Clark County in boxes 26-30 on your answer sheet. The first one has been done as an example. Example Answer named after a famous explorer.? CC 26. bounded by the Columbia River 27. frequently ranked as one of the best places to live in America 28. large numbers of residents commute to work in the neighboring city 29. subject to a recent ballot that requires voter permission for government activities 30. strict regulations limit the geographical extent of urban growth Questions 31-35 Using information from the reading passage, complete the sentences below IN NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS. 31. Drawing a line around a city where growth can occur is known as a principle of. 32. Outside of Portland many acres of have been protected. 33. Development in Clark County has been called a. 34. The (a group of people) greatly influences rampant growth in all of Washington State. 35. Oregon and Washington State were ranked in the for transportation and land use issues. Questions 36-40 The following is a brief summary of the reading passage. Compete each gap in the summary by choosing a word from the box below the summary. Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. Note: There are more words than gaps so you will not need to use them all. You may use any word more than once. Summary Example Portland is a city now famous for its urban boundary. This planning mechanism has been so successful that the (36) is now thriving, (37) congestion is minimal, and it has become a (38) for the rest of the United States. This success is not based purely on good planning, but also an a set of unique circumstances including a neighboring county in a neighboring state that has been able to absorb a great deal of urban (39). With a recent (40) initiative, however, this valve may soon be closed. It will be interesting to see what happens next. Ballot Suburbs Downtown Boundary Traffic Fundraising

Sprawl Lunchtime Architecture Space Model (IELTS) Answer Key

Part I Reading Strategies Strategy One: Understanding Instructions Practice 1 1. B 2. A 3. is increasing 4. by dialing 155 or the home country direct number Practice 1. You may choose any letter as you like. 2. fairly easy/difficult 3. not, instructions, scored Strategy Two: Skim Reading Practice 1 Practice 2 Practice 3 1. C 2. F 3. liberalization of world markets/world markets liberalization 4. sophisticated communications (system) 5. 3/three Strategy Three: Scan Reading

Practice 1 1. 65%/65 per cent 2. 30 litres 3. 25,000 4. 53 litres Practice 2 1. any two of Dakar, Kinshasa and Chittagong 2. some parts of Sudan/somewhere in Sudan 3. clean their neighbourhood 4. the countryside 5. 1.6 billion (people) Practice 3 1. Ludwig Zamenhof 2. 1887 3. (about) one million (people) 4. Any two of Brazil, Japan and China 5. China 6. western 7. adjectives Strategy Four: Guessing Meaning from Context 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. c Part II Reading Exercises True/False/Not Given Practice 1 1. TRUE 2. TRUE 3. NOT GIVEN 4. FALSE 5. FALSE 6. FALSE 7. NOT GIVEN 8. FALSE

9. NOT GIVEN 10. NOT GIVEN Practice 2 1. FALSE 2. FALSE 3. TRUE 4. TRUE 5. NOT GIVEN 6. TRUE 7. TRUE 8. NOT GIVEN 9. FALSE 10. TRUE 11. FALSE Practice 3 1. FALSE 2. NOT GIVEN 3. TRUE 4. FALSE 5. TRUE 6. TRUE 7. FALSE 8. TRUE 9. FALSE 10. TRUE Practice 4 1. TRUE 2. NOT GIVEN 3. NOT GIVEN 4. FALSE 5. NOT GIVEN 6. FALSE 7. TRUE 8. TRUE 9. NOT GIVEN 10. FALSE Practice 5 1. FALSE

2. FALSE 3. TRUE 4. NOT GIVEN 5. TRUE 6. NOT GIVEN 7. TRUE 8. TRUE Practice 6 1. FALSE 2. TRUE 3. TRUE 4. TRUE 5. NOT GIVEN 6. FALSE 7. FALSE 8. NOT GIVEN 9. FALSE 10. TRUE Practice 7 1. TRUE 2. TRUE 3. FALSE 4. TRUE 5. NOT GIVEN 6. FALSE 7. FALSE Practice 8 1. FALSE 2. NOT GIVEN 3. TRUE 4. TRUE Practice 9 1. TRUE 2. TRUE 3. FALSE 4. FALSE 5. TRUE 6. FALSE

Practice 10 1. NO 2. YES 3. YES 4. YES 5. NO 6. NOT GIVEN 7. YES 8. YES 9. NOT GIVEN 10. YES Practice 11 1. FALSE 2. FALSE 3. NOT GIVEN Short Answer Questions and Sentence Completion Practice 1 1. several hundred (miles) 2. the road dangers 3. slower traffic systems 4. by making donation(s)/by donation(s) 5. the walker/walkers Practice 2 1. (the) immigration authorities 2. undertake ELICOS course/do ELICOS course /an ELICOS course 3. (the) student 4. by bank draft 5. It is refunded 6. (over) four weeks/4 weeks 7. International Student Programs Practice 3 1. by surface mail 2. 35p 3. (latest) barcode technology 4. international registered (service)

5. sign on delivery 6. courier service Practice 4 1. 18 2. 28, 33 3. 32 4. every month Practice 5 1. 1821 2. Hunter 3. 1870 Practice 6 1. pool, table tennis 2. international clubs 3. University Health Center 4. Health Insurance 5. a weather emergency 6. 15 minutes 7. 50% Matching Questions Practice 1 1. I 2. C 3. F 4. D 5. A 6. E 7. J Practice 2 1. A 2. A, D 3. H 4. B 5. C, H 6. C

7. E, G 8. D 9. E, H 10. G 11. C 12. G, H 13. F Practice 3 1. A 2. C 3. A, E 4. E 5. B 6. D Practice 4 1. E 2. B, C 3. D 4. A 5. D 6. C Practice 5 1. A, C 2. B 3. A 4. D Multiple Choice Questions Practice 1 1. A 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. B List of Headings

Practice 1 1. h 2. g 3. e 4. a 5. c 6. f 7. b Practice 2 1. C 2. I 3. L 4. J 5. G 6. A 7. N 8. B 9. E 10. F 11. M 12. H Summary Practice 1. decreased 2. disconnected 3. problems 4. growth 5. join 6. reserves 7. cooperate Picture Naming and Flow Charts Exercises Practice 1. A Practice 1. birdsong

2. binoculars 3. (billy) tea 4. damper 5. Possum Prowl 6. torch 7. non_slip shoes 8. (lovely) (water) views Practice 1. I 2. G 3. K 4. J 5. E 6. H 7. F Long Passages Reading Passage

4. 10.25 hours 5. A 6. E 7. B 8. F 9. D 10. TRUE 11. NOT GIVEN 12. TRUE 13. FALSE 14. NOT GIVEN 15. TRUE 16. FALSE Reading Passage 1. BOTH 2. UGG 3. AC 4. AC 5. NEITHER

6. of land shortages/of space shortage 7. trees and parks 8. office space 9. technological obstacle/technology 10. grid station 11. downtown 12. leisure 13. network 14. obstacle 15. ground Reading Passage 1. c) 2. d) 3. b) 4. b) 5. a) 6. b) 7. 15 per cent 8. vary/change 9. necessity 10. well served 11.carefully 12. regulations 13. 20 hours 14. brought 15. winter 16. available 17. restricted Reading Passage 1. A 2. N 3. I 4. I 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. academic controversy 9. six quality bands 10. performance table 11. graduate outcomes 12. lack communication skills

Reading Passage 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. small gas turbine/generator/steel chassis 7. plastic kits 8. lighter 9. GM 10. R 11. F 12. R 13. SC 14. R Reading Passage 1. c 2. c 3. d 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. two men 8. amateur 9. two weeks 10. C 11. E 12. A 13. F 14. G 15. B Reading Passage 1. E 2. G 3. B 4. A 5. H 6. D 7. F 8. I 9. loyalty

