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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations 1920s America

Why did the USA experience a boom in the 1920s? Isolation policies-dont get involved in Foreign Affairs More Liberal attitude During world war 1 they sold loads of goods(weapons to allies) New Technology Government didnt spend much on war Mass Production Just finished a world war Business Confidence rose More Businesses More Jobs Age of Consumerism - SPEND, SPEND, SPEND!!!!

Causes of the Boom Government didnt interfere with businesses laissez faire-but government has to have control Stocks & Shares Could Buy a Share of The Company - Much Confidence in buying shares Lending Money from the Bank Consumer confidence Tariffs-but they Worsened foreign relations and would also backfire someday (SmootHawley Tariff Act) Advertisement Cars Could be produced very quickly so cheaper price Assembly line America was Rich in Raw Materials (Land, Oil and People)-Allows to sell thing for cheaper price Industry grew due to world war 1 Mass production-value depreciates Credit-Borrowing Money from the bank-But backfires with interest that has to be paid Mail order as products could be now send to customers through catalogues Isolation policies Hire Purchase Time and motion & Economy of Scale New Technology The Era of Entertainment-(Jazz, First Talkies, Radio, Blues, Mickey mouse, Charlie Chaplin, Louis Armstrong, duke Ellington etc.) FordneyMcCumber Tariff -of 1922 raised American tariffs in order to protect factories and farms. Congress displayed a pro-business attitude in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to Europe, which in turn bought more American goods

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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

The Good Times (Because of the boom some American had more money to spend on) Entertainment Woman Radios White Goods Alcohol (Drugs, etc.) Fashion Tabaco Parties Stocks & shares Gambling Useless Stuff Health & Medicine

Fads and Flappers More and Bigger Parties were held-This was a more fun age New dances like tango and the Charleston were introduced-This gave women a chance to be more liberal New kinds of music were introduced (Jazz, Blues, etc.)-this gave women the chance to be famous Many women became flappers-this was seen as a rise in liberality (showing more skin, smoking, etc.) New kinds of fashions were released-gave women a chance to dress to impress Rise in Homosexuality-This gave women the chance to be openly gay lesbians Parents and older generation tried to control younger generations Resulted in Anti-flirt association Dancing was very popular-women had much more fun in dance marathons

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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

Thing that women got in the 1920s More Confidence More Rights Wider variety of jobs Freedom Disposable income The right to divorce their husbands

Life was good in 1920s because Flappers Fads and crazes-things that you desperately want to have More Money Rise in New Technology Isolation from foreign Affairs People had more disposable income Entertainment and fashion industry Music Stocks & Shares More money enable cities to enlarge and bring more products in More demand for Products in the market America Experienced a boom Because Tariffs were kept on Foreign imports Mass Production New Dances

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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

Conflict in 1920s America Industry Traditional Industrys like textiles and coal didnt benefit from the boom Because America had put tariffs on foreign goods it resulted in less exports as foreign countries had also put taxes on their goods

Agriculture It was a life of constant struggle for farmers Due Farmers being told to mass produce in ww1 which was more than they could and thats why the value of their products had depreciated this being the reason why they got so little money and lived in poverty

Social problems Racism Massive divide between American people and people from different nationalities (Especially Black people) KKK (Ku Klux Klan) were the main protagonists Red Scare (Communists) Sacco and Vanzetti case (Anarchists had another political view point)-2 Italians were convicted to murder of a women in an armed robbery without fair trial and were executed There was a big division between rich and poor (2 Scavengers and 2 Beautiful people in a Mercedes) 42% of the population lived below poverty lines Only 5% of America owned a 1/3 of the wealth

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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

People who didnt benefit from the American dream

They were isolated thru

Farmers-over production Working class Immigrants Most women Black people-worst jobs 60% lived below the poverty line Communists Other countries (Economically) Traditional Factories-Suffered economic isolation earned $49 a month

Social isolation Economic Isolation Political Isolation Religious Isolation

Prohibition-effects 18th amendment-was passed down to stop people buying or making alcohol (it was seen unpatriotic as it was made by German brewers) Isolation-foreigners had a bad time Emergency Quota Act- The Act restricted the number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3% of the number of residents from that same country living in the United States in the 1800s Wasps people who excluded Catholics blacks, Asian, aristocrats, Russian, etc. KKK-rose around the boom time and got disbanded by the FBI National Origin Act- United States federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890 Sacco and Vanzetti Ghettos people thought that they would live he American dream but realized they couldnt when they came in Palmer Raid- The Palmer Raids were attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States(500 were deported among them some lefties)-Red Scare Immigration Laws

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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

