ENME489K

PROBLEM SET 4

Due 5 April 2012 | Adam M. Davies

Adam M. Davies

ENME489K

Problem Set 4

Table of Contents
Problem 1: Solar Time ................................................................................................................................... 2 Problem 2: Window Irradiation .................................................................................................................... 3 Part A: Angle of Incidence ......................................................................................................................... 3 Part B: Unshaded Fraction of Window ...................................................................................................... 4 Part C: Solar Fluxes .................................................................................................................................... 4 Part D: Total Power ................................................................................................................................... 5 Part E: Power Transmit Rate ..................................................................................................................... 5 Problem 3: Window Power Savings .............................................................................................................. 5 Part B ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Part C ......................................................................................................................................................... 6

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Adam M. Davies Note to Grader

ENME489K

Problem Set 4

Many of these problems were computationally time and cross-reference intensive, and I highly suspect there are arithmetic errors despite trying my best to triple check my numbers.

Problem 1: Solar Time

Sunrise and Sunset on Friday March 30, 2012, 90th Day in the Year (n = 90). According to WolframAlpha, the Sunrise on March 30th, 2012 for Washington D.C. was 6:56:46 AM EDT. Sunset 7:31 PM EDT.

( (

( ) +) ( *

))

( (

( ) + * (

)) ( ) + ) +

( *

* ( ) + ) +)

( ( (

) ( ) ( ( ( )( )) )) )

Using Excel to Quickly Propagate and Check Answers, converting to and from radians where necessary: Calculations (Degrees) (Radians) E (Radians) (Degrees) Local Solar Time 3.6185 0.0632 -4.6538 1.6211 92.8834 6.1922 System Parameters (Radians) Day of the 90 In Degrees Year Longitude 1.343904 East 77 Latitude 0.671952 East 38.5 B 0.155353 8.901099 0 0

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Adam M. Davies

ENME489K Local Standard Time

Problem Set 4 Daylight Savings Time Adjustment

LSTD (Sunset) Decimal 6.403121804 7.403121804 LSTD (Sunset) 6:24:11 PM 7:24:11 PM LSTD (Sunrise) Decimal -5.98132726 -6.98132726 LSTD (Sunrise) Time 5:58:53 AM 6:58:53 AM The two answers are close to the actual values, but may not take into account other time variables such as leap year.

Problem 2: Window Irradiation

Assuming there is no additional overhang, only the setback length.

Part A: Angle of Incidence

The question is asking us for the angle of incidence of the sunlight. Angle of incidence is relative to the object surface in question; assuming that the problem wants the angle of incidence for the window and not the roof (since we have zero information on the rooms dimensions, we must assume this is the case). Then the angle of incidence will be the same as the Shade Angle since simple geometry shows that the parallel angle with respect to the perpendicular bisector with the windows surface is the same magnitude value as . As such, the question is asking inherently for . We know the equation for the shade angle to be: ( We also know that: ( ( ( ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( )

Now, we must first solve for these variables that will in turn solve for the shade angle. ( ( ( )) ) ( ( )

and , that will themselves solve

))

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Adam M. Davies Plugging into Excel to propagate calculations:

ENME489K

Problem Set 4

Radians 3.618541845 0.261799388 0.673435292 -1.276808404 2.225047194 1.388590071

Degrees 207.3271757 15 38.585 -73.15573277 127.4858134 79.56035051

Part B: Unshaded Fraction of Window

Nearly all the required parameters for determining the shade ratio were acquired by doing part A of the problem; however, the only parameter missing is which assuming is given in the problem prompt with the information that the window is facing 20 degrees south of west, which is with respect to south

The unshaded fraction of the window is given by the following equation:

( ( )( )

)(

Where ( ) ( ) SI (Meters)

Imperial (Feet)

X_s -0.159354603 -0.048571283 Y_s 1.35685387 0.41356906 F_us 0.743028242 0.743028242 Notice that the X_s value results in a negative number; assuming this just means that the shadow is propagating in the opposite direction specified by the tan function, and thusly its magnitude, not its sign, carries over in the unshaded fraction of the window.

Part C: Solar Fluxes

Assuming this part of the problem asks for the solar fluxes on the window, not on the building: Power per Area. This means that the total area of the window is attaining radiative power by two means: direct solar irradiation and solar reflection from the ground into the window. Some of these rays will be absorbed by the window, transmitted through the window, and reflected away from the window.

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Adam M. Davies Solar Radiation Coefficients March A B C G_ND Direct G_dH Diffuse G_tH Reflective ( Total Power ( ) )

ENME489K Imperial Units 376 0.156 0.071 442.5627286 80.19225456 31.42195373 15.71097686 159.6639505 23.94959257 119.852824 2876.467776

Problem Set 4 SI Units 1186 0.156 0.071 1395.955841 252.9468455 99.11286468 49.55643234 503.620865 75.54312975 378.0464076 (W/m2) 842.9198527 (W)

Part D: Total Power

The total power hitting the window is the total power flux hitting the window multiplied by the area of the window, which is shown in the final row in the answer table of Part B.

Part E: Power Transmit Rate

For the prescribed window, the value given by the chart in the slides at an angle of incidence of 80 degrees is 0.2.

Problem 3: Window Power Savings

Assumptions: The wall is purely facing south and is flush with the outer wall; only shade is resulting from overhang. Must determine the solar parameters for 9 AM June 20th and Noon December 21st. Plugging these values into excel, Day of Year 172 Delta Omega Phi (Latitude) Alpha Gamma_s Alpha_p Gamma_w Delta 0.40927592 -0.785398163 0.673435292 0.85606842 1.427627086 1.447607433 0 0.40927592 Local Solar Time 9 23.44978285 -45 38.585 49.04910744 81.79700673 82.94179633 0 23.44978285 5 of 6 | P a g e

Adam M. Davies

ENME489K

Problem Set 4

Day of Year 356 Parameter Delta Omega Phi (Latitude) Alpha Gamma_s Alpha_p Gamma_w Radians -0.409184962 0 0.673435292 0.488176073 0 0.488176073 0

Local Solar Time 12 Degrees -23.44457137 0 38.585 27.97042863 0 27.97042863 0

( )

Looking at the data, we can tell that in June, at 9 AM, the shade angle will be rather steep, close to 83 . Whereas in December the shade angle will be low at around 28 . Some quick solving calculations shows that: Length of Overhang (Feet) Width of Overhang (Feet) 0.742895103 0.576622116

Part B
Designing such an overhang allows you to keep sun rays out during the summer months to prevent cooling loads, whereas allows sunrays in during winter months alleviating heating loads. Basically saves energy through smart passive design.

Part C
The sun rises earlier in the summer months, and later in the winter months. We want the sun to come in as soon as possible during winter months to start heating the building; however, we want to stop the sun from heating the building via the window during summer as soon as possible to prevent unnecessary cooling loads.

Part D
on December 21st is perfectly zero, indicating the sun is rising directly from the south facing the building and has a relatively low rise angle by noon, and we want the solar rays during this time. Whereas in June, it has a higher rise angle by 9 AM, and is rising nearly tangent to the window, off by only approximately 10 , meaning the solar loads are minimal on this day.

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