10. twice a year 11. mentor 12. D 13. B 14. B Reading Passage 1. humidity, quality of water(water quality) 2. chlorine bleach 3. strong wind/direct sunlight 4. 8/eight 5. Shape, Colour 6. seeds Part III Practice Tests Test 1 1. TRUE 2. FALSE 3. FALSE 4. NOT GIVEN 5. TRUE 6. D 7. M 8. E 9. K 10. F 11. J 12. C 13. G 14. FALSE 15. TRUE 16. NOT GIVEN 17. FALSE 18. TRUE 19. FALSE 20. FALSE 21. v 22. vi 23. viii 24. iii 25. x 26. i

28. 1800's

32. YES 33. NO 34. NOT GIVEN 35. YES 36. YES 37. Bonaparte 38. La Plata 39. Neuquen 40. Patagonia Test 2 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. FALSE 9. TRUE 10. NOT GIVEN 11. FALSE 12. FALSE 13. FALSE 14. FALSE 15. TRUE 16. FALSE 17. TRUE 18. FALSE 19. TRUE 20. NOT GIVEN 21. an expensive college 22. SAT 23. a distraction 24. conditions 25. financial success 26. guidebooks 27. iii 28. viii 29. ix 30. iv

31. vi 32. ii 33. delayed 34. operators 35. capacity 36. new birds 37. consumer confidence 38. fiber optics 39. point_to_point 40. regular transmission equipment Test 3 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D, F

11. word of mouth 12. 6th 13. three 14. area of safety 15. September 16. Four 17. No 18. Conversation Partner Program 19. On_campus 20. a placement test 21. G 22. PBL 23. LRC 24. CGL 25. H 26. LRC 27. PBL 29. 1600's 32. FALSE 33. FALSE

34. TRUE 35. TRUE 36. FALSE 37. NOT GIVEN 38. TRUE Test 4 1. TRUE (if they are registered) 2. FALSE (They are required at only certain times.) 3. FALSE 4. TRUE (implied by the wording if you are dropping off...) 5. TRUE 6. NOT GIVEN (Probably not, but the article doesn't confirm it.) 7. FALSE (must include mileage) 8. research and clinical practice 9. small amounts 10. powder 11. wine 12. 2-3 tablets 13. are pregnant 14. F (It is only advised.) 15. NG (certified in website designing applications, but there is nothing to say they are certified in teaching) 16. T (If they want to receive PWDA certificates they must successfully complete all examinations.) 17. F (The text mentions exceptions.) 18. T (should be 10 extra hours) 19. II 20. I 21. V 22. IV 23. VIII 24. E 25. G 26. I 27. A 28. F 29. D 30. C 31. H 32. NO (90% for blood counts, 28% for cancer in bone_marrow) 33. NO (This is for interferon.) 34. YES 35. NOT GIVEN (Probably, but the article doesn't state it for sure only that it could be.) 36. proteins

37. white blood cells 38. complication 39. relative 40. properties Test 5 1. FALSE (This only applies to application fees.) 2. FALSE (You must pay your application fees.) 3. FALSE (must be done before you leave) 4. TRUE (Preliminary forecasts are acceptable.) 5. TRUE (article mentions if applicable) 6. FALSE (You can pay a minimum.) 7. TRUE 8. D 9. I 10. L 11. E 12. B 13. NOT GIVEN 14. TRUE 15. FALSE (only some) 16. TRUE (some pay by installments) 17. NOT GIVEN 18. TRUE (but most do) 19. FALSE (usually) 20. student ID card 21. Not for Loan 22. circulation office 23. four weeks 24. Open Reserve chute 25. further borrow books 26. processing fine/$30 fine 27. GL 28. KN 29. SI 30. LJ 31. CR 32. RP 33. Chinese and Indonesian 34. German shopping centre 35. 902 Coast Parkway 36. TRUE 37. TRUE 38. FALSE 39. NOT GIVEN (History is Australian, but owner isn't mentioned.)

40. TRUE (because it mentions that it is popular with the lunchtime crowd) Test 6 1. TRUE (12 months to be exact) 2. FALSE (It doesn't vary, it covers the cost of 2 practical driving tests.) 3. FALSE (can be certified) 4. NOT GIVEN (You must obtain a WA driver's licence but it doesn't state whether you should take test.) 5. TRUE (You can drive your current driver's license for only three months.) 6. TRUE 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. D 11. C 12. O 13. M 14. O (perhaps MBC also, but not mentioned) 15. O 16. O (You can get it through MBC if you want to pay more.) 17. O 18. B 19. four semesters 20. international student advisors 21. English proficiency 22. by distance education 23. computer based TOEFL 24. your setting in/ finding a place/ finding an apartment etc. 25. A 26. E 27. D 28. F 29. H 30. B 31. C 32. D 33. A 34. T 35. NG 36. F (Scientists believe but they have no conclusive proof.) 37. T 38. T 39. T 40. F (only after you stop laughing)

Test 7 1. TRUE 2. TRUE 3. NOT GIVEN (doesn't say whether it is more serious) 4. TRUE 5. FALSE (can use if you use a curtain) 6. TRUE (extreme temperature, extreme humidity levels, fluctuations in temperature, fluctuations in humidity, and direct sunlight) 7. FALSE (use an electrical outlet) 8. payment slip 9. Biller code 10. duplicate charges 11. GST free 12. debit 13. FALSE (The enrollment fee is non_refundable. 14. TRUE (No refund are granted after CPE.) 15. FALSE (20% will be refunded.) 16. TRUE 17. TRUE 18. NOT GIVEN (doesn't say whether a choice will be given) 19. TRUE 20. Outskirts of the city 21. dissertation 22. MBA network 23. international study option 24. medium_sized 25. economics education 26. technological university 27. G 28. C 29. E 30. A 31. D 32. F 33. B 34. T (He was self_taught.) 35. F 36. NG (Neptune and Pluto are Greek gods.) 37. T (astronomer was sweeping the sky 38. T 39. F (Galle found it.) 40. T (daughter of an Oxford professor) Test 8

1. FALSE (only from cardphone and credit card payphone) 2. FALSE (The timing will continue.) 3. NOT GIVEN 4. TRUE 5. TRUE 6. FALSE (It only refers to IDD facilities.) 7. 8. E and I 9 10.K and M 11.C and G (note: People who lack nutrients may be better off with something else. The article doesn't mention these people specifically, so it cannot be presumed.) 12 13.A and F (note: Chinese texts praised it but it doesn't mention if the writers were doctors.) 14. C 15. B 16. E 17. F 18. G 19. A 20. NOT GIVEN 21. TRUE (open daily) 22. NOT GIVEN (But probably not. Reference librarians are not at the e_station.) 23. FALSE (three decades) TRUE 25. FALSE 26. TRUE (in the student virtual community) 27. the shoulder structure 28. wishbone/furcula 29. tree_climbing reptile 30. clavicle (bones) 31. wind tunnels 32. (deep) breast bone 33. NO 34. YES 35. YES 36. YES 37. origins 38. electrodes 39. anatomical 40. airborne Test 9 1. C 2. B 3. D

4. E 5. Heimlich (maneuver) 6. about an inch/an inch 7. call 911/call for help 8. his airway 9. c 10. d 11. b 12. d 13. c 14. b 15. G 16. E 17. B 18. F 19. G 20. D 21. C 22. FALSE 23. TRUE 24. NOT GIVEN 25. TRUE 26. NOT GIVEN 27. TRUE 28. FALSE 29. FALSE 30. water wastage 31. stinks/smells bad 32. fertilizer 33. soil 34. normal toilet 35. handle 36. soil 37. container 38. urine 39. liquid fertilizer 41. aerobic process 42. humus like material Test 10 1. C 2. C 3. FALSE 4. NOT GIVEN 5. FALSE