Prohibition Volstead act-dont get it confused with the 18th Amendment (classed a drink alcoholic if its volume exceeds 0.5%) Speakeasies-Underground alcohol bars supplied by bootleggers Moonshine-people made their own alcohol Bootleggers-they sold alcohol and whiskey to speakeasies from the west indies and Canada Woman's Christian Temperance Union(-they stood up to alcohol cause they thought that it cause all the family issues) Al Capone-leader of a mafia gang and did much of the organized crime he was an Italian gang leader with 700 members in Chicago-he was found out for tax evasion by FBI in 1932St.Valentineines massacre-al Capone killed members of Bugs Morans Gang 1917-1919-(1922 in New Jersey ) until it became national Rise in Entertainment Alcohol consumption needed to be controlled Elliot Ness was a famous Prohibition agent with his other 11 agents called the untouchables who also pursued al Capone for bootlegging and for tax evasions People didnt like prohibition Roosevelt ended in in 1932 with the 21st Amendment There werent many agents to enforce the law-they got paid low salaries made it able to bribe them this also being a factor in the end of prohibition The Government lost money cause they couldnt tax alcohol which caused a decline in consumer spending and America lost money The boundaries of America were too big for agents to control the number of immigrants coming into the country Protection Rackets They threatened people with damaging their property etc. t stop people smuggling alcohol

7|Page Wall Street Crash

America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

Tariff (Boundaries) Over production Investing an selling Shares Poverty Due to President hoovers Isolation Policies Too much Speculation Unemployment Cycle of Depression Philological back blow Prices Depreciated High Import duties 45% drop in Production There were signs of the Crash Happening as land prices depreciated Unequal distribution Homeless Suicide Black Tuesday 1929 Jarrow March- protest for jobs 500 Banks Closed Permanently scared Didnt recover after 1941 (in ww2) 1969 (Full Recovery) 13 Million Unemployed World financial crisis Lost Everything Share prices Collapsed President Hoover Republican Franklin Delano Roosevelt-Democrat

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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

What was life like in the 1930s? The American dream was over = American Nightmare Lots of Poverty = Lots of charities had to help with bread lines Lots of suicide because people lost their life savings Banks speculated with peoples money There were lots of Hoovervilles Shantytowns Lots of Depression Franklin Delano Roosevelt gave a rise to the Democratic party-The Rise of the New Deal

The New Deal Psychological support Inaugural Address F.D.R. gave speeches to reassure the American that they dont have anything to be scared of (We have nothing to fear but fear itself) Fire side Chats-F.D.R. gave a series of inaugural address in the radio and made 60million people gather Stabilization of the Banking system-F.D.R. introduced bank holidays to make bankers restore their nerves and introduced the Emergency Relief Bill which made sure that only the banks that are well managed will be the banks that will be reopened which gave the space and time to avoid panic

Practical Support He set up numerous alphabet agencies to support American people Tennessee Valley Authority (T.V.A.) - it constructed dams to stop flooding which would wipe away resources. The Agency also build new towns National Recovery Administration (N.R.A.) - It gave fairer prices in industry ,gave higher wages and fixed working hours and it was symbolized by the Blue Eagle Agricultural Adjustment Act (A.A.A.) it Reduced Farm Production too boost up prices Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C) Gave jobs to the unemployed planting nearly 3billion tress and building parks as well as upgrading the parks Public Works Administration (P.W.A.) it Constructed Schools, Hospitals and other public buildings Many Historians thought that the first New Deal served to save Capitalist interests ant the second New Deal to change America

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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

America in the 1930s Rise of Franklin Delano Roosevelt Lack of Social Security Protest to Hoover People were Jobless Bread Lines Alphabet Agencies Okies and Hobos Cycle of Depression New Deal Rural Poverty A Rise in Prices Many Thought it was the end (Life)

Human Effect of the Depression Charities were established People have nobody to look for help for Richer get richer and the poorer get poorer Suicide Less work due to business collapsing People become hobos Banks will close- Because of the deficits Protest Poverty No confidence on Life at all

Effects of the Great Depression People became hobos 6000 Banks collapsed 13 million were unemployed A 7 year drought due to over Farming People had to live in tin shacks Black people were even more discriminated against Causes of Race Relations People became Homeless Collapse in Industry Riots and Protests The American Dream was truly not achievable

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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

Unemployed in the 1930s By 1933 25% were unemployed in some cities it was even higher 45% cut in Production Workers were fired In 1933 half of the Chicago labour force was unemployed Many became hobos and desperately looked for work in other cities Up to 70% of black people were unemployed in Charleston- in Memphis up to 75% of black people were unemployed

Bonus Army They were WW1 Veterans They were promised pensions by 1945 After President hoover moved them out of protest by the police force he became very unpopular-The police force burned down their tents They didnt feel appreciated for their They Protested They Hated President Hoover

