Renewable Energy Systems ECE 492C/592C The Solar Resource Chapter 7

Dr. Johan Enslin Vice President Quanta Technology

JHEnslin@NCSU.edu

U.S. States - Renewable Portfolio Standards

Source: NREL By 2025, we will need approx. 428 GW of new generation and capacity
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Solar Market Growth $ 16 B in USA by 2015

3000

Investments of $16 B by 2015 ($ 5.33 / W)

Committed & Planned Solar-Thermal v/s Photovoltaic (100%=$16B)

Photovoltaic, 20%

Solar Growth Forecast 2005 2015 (MW)

Projected Hardware v/s EPC (100% = $16B)

EPC 40%

Solar-Thermal, 80%

Hardware & Equipment, 60%

Source:- EIA - DOE

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The Solar Spectrum

Sun generates 3.8x1020 MW of EM energy Earth is a 288 K blackbody with spectrum Total radiant power emitted is given by E = AT4 Wiens displacement rule
lmax (m) = 2898 / T(K)

The spectral emissive power of a 288 K blackbody

Sun 5800 K blackbody with spectrum Visible spectrum ranges from 0.38 m to 0.78 m The terrestrial spectrum depends on how much atmosphere the radiation has to pass through Total area under blackbody curve = 1.37 kW/m2

The extraterrestrial solar spectrum compared with a 5800 K blackbody Page 4

Example for Solar Spectrum

Given: Surface temperature of a black body = 15 C, Area = 5.1*1014 m2. To find: Rate at which energy is radiated by the earth and the wavelength at which maximum power is radiated.
Using E = AT4 We get E = 2*1017 W max (earth) = 2898 / T(k) = 10.1 m For the 5800 K sun, max (sun) = 2898/5800 = 0.5 m

Earths atmosphere reacts very differently to the much longer wavelengths emitted by the earths surface than it does to the short wavelengths arriving from the sun. This difference is the fundamental factor responsible for the greenhouse effect.

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The Solar Spectrum Air Mass

Air mass ratio - m = h2/h1 = 1/sin h2 is the path length of atmosphere h1 is length with sun directly overhead. is altitude angle of the sun

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The Earths Orbit

Earth revolves sun in elliptical orbit 1 revolution in 365.25 days.

The variation in distance of earth from sun is given by:

3/21 and 9/21 Equinox sun 90 at equator (equal day and night) 12/21 and 6/21 Solstice sun at 23.45 from North Pole

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Altitude Angle of the Sun at Solar Noon

Sun in the sky for PV tilt angles Solar declination = 23.45*sin[360/365 * (n-81)] Solar noon important for solar Collector facing south, tilted to local latitude good RoT
Season changes, view with a fixed earth, moving sun

Altitude angle - sun and the local horizon N= 90o L + Zenith is direct overhead

The altitude angle of the sun at solar noon

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Example - Tilt Angle of a PV Module

Find optimum tilt angle for a south-facing photovoltaic module in Tucson (latitude 32.1N) at solar noon on March 1. March 1 is 60th day of the year.
Solar declination =23.45*sin[360/365(n-81)] = -8.3

Altitude angle of the sun = 49.6 The tilt angle - perpendicular to sun at noon would be Tilt = 90-49.6 = 40.4

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Solar Position at Time of the Day

Suns position - altitude angle and azimuth angle s Azimuth angle is (+) in morning and (-) in the afternoon Photovoltaics are shadow sensitive Sun path diagrams for shading analysis to predict shading patterns is a practical application
Sun Position

Solar Time (ST) and Local Clock Time (CT)

Use solar time for most solar work. sin = cos L cos cos H + sin L sin sin s = (cos sin H) / cos Hour angle H = (15 / hour) * hours before solar noon
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Sun Path Diagrams for Shading Analysis

Altitude Angle

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Solar Time and Local Clock Time

Solar Time (ST) and Local Clock Time (CT)

ST = CT + 4min/ (LTM L) + E(min) Monthly corrections +/- 15 minutes Longitude correction W (+) / (-) E +/- 30 minutes http://www.susdesign.com/tools.php
Equation of Time adjustment

Example: EDT for solar noon in Boston (L = 71.1W) on July 1? n= 182; B= 360/364 (182-81) = 99.89 E = -3.5 min; LTM = 75 CT = 12 4(75 71.1) (-3.5) = 11:47.9 AM EST or 12:48 PM EDT
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Clear Sky Direct-Beam Radiation

Solar radiation striking a collector IC, is a combination of direct beam, IBC, diffuse, IDC, and reflected, IRC Solar Constant = 1.377 kW/m2 Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface Direct-Beam Radiation 85% Diffuse Radiation 10% Reflected radiation 5%
Solar Radiation striking a collector

Illustrating collector azimuth angle, solar azimuth angle and altitude angle

Diffuse radiation on a collector assumed to be proportional to the fraction of the sky that the collector sees

The ground is assumed to reflect radiation with equal intensity in all directions

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Tracking Systems
Racks that allow the collector to track the sun across the sky are quite cost effective Single-axis trackers Tracks the sun only in azimuth angle About 10 - 15 % increase

A Single-axis tracking mount with east-west tracking. A polar mount has the axis of rotation facing south and tilted at an angle equal to the latitude

Two-axis trackers Tracks both angles i.e., track the sun both in azimuth and altitude angles so the collectors are always pointing directly at the sun About 10 20 % increase
Two-axis tracking angular relationships

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Solar Radiation Measurements

Creation of solar energy databases Principal types of devices used to measure solar radiation Pyranometer Pyrheliometer

A thermopile-type, black-andwhite pyranometer

Pyranometer with a shade ring to measure diffuse radiation

A Li-Cor silicon-cell pyranometer

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Insolation Data

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IsoSolar Irradiation Data

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List of Equations

Homework:- 7.2; 7.3; 7.5; 7.15; 7.17

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Thermal Solar with Molten Salt Energy Storage

Source:- 5 MW Sandia Lab. Storage Test Facility

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The Solar Path Diagrams by Latitude

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Hourly Clear-Sky Insolation Data

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Monthly Clear-Sky Insolation Data

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Insolation Data per City

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Thank You

Thank You !

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