6. TRUE 7. critical mail 8. post cards 10. international 11. postal delivery zone 12. nothing 13. I 14. B 15. E,F 16. D 17. C 18. H 19. A 20. NOT GIVEN 21. TRUE 22. FALSE 23. TRUE 24. TRUE 25. NOT GIVEN 26. BOTH 27. P 28. CC 29. CC 30. P 31. smart growth 32. farmlands and forests 33. free_for_all 34. Chamber of Commerce 35. top ten 36. downtown 37. traffic 38. model 39. sprawl 40. ballot

IELTS Band Scores (IELTS)1016232911362-

41017-245 2533-377 38-398140936 182635113824-93 1 INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM ACADEMIC READING TIME ALLOWED: 1 Hour NUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 38 Instructions ALL ANSWERS MUST BE WRITTEN ON THE ANSWER SHEET The test is divided as follows: - Reading Passage 1 - Reading Passage 2 - Reading Passage 3 Question 1-11 Question 12-25 Question 26-38

Start at the beginning of the test and work through it. You should answer all the questions. If you cannot do a parricular question leave it and go on to the next. You can return to it later. READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-11 which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3. The

Spectacular Eruption of Mount St. Helens A The eruption in May 1980 of Mount St. Helens, Washington State, astounded the world with its violence. A gigantic explosion tore much of the volcano's summit to fragments; the energy released was equal to that of 500 of the nuclear bombs that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945. B The event occurred along the boundary of two of the moving plates that make up the Earth's crust. They meet at the junction of the North American continent and the Pacific Ocean. One edge of the continental North American plate over-rides the oceanic Juan de Fuca microplate, producing the volcanic Cascade range that includes Mounts Baker, Rainier and Hood, and Lassen Peak as well as Mount St. Helens. C Until Mount St. Helens began to stir, only Mount Baker and Lassen Peak had shown signs of life during the 20th century. According to geological evidence found by the United States Geological Survey, there had been two major eruptions of Mount St. Helens in the recent (geologically speaking)past: around 1900 B.C., and about A.D. 1500. Since the arrival of Europeans in the region, it had experienced a single period of spasmodic activity, between 1831 and 1857. Then, for more than a century, Mount St. Helens lay dormant. D By 1979, the Geological Survey, alerted by signs of renewed activity, had been monitoring the volcano for 18 months. It warned the local population against being deceived by the mountain's outward calm, and forecast that an eruption would take place before the end of the century. The inhabitants of the area did not have to wait that long. On March 27, 1980,a few clouds of smoke formed above the summit , and slight tremors were felt. On the 28th, larger and darker clouds,. consisting of gas and ashes,. emerged and climbed as high as 20,000 feet. In April a slight lull ensued, but the volcanologists remained pessimistic. The, in early May, the northern flank of the mountain bulged, and the summit rose by 500 feet. E Steps were taken to evacuate the population. Most- campers, hikers, timbercuttersleft the slopes of the mountain. Eighty-four-year-old Harry Truman, a holiday lodge owner who had lived there for more than 50 years, refused to be evacuated, in spite of official and public, including an entire class of school children, wrote to him, begging him to leave. He never did. F On May 18, at 8.32 in the morning, Mount St. Helens blew its top. literally. Suddenly, it was 1300 feet shorter than it had been before its growth had begun. Over half a cubic mile of rock had disintegrated . At the same moment, an earthquake with an intensity of 5 on the Richter scale was recorded. It triggered an avalanche of snow and ice. mixed with hot rock-the entire north face of the mountain had fallen away. A wave of scorching volcanic gas and rock fragments shot horizontally from the volcano's riven flank, at an inescapable 200 miles per hour. As the sliding ice and snow melted, it touched off devastating torrents of mud and debris, which destroyed all life in their path. Pulverised, which destroyed all life in their path. Pulverised rock climbed as a dust cloud into the atmosphere. Finally, viscous lava, accompanied by burning clouds of ash and

gas, welled out of volcano's new crater, and from lesser vents and cracks in its flanks. G Afterwards, scientists were able to analyse the sequence of events. First, magmamolten rockat temperatures above 2000oF. had surged into the volcano from the Earth's mantle. The build-up was accompanied by an accumulation of gas, which increased as the mass of magma grew. It was the pressure inside the mountain that made it swell. Next, the rise in gas pressure caused a violent decompression. Which ejected the shattered summit like a cork from a shaken soda bottle. With the summit gone, the molten rock within was released in a jet of gas and fragmented magma, and lava welled from the crater. H The effects of the Mount St. Helens eruption were catastrophic. Almost all the trees of the surrounding forest, mainly Douglas firs. were flattened. and their branches and bark ripped off by the shock wave of the explosion. Ash and mud spread over nearly 200 square miles of country. All the towns and settlements in the area were smothered in an even coating of ash. Volcanic ash silted up the Columbia River 35 miles away, reducing the debris that accumulated at the foot of the volcano reached a depth. in places, of 200 feet. I The eruption of Mount St. Helens was one of the most closely observed and analysed in history. Because geologists had been expecting the event, they were able to amass vast amounts of technical data when it happened. Study of atmospheric particles formed as a result of the explosion showed that droplets of sulphuric acid, acting as a screen between the Sun and the Earth's surface, caused a distinct drop in temperature. There is no doubt that the activity of Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes since 1980 has influenced our climate . Even so, it has been calculated that the quantity of dust ejected by Mount St. Helens - a quarter of a cubic milewas negligible in comparison with that thrown out by earlier eruptions, such as that of Mount Katmai in Alaska in 1912 (three cubic miles). The volcano is still active. Lava domes have formed inside the new crater, and have periodically burst. The threat of Mount St Helens lives on. . Questions 1 and 2 Reading Passage 1 has 9 paragraphs labelled A-I Answer questions 1 and 2 by writing the appropriate letter A-I inboxes 1 and 2 on your answer sheet. Example Answer Which paragraph compares the eruption to the energy A released by nuclear bomb? 1. Which paragraph describes the evacuation of the mountain? 2. Which paragraph describes the moment of the explosion of Mount St. Helens? Questions 3 and 4 3. What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions of Mount St. Helens before 1980? Write TWO dates in box 3 on your answer sheet. 4 How do scientists know that the volcano exploded around the two dates above? Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS , write your answer in box 4 on your answer sheet

Questions 5-8 Complete the summary of events below leading up to the eruption of Mount St. Helens. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet. In 1979 the Geological Survey warned ... (5) ... to expect a violent eruption before the end of the century. The forecast was soon proved accurate. At the end of March there were tremors and clouds formed above the mountain. This was followed by a lull, but in early May the top of the mountain rose by ... (6)... . People were ...(7) ... from around the mountain. Finally, on May 18th at ...(8) ..., Mount St. Helens exploded. Question 9 and 10 Complete the table below giving evidence for the power of the Mount St. Helens eruption. Write your answers in boxes 9 and 10 on your answer sheet. Item Equivalent to Example Answer The energy released by the explosion of 500 nuclear bombs Mount St. Helens The area of land covered in mud or ash ...(9)... The quantity of dust ejected ...(10)... Question 11 Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 11 one your answer sheet. 11. According to the text the eruption of Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by ... A increasing the amount of rainfall. B heating the atmosphere. C cooling the air temperature. D causing atmospheric storms. READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 12-25 which and based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7. Questions 12-16 Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G. Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-E and G from the list of heading below. Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 12-16 on your answer sheet. NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any of the headings more than once.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii ) (ix) (x)

List of Headings The effect of changing demographics on organisations Future changes in the European workforce The unstructured interview and its validity The person-skills match approach to selection The implications of a poor person-environment fit Some poor selection decisions The validity of selection procedures The person-environment fit Past and future demographic changes in Europe Adequate and inadequate explanations of organisational failure Paragraph A Answer (x)

Example 12. Paragraph B 13. Paragraph C 14. Paragraph D 15. Paragraph E Example 16. Paragraph G