Herbert Hoover Many thought that Hoover was the Architector of the Great Depression He was the 31st President and lived from 1874-1964 He was educated as he could speak many languages- (He spoke Chinese with his wife in private) He was the first native American President He owned Silver mines He increased imports with the Smooth-Hawley-tariff He was opposed with the bonus march in 1932 His successor was Franklin Delano Roosevelt He had a Strong sense of Acceptionalism Waves of Optimism and opportunity He was a Humanitarian He set up the Federal Government He lost the confidence of the American people He tried to help out with the depression but ultimately failed

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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

Hoovers Effectiveness He cut Taxes in the 1930s to increase spending He spend $4000million to construct buildings, industries and to create new jobs In 1932 he set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation which provided $1500million to help businesses In 1932 he set up the Emergency Relief Act which gave out $300million out to states to help lower unemployment

Why Hoover wasnt Effective He destroyed Trade His Government believed in rugged Individualism Laissez faire-People had to look after themselves His Smooth-Hawley-Tariff actually deepened the Depression-Isolation policies They used his name to describe bad things like Hoovervilles, Hoover leather, Hoover Blankets, etc. In Hoover we trusted and now we are busted He lost his popularity after moving out people from the bonus army with the police force

Franklin Delano Roosevelt He was a Democrat who brought in the New Deal which was classed as the most expensive Governmental founded program in the whole American presidency He came from an wealth background which is why people thought he betrayed his class with taxation He had 42/48 states in favor of him becoming President Historians argue that his New Deal was neither a success nor failure There were many critics of his New Deal He was met with resistance at the white house He became crippled in 1921 which made him understand peoples troubles in America He tried to replace old members of the supreme court by making them retire so he could continue his New Deal which made him look like a Dictator

Why did Roosevelt become President in 1932? He followed the policies of J.M. Keynes (How to run economy and dont borrow money) He promised a New Deal He was not Hoover He reassured many Americans He had a solid Plan He was a good speaker who told Americans exactly what he was doing (Inaugural Address)

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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

Roosevelts Hundred Days Banks Roosevelt introduce a 4 day bank holiday in which he restored peoples confidence in the banks People even started putting money back into their bank accounts-this ended the banking crisis which is why it was seen as a success In June 1933 the Glass Steagull Act stopped banks speculating with peoples money and brought honest and stability into the American banking system In March 1933 the Emergency Banking Act closed banks and re-opened the well managed once and supported them by Government loans He acted quickly He set up alphabet agencies which made it easier to remember them The Congress granted him Emergency Power which is what a president would be granted in war He told Americans exactly what he was doing He held Fire side chats- he gave Americans an insight in what kind of situation they were in now He has done lots of planning in order to make the Government save

Agriculture Industry Young The Civilian Conservation Corps helped the young given unemployed actor a job to entertain people Helped Agriculture and the Environment The National Recovery Administration (N.R.A.) reasoned fairer prices for products and fairer working conditions for workers The Blue Eagle symbolized the N.R.A. which encouraged people to buy products with its sign on it (We do our part) It helped workers and employers In March 1933 the Agriculture Adjustment Act (A.A.A.) was set up in order for farmer to get paid for producing less food-this was very controversial Of mice and men speaks of the way farm workers were treated in the 1930s Many thought it served Capitalist interests

13 | P a g e The New Deal

America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

It was successful in short-term Many thought it wasted money The A.A.A. was banned It provided hope for Americans In long-term it wasnt that successful There were still people suffering from the Depression The P.W.A. only gave jobs to skilled workers

New Deal success or failure? The N.R.A. gave minimum wages but standard of work were still exploited The Glass Steagull Act stopped banks speculating with peoples money The A.A.A. helped farm owners but was very controversial The T.V.A. stooped flooding by building dams and transformed deserted places to places of mass tourism The P.W.A. took care of sewage and draining and it was long-term The C.C.C. was seen as cheap labour and people got low pay The H.O.L.C. took care of mortgage reenactments The F.E.R.A. took care of the hungry and homeless but it was only short-term C.W.A. gave away 4million jobs but it was only short-term Most agencies were short-term There were many critics to the New Deal Black people were at a disadvantage and this caused the rise of Race Relations Many people thought that it wasted money The WW2 actually gave a recovery in the Economy

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America in the 1920s ,1930s and Race Relations

Successes of the New Deal Sorted out Hoovers mess He acted quickly Some agencies provided long-term jobs The F.E.R.A. helped the homeless and poor The Blue Eagle encouraged people buy products with its label on it The T.V.A. transformed deserted places into places of mass tourism The Glass Steagull Act stooped banks speculating with peoples money It ended the banking crisis by giving bank holidays -Emergency Recovery Act

Failures of the New Deal The Gold Standard was affected Many thought it wasted money The A.A.A. was very controversial as it only helped farm owners Some thought it was there for Capitalist interests Black people were even worse off than the poorest of the poor in America Only gave jobs to skilled workers Did help lower unemployment but had fully stopped it There were many critics of the New Deal Huey long Share our wealth