Glucose has a lot of potential energy and we want that energy.

We talk about oxidation reduction reactions- space shuttle- that fuel is oxygen and hydrogen reacting so its a oxidation reduction reaction. We want to strip it of that energy but we want it to be controlled. Cellulose is glucose. We burn logs for energy as an example. We SLOWLY break down glucose. Its the same as what we do with a log in a fire. After burning the log we have carbon. Controlled slow burn to make ATP. We break down Glucose with Enzymes and Water (Catabolism) from small intestine into blood stream and use proteins to get it into the cell. Catabolic process- Glycolysis. Two molecules that steal electrons from Glucose are NAD and FAD. These are electron transport molecules (purse snatchers). In the cytoplasm and then takes them to the mitochondria. Notice when NAD and FAD stole electrons the Hydrogen followed them. So they become NADH and FADH2. Took electrons and Hydrogen followed. Electrons are always packaged in pairs- always will be two electrons. How many Hydrogens does Glucose have? 12. NAD and FAD will steal every single hydrogen. ?? Proteins in Mitochondria squeeze energy out of electrons. Then electrons will be given to Oxygen. Hydrogen follows and makes water. Big picture for the equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2------6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP- those Hydrogens from Glucose - followed their electrons- electrons hooked up with Oxygen and Hydrogens and made water. Electrons from Glucose (from food) super high energy electrons- Electron Transport Chain- squeeze electrons for energy- electrons hook up with Oxygen. Electron Transport Chain is a group of proteins in the Mitochondria. The proteins pass the electrons down- each one takes a little out of each electron. Stripping Glucose- Catabolism or Oxidation- whole process is Cellular Respiration. Using Oxygen is called Aerobic Respiration. Cellular Respiration has three stages: Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation. Need to recognize and describe what happens but not in detail. Tell him: Start with Glucose- from food- took glucose to cell, went into cell- Glucose was split first thing- Glycolysis. Glyco- sugar Lysis- split. 6 carbon Glucose- Glycolosis- split into 2 3 carbon molecules. During the process make a little ATP- 2 molecules. Now 3 carbon molecules: PYRUVATES go into Mitochondria- gets ground up through Citric Acid Cycle- strip all electrons make NADH and FADH, glucose disappears as CO2. Lots of ATP. Electron carriers take to purple proteins and make ATP.

2 ways we make ATP- one involves enzyme- take ADP and phosphate- puts them together- Substrate phosphorylation. Oxidative Phosphorylation is where we make most of our ATP. Remember: Glycolysis takes place in Cytoplasm, take Glucose- break down into 2 molecules of Pyruvate, and make 2 ATP and 2 NADH. (steal a couple of electrons). Take Glucose go through series of complex reactions- left with 2 NADH, net 2 ATP (used 2), and 2 Pyruvate. This is study slideGlycolysis Summary Slide. If there is Oxygen present (breathing) I move on to Citric Acid Cycle- only if we have oxygen. Krebs Cycle is the same thing. Kreb guy who came up with it. Pyruvate made in Cytoplasm but then moves into Mitochondria. First thing I do is take Pyruvate is convert it into Acetyl CoA. Involved there- take Pyruvate, snip off a carbon, and 2 oxygen (CO2), at end have 2 carbons take CoA and put into Krebs Cycle. Pyruvate goes in to Mito. Snap off Carboxyl group, NAD snatched 2 electrons and 2 Hydrogen followed. Co Enzyme A, couple of electrons, NADH, Citric Acid Cycle takes place inside Mito. Need to know very little: Start with Acetyl CoA- put into Cycle and then its gone. We got NADH and FADH stealing electrons Hydrogen following. Rest was broken down into CO2. Be able to tell him: In Krebs Cycle in Mito. For every Acetyl CoA that goes in, I make 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH and 2 CO2. This happens twice so in all we actually have 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 4 CO2. 45:34 Thats where 6 CO2 come from. (2 extra CO2 from Prep Cycle) Most complex part of process: In the Mito. Small section Electron Transport Chain- proteins in the membrane. We are taking electrons via NADH and FADH- will hand over electrons to chain of proteinsthe proteins will pass the electrons down each taking a bit of energy and moving it down. Finally Oxygen gets electrons. Hydrogens following combines with Oxygen to make water. Have high energy electrons- protein take high energy electrons to force Hydrogens into compartment. Hydrogens went from low concentration to high concentration against gradient uses Active Transport. Most of the time ATP is used for Active Transport. But in this case the energy from the electrons is used to force the Hydrogens against their concentration gradient into this compartment. (High concentration) Hydrogen wants to go out- down its gradient. Need to know: Another protein: ATP Synthase- synthesizes ATP (makes ATP) it does this by allowing Hydrogens to pass back through it and this provides the energy to put ADP and phosphate together to make ATP. Hydrogen gets out and then hooks up with Oxygen. Use diffusion goes through ATP Synthase- used to make energy- then goes around to meet with Oxygen.

Electron Transport Chain- Electron energy pumps Hydrogen into intermembrane compartment (against concentration gradient)- then they leave through ATP Synthase which provides the energy needed to put ADP and phosphate together to form ATP. ATP Synthase

uses the exergonic (releasing energy) flow of H+ to drive phosphorylation of ATP. This is an example of Chemiosmosis, the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work.
Like a hydroelectric dam- lots of water on one side- little on other. (concentration gradient) water flows high to low through turbine- spins propeller and makes electricity. Same thing. Hydrogen are flowing through turbine that spins it and allows it to put ATP together. Study Slide: Summary of Glucose Catabolism. 56:11. Big Picture: Glycolysis in the beginning. Took Glucose, split it into 2 3 carbons- Pyruvate= 2 ATP, 2 NADH. Pyruvate in Mitochondria Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA, everything is doubled now. 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH IMPORTANT- Krebs cycle, total- 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP. Memorize- for every NADH- that hands off electrons, we can produce 3 ATP, for every FADH- we produce 2 ATP. Add up all from Glycolysis, Krebs cycle- total of 10 NADH- 30 ATP produced, 2 FADh- 4 ATP, add to ATP made (4) total of 38- for both pyruvates. Glycolysis- 2 ATP, whole process makes 38. Very efficient, thats why I breathe. (remember that we used 2, so its net 38) KNOW TALLY. Chemiosmosis= the word for the process. Site those 2 slides and grasp that- we are in great shape. Oxygen we inhale becomes water, starch becomes CO2. If we don't have enough Oxygen, everything stops on chain, electrons go back to Pyruvate, Hydrogens follow. Pyruvate becomes Lactic Acid.