Paragraph F

Answer (ix)

PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONS: THE SELECTION ISSUE A In 1991, according to the Department of Trade and Industry, a record 48,000 British companies went out of business. When businesses fail, the post-mortem analysis is traditionally undertaken by accountants and market strategists. Unarguably organisations do fail because of undercapitalisation, poor financial management, adverse market conditions etc. Yet, conversely, organisations with sound financial backing, good product ideas and market acumen often underperform and fail to meet shareholders' expectations. The complexity, degree and sustainment of organisational performance requires an explanation which goes beyond the balance sheet and the "paper conversion" of financial inputs into profit making outputs. A more complete explanation of "what went wrong" necessarily must consider the essence of what an organisation actually is and that one of the financial inputs, the most important and often the most expensive, is people. B An organisation is only as good as the people it employs. Selecting the right person for the job involves more than identifying the essential or desirable range of skills, educational and professional qualifications necessary to perform the job and then recruiting the candidate who is most likely to possess these skills or at least is perceived to have the ability and predisposition to acquire them. This is a purely person/skills match approach to selection. C Work invariably takes place in the presence and/or under the direction of others, in a particular organisational setting. The individual has to "fit" in with the work environment, with other employees, with the organisational climate, style or work, organisation and culture of the organisation. Different organisations have different cultures (Cartwright & Cooper, 1991; 1992). Working as an engineer at British Aerospace will not necessarily be a similar experience to working in the same capacity at GEC or Plessey. D Poor selection decisions are expensive. For example, the costs of training a policeman are about 20,000 (approx. US$ 30,000). The costs of employing an unsuitable technician on an oil

rig or in a nuclear plant could, in an emergency, result in millions of pounds of damage or loss of life. The disharmony of a poor person-environment fit (PE-fit) is likely to result in low job satisfaction, lack of organisational commitment and employee stress, which affect organisational outcomes i.e. productivity, high labour turnover and absenteeism, and individual outcomes i.e. physical, psychological and mental well-being. E However, despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticated and more objective selection techniques available, including the use of psychometric tests, assessment centres etc., many organisations are still prepared to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minute unstructured interview. Indeed, research has demonstrated that a selection decision is often made within the first four minutes of the interview. In the remaining time, the interviewer then attends exclusively to information that reinforces the initial "accept" or "reject" decision. Research into the validity of selection methods has consistently demonstrated that the unstructured interview, where the interviewer asks any questions he or she likes, is a poor predictor of future job performance and fares little better that more controversial methods like graphology and astrology. In times of high unemployment,! recruitment becomes a "buyer's market" and this was the case in Britain during the 1980s. F The future, we are told, is likely to be different. Detailed surveys of social and economic trends in the European community show that Europe's population is falling and getting older, The birth rate in the Community is now only three-quarters of the level needed to ensure replacement of the existing population. By the year 2020, it is predicted that more than one in four Europeans will be aged 60 or more and barely one in five will be under 20. In a five-year period between 1983 and 1988 the Community's female workforce grew by almost six million. As a result, 51% of all women aged 14 to 64 are now economically active in the labour market compared with 78% of men. G The changing demographics will not only affect selection ratios. They will also make it increasingly important for organisations wishing to mainta in their competitive edge to be more responsive and accommodating to the changing needs of their workforce if they are to retain and develop their human resources. More flexible working hours, the opportunity of work from home or job share, the provision of childcare facilities etc., will play a major role in attracting and retaining staff in the future. Questions 17-22 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 17-22 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with the writer NO if the statement does not agree with the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Organisations should recognise that their employees are a significant part of their financial assets. Open-structured 45 minute interviews are the best method to identify suitable employees. The rise in the female workforce in the European Community is a positive trend. Graphology is a good predictor of future fob performance. In the future, the number of people in employable age groups will decline. In 2020, the percentage of the population under 20 will be smaller than now.

Questions 23-25 Complete the notes below with words taken from Reading Passage 2. Use NO MORE THAN ONE or TWO WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet.

READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-38 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 9 and 10. T " he Rollfilm Revolution" The introduction of the dry plate process brought with it many advantages. Not only was it much more convenient, so that the photographer no longer needed to prepare his material in advance, but its much greater sensitivity made possible a new generation of cameras. Instantaneous exposures had been possible before, but only with some difficulty and with special equipment and conditions. Now, exposures short enough to permit the camera to the held in the hand were easily achieved. As well as fitting shutters and viewfinders to their conventional stand cameras, manufacturers began to construct smaller cameras in tended specifically for hand use. One of the first designs to be published was Thomas Bolas' s 'Detective' camera of 1881. Externally a plain box, quite unlike the folding bellows camera typical of the period, it could be used unobtrusively. The name caught on, and for the next decade or so almost all hand cameral were called ' Detectives', Many. of the new designs in the 1880s were for magazine cameras, in which a number of dry plates could be pre-loaded and changed one after another following exposure. Although much more convenient than stand cameras, still used by most serious workers, magazine plate cameras were heavy, and required access to a darkroom for loading and processing the plates. This was all changed by a young American bank clerk turned

photographic manufacturer, George Eastman, from Rochester, New York. Eastman had begun to manufacture gelatine dry plates in 1880. being one of the first to do so in America. He soon looked for ways of simplifying photography, believing that many people were put off by the complication and messiness. His first step was to develop, wih the camera manufacturer William H. Walker, a holder for a long roll of paper negative 'film'. This could be fitted to a standard plate camera and up to forty-eight exposures made before reloading. The combined weight of the paper roll and the holder was far less than the same number of glass plates in their ling-tight wooden holders. Although roll-holders had been made as early as the 1850s, none had been very successful be cause of the limitations of the photographic materials then available. Eastman's rollable paper film was sensitive and gave negatives of good quality; the Eastman-Walker roll-holder was a great success. The next step was to combine the roll-holder with a small hand camera; Eastman's first design was patented with an employee, F. M. Cossitt, in 1886. It was not a success. Only fifty Eastman detective cameras were made, and they were sold as a lot to a dealer in 1887; the cost was too high and the design too complicated. Eastman set about developing a new model, which was launched in June 1888. It was a small box, containing a roll of paperbased stripping film sufficient for 100 circular exposures 6 cm in diameter. Its operation was simple: set the shutter by pulling a wire string; aim the camera using the V line impression in the camera top; press the release botton to activate the exposure; and turn a special key to wind to the film. A hundred exposures had to be made, so it was important to record each picture in the memorandum book provided, since there was no exposure counter. Eastman gave his camera the invented name 'Kodak'-which was easily pronounceable in most languages. and had two Ks which Eastman felt was a firm, uncompromising kind of letter. The importance of Eastman's new roll-film camera was not that it was the first. There had been several earlier cameras, notably the Stirn 'America', first demonstrated in the spring of 1887 and on sale from early 1888. This also used a roll of negative paper, and had such refinements as a reflecting viewfinder and an ingenious exposure marker. The real significance of the first Kodak camera was that it was backed up by a developing and printing service. Hitherto ,virtually all photographers developed and printed their own pictures. This required that facilities of a darkroom and the time and inclination to handle the necessary chemicals, make the prints and so on. Eastman recognized that not everyone had the resources or the desire to do this. When a customer had made a hundred exposures in the Kodak camera, he sent it to Eastman's factory in Rochester (or later in Harrow in England) where the film was unloaded, processed and printed, the camera reloaded and returned to the owner. " ou Press the Button, We Do the Rest" ran Y Eastman's classic marketing slogan; photography had been brought to everyone. Everyone, that is, who could afford $ 25 or five guineas for the camera and $ 10 or two guineas for the developing and printing . A guinea ( $ 5 ) was a week's wages for many at the time, so this simple camera cost the equivalent of hundreds of dollars today. In 1889 an improved model with a new shutter design was introduced, and it was called the No. 2 Kodak camera. The paper-based stripping film was complicated to manipulate, since the processed negative image had to be stripped from the paper base for printing. At the end of 1889 Eastman launched a new roll film on a celluloid base. Clear, tough, transparent and flexible, the new film not only made the rollfilm camera fully practical, but provided the raw material for the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Other, larger models were introduced, including several folding versions, one of which took pictures 21.6 cm x 16.5 cm in size. Other manufacturers in America and Europe introduced cameras to take the Kodak roll-films, and

other firms began to offer developing and printing services for the benefit of the new breed of photographers. By September 1889 , over 5,000 Kodak cameras had been sold in the USA, and the company was daily printing 6-7,000 negatives, Holidays and special events created enormous surges in demand for processing: 900 Kodak users returned their cameras for processing and reloading in the week after the New York centennial celebration. Questions 26-29 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 26-29 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement agrees with the writer NO if the statement does agree with the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 26. Before the dry plate process short exposures could only b achieved with cameras held in the hand. 27. Stirn's America' camera lacked Kodak's developing service. 28. The first Kodak film cost the equivalent of a week's wages to develop. 29. Some of Eastman's 1891 range of cameras could be loaded in daylight. Questions 30-34 Complete the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet.

Questions 35-38

Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet. Year 1880 1881 .....(36)..... 1889 Developments Manufacture of gelatine dry plates Release of 'Detective' camera The roll-holder combined with .....(37)..... Introduction of model with .....(38)..... Name of person/people .....(35)..... Thomas Bolas Eastman and F.M. Cossitt Eastman

ACADEMIC READING-ANSWER KEY Each question correctly answered scores 1 mark. Reading Passage 1, Questions 1-11 1. E 2. F 3. 1900 B.C. AND A.D. 1500 (Both for 1 mark.) NOT 1900 AND 1500 4. (according to/from)geological evidence/signs/data 5. (the) local population //inhabitants 6. 500/five hundred feet/ft 7. evacuated 8. 8.32 (a.m. /in the morning) 9. (nearly)200 square miles NOT200 miles 10. (a)quarter/1/4 of (a) cubic mile 11. C Reading Passage 2, Questions 12-25 12. (iv) 13. (viii) 14. (v) 15. (iii) 16. (i) 17. YES 18. NO 19. NOT GIVEN 20. NO 21. YES 22. YES 23. organisational outcomes 24. individual outcomes 25. absenteeism

Reading Passage 3, Questions 26-38 26. NO 27. YES 28. NO 29. NOT GIVEN 30. wind on (the) film_ 31. (a) wire string 32. set (the) shutter 33. (the) memorandum book 34. record each picture/exposure 35. (George) Eastman 36. 1886 37. (a) (small) hand camera 38. (a) new shutter(design) INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TESTING SYSTEM GENERAL TRAINING READING TIME ALLOWED: 1 Hour NUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 38 Instructions ALL ANSWERS MUST BE WRITTEN ON THE ANSWER SHEET The test is divided as follows: - Reading Passage 1 - Reading Passage 2 - Reading Passage 3 Questions 1-11 Questions 12-25 Questions 26-38

Start at the beginning of the test and work through it. You should answer all the questions. If you cannot do a parricular question leave it and go on to the next. You can return to it later. SECTION 1 Questions 1-14 Questions 1-4 There are six job advertisements A-F on the opposite page. Answer the questions below by writing the letters of the appropriate advertisements in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet. Example Which job is in a travel agent's ? Answer D

1. Which job is in a hotel? 2. Which job is for someone to look after a child ? 3. Which TWO advertisements are for waiters? 4. Which TWO jobs would particularly like a German speaker? A Restaurant Supervisor Waiting Staff Telephonist _______________ The ideal candidates must have relevant experience gained in a high quality hotel. Please call Personnel on 071-722-7722, or send your CV to: Regents Park Hilton. Lodge Road, London NW8 7JT LONDON REGENTS PARK HILTON B USE YOUR LANGUAGES AND EARN 450 - 1200 P.W. We are one of the largest business publishers in Europe and have limited vacancies for intelligent young people in our London advertisement sales office. Enquiries from German, Spanish and Eastern. European speakers especially welcome. Phone Andrew Warburton on 071 753 4300 C SECRETARY Busy Chartered Accountants require experienced/efficient secretary. Accounts, typing experience, and an excellent telephone manner essential, shorthand useful.

Please send CV to: Box No. 9246 c/o Evening Standard Classified 2 Derry Street Kensington W8 5EE ............................ D TRAVEL COMPANY Vacancy for self--confident person to look after bookings for our Caribbean Hotels. Salary based on applicant's experience & suitability. Please send CV to lan Taplin, MRI Ltd, 9 Galena Road, London, W60 LX E NANNY WANTED for 9 month old handful. Artistie/Prof household Notting Hill. 3 days per week. Some hours flexibility req'd Knowledge German/Hungarian advantage not essential 071 221 7375 F

Join the Stars! Food Servers The biggest and busiest restaurant in London is seeking additional stars for its team of dedicated professionals. If you have experience in high volume restaurants and are looking a challenge, then come on down for an audition. Interview day is on Friday 6th May from 12 noon to 7pm. Planet Hollywood is located at 13 Coventry Street, London, W1 Questions 5-10 Read the page from a UK telephone directory on the opposite page.

Answer the questions below by writing the appropriate telephone numbers in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet. What should you dial if ... Example Answer you want to speak to the International Operator? 5. there is something wrong with your telephone? 6. there has been an accident and you want to call an ambulance? 7. you want to find out a number in a foreign country? 8. you want to know how much telephone calls cost? 9. you want to purchase an answer-phone machine? 10. you want to use a credit card to pay for a telephone call? Operator Services 101 The operator is there to help you if you have difficulty making a call or if you want to use any of our special call services. These include: ALARM CALLS * ADVICE OF DURATION CHARGE * CREDIT CARD CALLS * FIXED TIME CALLS * FREEFONE CALLS * PERSONAL CALLS * TRANSFERRED CHARGE CALLS * SUBSCRIBER CONTROLLED TRANSFER. For details of charges see our free leaflet. Dial 101 and ask for financial services. International Operator See Section 3 (international ) for details. Directory Enquiries 142 123 123

Tell the operator the town you require. Have paper and pencil ready. International Directory Enquiries Emergency Tell the operator what service you want. Faults 166 010 130

Any fault should be reported to the local fault repair service Sales Telemessage 170 190

If you have something special to say and prefer to say it in writing. International Telemessage International Telegrams You can send a telegram to most other countries. Maritime Service 200 191 192

SHIP' S TELEGRAM SERVICE * SHIP' S TELEPHONE SERVICE * INMARSAT SATELLITE SERVICE (DIAL 177). You can call or send a message to someone aboard ship by using our Maritime Services. For telephone calls to ships quote the name of the Coast Radio Station if known. For INMARSAT (Maritime Satellite) service dial 178. Give the ship's name, its identification number and ocean region, if known. International Directory Enquiries, code 130, can say if a ship is equipped for satellite service and provide the number. Any Other Call Enquiries Questions 11-14 Read the following notice. Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS form the passage answer the questions below. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet. FIRE NOTICE In the event of fire, the ALARM will ring. On hearing the fire alarm, all those in the West Wing should evacuate the building by staircase A. The assembly area for occupants of the West Wing is the staff car park at the rear of the building. All others assemble in the front courtyard. Evacuate the building even if the alarm stops. If you discover a fire, shout "FIRE" and operate the nearest fire alarm. Attack the fire with an extinguisher but to not take any risks. Inform reception by dialling 3333. 111

Example Where is room 1?

Answer the west wing

11. You are in room 101. Which staircase should you use to evacuate the building? 12. You are in room 201. Where should you wait outside after evacuating the building? 13. What should you do if the alarm stops? 14. Who should you contact if you discover a fire? SECTION2 Questions 15-20 Read "Information for New Students" below and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers in boxes 15-20 on your answer sheet. HILTON ENGLISH LANGUAGE CENTRE INFORMATION FOR NEW STUDENTS CLASS TIMES 9.00 am - 10.30 am 11.00 am - 12.30 pm 1.30 pm -3.00 pm Questions 15-27

The language Centre is open Moday to Friday. Each class has one afternoon free per week. On the first day go to the lecture hall to check your timetable. SELF-ACCESS The language laboratory (Room 1110) is open Monday to Friday form 3 .15 pm to 5.00 pm for all full-time students. You can learn how to use the computers for language games or word-processing. There are cassettes for students to borrow to practise their English. Go in and ask the teacher to show you. If you plan to take public examinations, there are dictation and listening comprehension cassettes for you to practise with. There are cloze exercises on the computers Ask your call teacher for a list of past exam essays. Students can borrow cassettes to take home but they must be returned after two days. ATTENDANCE All students on student visas are expected to attend classes regularly. Students who do

not attend classes will be reported to OSS. Eighty per cent attendance is required for students to receive their certificate on completion of their course. It is also required by OSS for an extension to your visa. Books If students are given course books, the books are their responsibility. If a book is lost, the student will be expected to pay for it .If students wish to buy books, there is a bookshop in the college specialising in English books (Room 3520) 15. When do classes begin and end on a full day? 16. How many afternoons does a class meet each week? 17. Where are the timetables displayed? 18. Who can use the language laboratory after classes? 19. Who is available in the self-access centre to help the students? 20. How much of a course must you attend according to visa restrictions? Questions 21-27 Read the passage below about a college in the city of Bath, written in 1985, and answer the questions that follow. The College The college has the advantage of location in one of the most attractive cities in the country. Within the city of Bath it occupies modem buildings in a landscaped garden on Sion Hill, Lansdown and an adjacent Georgian Crescent, Somerset Crescent, which includes teaching and residential accommodation for post-graduate studies. It also occupies three houses in Sydney Place, which are used for studio and workshop accommodation for part-time courses in the Visual Arts and for the Foundation Course in Art and Design. The Newton Park site is situated four miles west of Bath between the villages of Newton St Loe and Corston. Within the grounds are a Georgian mansion, where the college's central administration is located, an Elizabethan dairy, stables and the tower of a medieval manor house: all these older buildings have been adapted to present-day use. A new purpose-built Home Economics block was opened in January 1985. During 1986 a new Sports hall will be completed and new residential blocks are under construction to be completed ready for the start of the academic year in September 1986; a new Music block will be completed in 1987. The Art and Design degree courses which are currently accommodated at Corsham, about nine miles east of Bath, will be moved to the Sion Hill site in Bath by September 1986 thus reinforcing Faculty and Course links. The college courses are designed to take advantage of the special opportunities and circumstances provided by its environment. Students have available such resources as the Costume and fashion Research Centre, the Royal Photographic Centre and the Museum of American Domestic Lift at Claverton. Concerts and recitals, including some given by staff and students, take place throughout the year in the Assembly Rooms.

The college uses buildings in five different place. Where are the following thins located? In boxes 21-27 on your answer sheet write NP C SH SC SP if something is located in Newton Park if something is located in Crescent if something is located in Sion Hill if something is located in Somerset Crescent if something is located in Sydney Place Answer SH

Example A landscaped garden 21. Central Administration 22. Home Economics Block 23. Art and Design Foundation Course 24. Art and Design Degree Course after 1986 25. Post-graduate Residences 26. Sports Hall 27. Music Block . SECTION 3 Questions 28-38

Read the passage below and answer questions 28-38.

The 17th Winter Games, held in Norway in 1994, are part of an Olympic tradition which goes back almost 3,000 years. For more than 1,000 years the ancient Games were held, every four years, on hallowed ground near Mount Olympus, where the Greek gods were said to live. The ' Olympics' brought together men from war-torn tribes and states in Greece and its colonies, A sacred truce was declared to allow men to travel to the games in safety. Women could not take part and were forbidden, on pain of death, even to attend the Games. The ancient Olympics were abolished by the Roman Emperor Theodosius in 393 AD, after Greece had lost its independence. But the idea never died and the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin, and educator and scholar, founded the modern Olympics. His aim was to bring together, once every four years, athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur sport. No account was to be taken of national rivalries, nor politics, race, religion, wealth or social status. The first modern Games were held in Athens in 1896, and four years later, in Paris, women began to take part. Although the winter Olympics did not begin until 1924, figure skating was part of the 1908 London summer Olympics, both skating and ice hockey were included in the Antwerp Games in 1920. But generally winter sports were felt to be too specialized. Only cold-weather countries had much experience of activities such as skiing-a means of transport overland across ice and snow during long winters .The Scandinavians, for whom skiing is a part of everyday life, had objected to a winter games. They feared it would threaten their own Nordic games, which had been held every four years since 1901. But the International Olympic Committee (IOC) agreed to stage an International Sports Week in Chamonix, France ,in 1924. It was a success and the Scandinavians won 28 of the 43 medals, including nine golds. They dropped their objections and the event was retrospectively named the First Olympic Winter Games. Apart from the Second World War period the Winter Olympics were held every four years, a few months before the summer Olympics. But in 1986 the IOC changed the schedule so that the summer and winter games would be held in different years. Thus, for the only time in history, the Lillehammer (Norway) Games took place just two years after the previous Winter Olympics which were held in Albertville, France.

Since the Winter Games began, 55 out of 56 gold medals in the men's nordic skiing events have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union. For teams from warm weather countries, cross-country skiing can pose problems, At the Calgary Games in 1988, one competitor in the 50-kilometre even was so slow that race officials feared he was lost and sent out a search party. Roberto Alvarez of Mexico had never skied more than 20 kilometres before and finished 61st and last 52 minutes behind the 60th place. Questions 28-31 Complete the table below. Write a date for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet, DATE EVENT ...(28)... Ancient Olympics came to an end ...(29)... First women's events Example ...1901... First Nordic Games First winter team game included in ...(30)... Olympics ...(31)... First Winter Olympic Games Questions 32-28 Look at the following statement. In boxes 32-38 on your answer sheet write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage 32. The spectators, as well as the participants , of the ancient Olympics were all male. 33. Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics. 34. The modern Olympics have always demonstrated the political neutrality intended by their founder 35. The Antwerp Games proved that winter sports were too specialized. 36. Cross-country skiing events are a specialty of cold-weather countries. 37. Only Scandinavians have won gold medals in men's winter Olympics nordic skiing events. 38. One Winter Olympics has succeeded another every four years since 1924 with a break only for the Second World War. GENERAL TRAINING READING-ANSWER KEY Each question correctly answered scores 1 mark. Section 1. Questions 1-14 1. A 2. E 3. A AND F (both for 1 mark-any order) 4. B AND E (both for 1 mark-any order) 5. 166 6. 010 7. 130

8. 101 9. 170 10. 101 11. (staircase) J 12. (in) (the) front courtyard 13. (still/continue to) evacuate (the building) 14. reception Section 2. Questions 15-27 15. 9.00 (am) AND 3.00 (pm)/ nine (o'clock) AND three (o'clock) (both required for 1 mark) 16. 4/four 17. (the) lecture hall/room 18. (all) full-time students 19. (a/the) teacher 20. 80 / eighty % / per cent 21. NP 22. NP 23. SP 24. SH 25. SC 26. NP 27. NP Section 3, Questions 28-38 28. 393(AD) 29. 1900 30. 1920 31. 1924 32. TRUE 33. NOT GIVEN 34. NOT GIVEN 35. FALSE 36. TRUE 37. FALSE 38. FALSE

READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-11 which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3.

The Spectacular Eruption of Mount St. Helens A The eruption in May 1980 of Mount St. Helens, Washington State, astounded the world with its violence. A gigantic explosion tore much of the volcano's summit to fragments; the energy released was equal to that of 500 of the nuclear bombs that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945. B The event occurred along the boundary of two of the moving plates that make up the Earths crust. They meet at the junction of the North American continent and the Pacific Ocean. One edge of the continental North American plate over-rides the oceanic Juan de Fuca micro-plate, producing the volcanic Cascade range that includes Mounts Baker, Rainier and Hood, and Lassen Peak as well as Mount St. Helens. C Until Mount St. Helens began to stir, only Mount Baker and Lassen Peak had shown signs of life during the 20th century. According to geological evidence found by the United States Geological Survey, there had been two major eruptions of Mount St. Helens in the recent (geologically speaking) past: around 1900 B.C., and about A.D. 1500. Since the arrival of Europeans in the region, it had experienced a single period of spasmodic activity, between 1831 and 1857. Then, for more than a century, Mount St. Helens lay dormant. D By 1979, the Geological Survey, alerted by signs of renewed activity, had been monitoring the volcano for 18 months. It warned the local population against being deceived by the mountains outward calm, and forecast that an eruption would take place before the end of the century. The inhabitants of the area did not have to wait that long. On March 27, 1980, a few clouds of smoke formed above the summit, and slight tremors were felt. On the 28th, larger and darker clouds, consisting of gas and ashes, emerged and climbed as high as 20,000 feet. In April a slight lull ensued, but the volcanologists remained pessimistic. Then, in early May, the northern flank of the mountain bulged, and the summit rose by 500 feet. E Steps were taken to evacuate the population. Most-campers, hikers, timbercutters-left the slopes of the mountain. Eight-four-year-old Harry Truman, a holiday lodge owner who had lived there for more than 50 years, refused to be evacuated, in spite of official and private urging. Many members of the public, including an entire class of school children, wrote to him, begging him to leave. He never did. F On May 18, at 8.32 in the morning, Mount St. Helens blew its top, literally. Suddenly, it was 1300 feet shorter than it had been before its growth had begun. Over half a cubic mile of rock had disintegrated. At the same moment, an earthquake with an intensity of 5 on the Richter scale was recorded. It triggered an avalanche of snow and ice, mixed with hot rock-the entire north face of the mountain had fallen away. A wave of scorching volcanic gas and rock fragments shot horizontally from the volcanos riven flank, at an inescapable 200 miles per hour. As the sliding ice and snow melted, it touched off devastating torrents of mud and debris, which destroyed all life in their path. Pulverised rock climbed as a dust cloud into the atmosphere. Finally, viscous lava, accompanied by burning clouds of ash and gas, welled out of the volcanos new crater, and from lesser vents and cracks in its flanks.

G Afterwards, scientists were able to analyse the sequence of events. First, magmamolten rock-at temperatures above 2000. Had surged into the volcano from the Earths mantle. The build-up was accompanied by an accumulation of gas, which increased as the mass of magma grew. It was the pressure inside the mountain that made it swell. Next, the rise in gas pressure caused a violent decompression, which ejected the shattered summit like a cork from a shaken soda bottle. With the summit gone, the molten rock within was released in a jet of gas and fragmented magma, and lava welled from the crater. H The effects of the Mount St. Helens eruption were catastrophic. Almost all the trees of the surrounding forest, mainly Douglas firs, were flattened, and their branches and bark ripped off by the shock wave of the explosion. Ash and mud spread over nearly 200 square miles of country. All the towns and settlements in the area were smothered in an even coating of ash. Volcanic ash silted up the Columbia River 35 miles away, reducing the depth of its navigable channel from 40 feet to 14 feet, and trapping sea-going ships. The debris that accumulated at the foot of the volcano reached a depth, in places, of 200 feet. I The eruption of Mount St. Helens was one of the most closely observed and analysed in history. Because geologists had been expecting the event, they were able to amass vast amounts of technical data when it happened. Study of atmospheric particles formed as a result of the explosion showed that droplets of sulphuric acid, action as a screen between the Sun and the Earths surface, caused a distinct drop in temperature. There is no doubt that the activity of Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes since 1980 has influenced our climate. Even so, it has been calculated that the quantity of dust ejected by Mount St. Helens-a quarter of a cubic mile was negligible in comparison with that thrown out by earlier eruptions, such as that of Mount Katmai in Alaska in 1921 (three cubic miles). The volcano is still active. Lava domes have formed inside the new crater, and have periodically burst. The threat of Mount St. Helens lives on. Answer questions 1 and 2 by writing the appropriate letters A-1 in boxes 1 and 2 on your answer sheet. 1. Which paragraph describes the evacuation of the mountain? 2. Which paragraph describes the moment of the explosion of Mount St. Helens? 3. What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions of Mount St. Helens before 1980? Write TWO dates in box 3 on your answer sheet. 4. How do scientists know that the volcano exploded around the two dates above? Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS, write your answer in box 4 on your answer sheet. Question 5-8 Complete the summary of events below leading up to the eruption of Mount St. Helens. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. In 1979 the Geological Survey warned (5) to expect a violent eruption before the end of the century. The forecast was soon proved accurate. At the end of March there were tremors and clouds formed above the mountain. The was followed by a lull, but in early May the top of the mountain rose by (6) . People were (7) from around the mountain. Finally, on May 18th at (8), Mount St. Helens exploded.

Example: The energy released by the explosion of Mount St. Helens. The area of land covered in mud or ash The quantity of dust ejected 11. According to the text the eruption of Mount St. Helens and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by A. increasing the amount of rainfall. B. Heating the atmosphere. C. Cooling the air temperature. D. Causing atmospheric storms.

READING PASSAGE 2 B-E and G from the list of headings below. Write the appropritate numbers (i-x) in boxes 12-16 on your answer sheet. NB There are more headings for paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any of the heading s more than once. List of Headings (i) The effect of changing demographics on organizations (ii) Future changes in the European workforce (iii) The unstructured interview and its validity (iv) The person-skills match approach to selection (v) The implications of a poor person-environment fit (vi) Some poor selection decisions (vii) The validity of selection procedures (viii) The person-environment fit (ix) Past and future demographic changes in Europe (x) Adequate and inadequate explanations of organizational failure Example: Paragraph A Answer (X) PEOPLE AND ORGANISATIONS: THE SELECTION ISSUE A In1991, according to the Department of Trade and Industry, a record 48,000 British companies went out of business. When businesses fail, the post-mortem analysis is traditionally undertaken by accountants and market strategists. Unarguably organizations do fail because of undercapitalisation, poor financial management, adverse market conditions etc. Yet, conversely, organisatons with sound financial backing, good product ideas and market acumen often underperform and fail to meet shareholders explanations. The complexity, degree and sustainment of organizational performance requires an explanation which goes beyond the balance sheet and the "paper conversion of financial inputs into profit making outputs. A more

complete explanation of "what went wrong necessarily must consider the essence of what an organisation actually is and that one of the financial inputs, the most important and often the most expensive, is people. B An organisation is only as good as the people it employs. Selecting the right person for the job involves more than identifying the essential or desirable range of skills, educational and professional qualifications necessary to perform the job and them recruiting the candidate who is most likely to possess these skills or at least is perceived to have the ability and predisposition Io acquire them. This is a purely person/skins match approach to selection. C Work invariably takes place in the presence and/or under the direction of others, in a particular organisational setting. The individual has to "fit" in with the work environment, with other employees, with the organisational climate, style of work, organisation and culture of the organisation. Different organisations have different cultures (Cartwright&Cooper,1991;1992). Working as an engineer at British Aerospace will not necessarily be a similar experience to working in the same capacity at GEC or Plessey. D Poor selection decisions are expensive. For exampie, the costs of training a policeman are about 20,000(approx. US $30,000). The costs of employing an unsuitable technician on an oil rig or in a nuclear plant could, in an emergency ,result in millions of pounds of damage or loss of life. The disharmonyd a poor person-environment fit (PE-fit) is likely to resul in low job satisfaction, lack of organisational commitment and employee Stress, which affect organisational out-comes i.e. productivity, high labour turnover and absenteeism, and individual outcomes i. e. physical, psychological and mental well-being. E However, despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticated and more objective selection techniques available, including the use of psychometric tests, assessment centres etc., many organisations are Still prepared to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minute unstructured interview. Indeed, research has demonstrated that a selection decision is often made within the first four minutes of the interview. In the remaining time, the interviewer then attends exclusively to information that reinforces the initial "accept" or "reject decision. Research into the validity of selection methods has consistently demonstrated that the unstructured interview, where the interviewer asks my questions he or she likes, is a poor predictor of future job performance and fares little better than more controversial methods like graphology and astrolo-gy. In times of high unemployment,! recruitment becomes a buyer 's market and this was the use in Britain during the 1980s. F The future, we are told, is likely to be different. Detailed surveys of social and economic trends in the European Community show that Europe's population is falling and getting older, The birth rate in the Community is now only three quarters of the level needed to ensure replacement of the existing population. By the year 2020,it is predicted that more than one in four Europeans will be aged 60 or more and barely one in five will be under 20. In a five-year period between 1983 and 1988 the Communitys female workforce grew by almost six million. As a result, 51% of all women aged 14 to 64 are now economically active in the labour market compared with 78% of men. G The changing demographics will not only affect selection ratios. They will also make it

increasingly important for organisations wishing to mainta in their competitive edge to be more responsive and accommodating to the changing needs of their workforce if they are to retain and develop their human resources. More flexible working hours, the opportunity of work from home or job share, the provision of childcare facilities etc., will play a major role in attracting and retaining Staff in the future. 17. Organisations should recognize that their employees are a significant part of their financial assets. 18. Open-structured 45 minute interviews are the best method to identify suitable employees. 19. The rise in the female workforce in the European Community is a positive trend. 20. Graphology is a good predictor of future job performance. 21. In the future, the number of people in employable age groups will decline. 22. In 2020, the percentage of the population under 20 will be smaller than now. Poor person-environment fit i. Low job satisfaction ii. Lack of organizational commitment iii. Employee stress a. b. c. a. b. c. low production rates high rates of staff change (25) poor health poor psychological health poor mental health

READING PASSAGE3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-38 which are based on Reading Passage3 on Page 9 and 10. "The Rollfilm Revolution ,, The introduction of the dry plate process brought with it many advantages. Not only was it much more convenient, so that the photographer no longer needed to prepare his material in advance, but its much greater sensitivity made possible a new generation of cameras.

Instantaneous exposures had been possible before but only with some difficulty and with special equipment and conditions. Now , exposures short enough to permit the camera to the held in the hand were easily achieved. As well as fitting shutters and viewfinders to Their conventional stand cameras, manufacturers began to construct smaller cameras intended specifically for hand use . One of the first designs to be published was Thomas Bolas'sDetective' camera of 1881. Externally a plain box, quite unlike the folding bellows camera typical of the period, it could be used unobtrusively. The name caught on ,and for the next decade or so almost all hand cameras were calledDetectives'. Many of the new designs in the 1880s were for magazine cameras ,in which a number of dry plates could be pre-loaded and changed one after another following exposure. Although much more convenient than stand cameras, still used by most serious workers, magazine plate cameras were heavy, and required access to a darkroom for loading and processing the plates. This was all changed by a young American bank clerk turned photographic manufacturer, George Eastman , from Rochester, New York. Eastman had begun to manufacture gelatine dry plates in 1880. being one of the first to do so in America. He soon looked for ways of simplifying photography, believing that many people were put off by the complication and messiness. His first step was to develop, with the camera manufacturer William H. Walker, a holder for a long roll of paper negative film'. This could be fitted to a standard plate camera and up to forty-eight exposures made before reloading. The combined weight of the paper roll and the holder was far less than the same number of glass plates in their light-tight wooden holders. Although roll-holders had been made as early as the 1850s, none had been very successful because of the limitations of the photographic materials then available. Eastmans rollable paper film was sensitive and gave negatives of good quality; the Eastman-Walker roll-holder was a great success. The next step was to combine the roll-holder with a small hand camera; Eastman's first design was patented with an employee, F. M. Cossitt, in 1886.It was not a success. Only fifty Eastman detective cameras were made ,and they were sold as a lot to a dealer in 1887; the cost was too high and the design too complicated . Eastman set about developing a new model , which was launched in June 1888. It was a small box, containing a roll of paperbased stripping film sufficient for 100 circular exposures 6 cm in diameter. Its operation was simple : set the shutter by pulling a wire string; aim the camera using the V line impression in the camera top ; press the release button to activate the exposure; and turn a special key to wind out the film. A hundred exposures had to be made ,so it was important to record each picture in the memory Exclusive random book provided, since there was no exposure counter. Eastman gave his camera the invented name Kodak'-which was easily pronounceable in most languages. and had two Ks which Eastman felt was a firm, uncompromising kind of letter. The importance of Eastmans new roll-film camera was not that it was not that it was the first. There had been several earlier cameras, notably the Stirn America ', first demonstrated

in the spring of 1887 and on sale from early 1888. This also used a roll of negative paper and had such refinements as a reflecting viewfinder and an ingenious exposure marker . The real significance of the first Kodak camera was that it was backed up by a developing and printing service. Hitherto , virtually, all photographers developed and printed their own pictures .This required the facilities of a darkroom and the time and inclination to handle the necessary chemicals ,make the prints and so on . Eastman recognized that not everyone had the resources of the desire to do this. When a customer had made a hundred exposures in the Kodak camera, he sent it to Eastman's factory in Rochester (or later in Harrow in England) where the film was unloaded, processed and printed, the camera reloaded and returned to the owner ."You Press the Button ,We Do the Rest ran Eastman's classic marketing slogan; photography had been brought to everyone. Everyone, that is who could afford $25 or five guineas for the camera and $ 1O or two guineas for the developing and printing. A guinea ($5) was a week's wages for many at the time ,so this simple camera cost the equivalent of hundreds of dollars today. In 1889 an improved model with a new shutter design was introduced, and it was called the No.2 Kodak camera. The paper-based stripping film was complicated to manipulate, since the processed negative image had to be stripped from the paper base for printing. At the end of 1889 Eastman launched a new roll film on a celluloid base. Clear, tough, transparent and flexible, the new film not only made the roll film camera film fully practical, but provided the raw material for the introduction of cinematography a few years later. Other, larger models were introduced ,including several folding versions, one of which took pictures 21.6cm x 16.5 cm in size. Other manufacturers in America and Europe introduced cameras to take the Kodak roll-films and other firms began to offer developing and printing services for the benefit of the new breed of photographers. By September 1889, over 5,OOO Kodak cameras had been sold in the USA, and the company was daily printing 6-7,000 negatives. Holidays and special events created enormous surges in demand for processing: 900 Kodak users returned their cameras for processing and reloading in the week after the New York centennial celebration. Instant dictionary: 26. Before the dry plate process short exposures could only b achieved with cameras held in the hand. 27. Stirns America camera lacked Kodaks developing service. 28. The first Kodak film cost the equivalent of a weeks wages to develop. 29. Some of Eastmans 1891 rage of cameras could be loaded in daylight. Write your answers in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet. V Line Impression Purpose:to aim the camera Special Key Purpose:to (30) (31)

Purpose:to (32) (33) Purpose:to (34)