Biology Unit Test #1 K T C

Name: Date:

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Which of the following is the essential characteristic of a polar molecule? a. contains double or triple bonds b. is formed at extremely low temperatures c. contains ions as part of the structure d. has an asymmetrical distribution of electrical charge e. contains the element oxygen 2. Isomers are molecules that a. react readily with one another b. have the same molecular formula c. have different molecular masses d. differ in the number of unsaturated bonds e. must contain the same functional group 3. By what factor would the concentration of hydrogen (hydronium) ions be decreased if the pH of a solution changed from 4.5 to 6.5? a. 2 d. 20 b. 5 e. 100 c. 10 4. Choose the element that is found in all organic compounds. a. nitrogen d. hydrogen b. carbon e. oxygen c. sulphur 5. The following structural formula is representative of which functional group?

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a. sulfhydryl b. hydroxyl c. carbonyl

d. carboxyl e. amino

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6. Which of the functional groups illustrated below would you expect to find in an amino acid? 1 2 3 4 5

a. 1, 2, and 4 b. 2, and 3 c. 2, 4, and 5 ____

d. 1 and 4 e. 3 and 5

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7. Of the following, which is not considered to by a polymer? a. cellulose d. protein b. RNA e. fat c. starch 8. Of the following biological compounds, which one contains the element, nitrogen? a. fatty acids d. starch b. sugar e. protein c. glycerol 9. When digested, which of the following substances would yield a mixture of amino acids? a. carbohydrate d. protein b. nucleic acids e. fat c. sugar 10. From the following list, which is an example of a monosaccharide? a. maltose d. glucose b. glycogen e. sucrose c. cellulose 11. The hydrolysis (breakdown) of a dipeptide results in the production of which of the following? a. a sugar and an amino acid d. two sugars b. two amino acids e. an amino acid and an alcohol c. an acid and an amine 12. When free energy is released during a chemical reaction it is called a. an endergonic reaction d. an exergonic reaction b. an isothermic reaction e. an endothermic reaction c. a nuclear reaction 13. Of the following five statements, which is most correct with respect to enzymes? a. A denatured enzyme is more specific in its action. b. Denaturation of proteins always involves enzymes. c. Catalysts prevent chemical reactions. d. All catalysts are enzymes. e. All enzymes are catalysts. 14. Which of the following statements regarding enzyme inhibition is incorrect? a. Competitive inhibitors have a similar structure to the normal substrate. b. Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme. c. Noncompetitive inhibition can be overcome by adding more substrate. d. Noncompetitive inhibitors do not have a similar structure to the normal substrate. e. Noncompetitive inhibitors do not bind to the active site of an enzyme.

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____ 15. Which of the following statements concerning allosteric regulation is not true? a. Allosteric sites are usually located next to, but separate from, the active site. b. Alosterically controlled enzymes usually have quaternary structure. c. 'Activators' tend to keep all the active sites available to the normal substrate. d. 'Allosteric inhibitors' stabilize the inactive form of the enzyme. e. Allosteric regulators attach to their sites using weak bonds. ____ 16. Which of the following processes most likely does not involve anaerobic conditions? a. yeast causing bread dough to rise b. bacteria working in an aeration tank at a sewage plant c. bacteria in the soil help in composting d. alcohol is produced in fermentation e. sewage breaks down in a septic tank ____ 17. The following molecules can be found at various stages during cellular respiration: I. acetyl-CoA II. carbon dioxide III. glucose IV. glyceraldehyde V. pyruvate Which of the following sequences represents the above molecules in order from the largest to the smallest amount of chemical energy? a. II, I, V, IV, III d. III, I, V, IV, II b. III, IV, V, I, II e. IV, III, II, I, V c. III, IV, I, V, II ____ 18. What is the function of water in oxidative phosphorylation? a. accept electrons during Krebs cycle b. hydrolyze carbohydrates c. add hydrogen ions to pyruvate at the end of glycolysis d. supply hydrogen ions e. supply electrons for the reduction of NADP ____ 19. At the end of the electron transport chain, the final product is which of the following? a. cytochrome oxidase d. ATP b. pyruvate e. water c. co-enzyme A ____ 20. Proteins are to ribosomes as ATP is to which of the following cell organelles? a. centrioles d. chromosomes b. mitochondria e. nucleus c. Golgi apparatus ____ 21. The major advantage of aerobic respiration to humans is that we a. cannot obtain more usable energy from food by aerobic respiration b. must always use anaerobic respiration for movement c. obtain more usable energy by aerobic respiration d. must always use aerobic respiration for movement e. cannot release energy from food by anaerobic respiration ____ 22. When muscles cells do work under anaerobic conditions, the muscle cells a. use lactate to synthesize glycogen for glycolysis b. use the pyruvate-acetyl-CoA shunt as an alternative energy source c. get their energy from oxidative phosphorylation instead d. produce lactate and release energy that way e. stop functioning, which results in cramping

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____ 23. Fatty acids can enter Krebs cycle as which of the following? a. acetyl-Coenzyme A d. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) b. pyruvate e. oxaloacetate c. -ketoglutarate ____ 24. Water is lost from plants by the process of a. translation d. translocation b. transportation e. transcription c. transpiration ____ 25. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the light reactions? a. electrons are displaced b. carbon fixation happens c. reduction happens d. energy is converted from a physical to a chemical form e. they take place in the thylakoids of chloroplasts ____ 26. Which of the following events of photosynthesis is concerned immediately with light? a. production of ATP b. fixation of carbon dioxide c. transfer of energy from chlorophyll to carbon dioxide d. excitation of chlorophyll e. regeneration of chlorophyll ____ 27. Photorespiration occurs principally because of a. elevated carbon dioxide levels in the leaves due to photosynthesis b. elevated oxygen levels in the leaves due to cellular respiration c. an increase in oxygenase activity relative to carboxylase activity as temperature increases d. an increase in light intensity e. none of the above ____ 28. C4 refers to a. Canada, Chile, China and Cambodia, the countries trying to reduce their CO2 emissions b. the number of carbons is takes to produce one molecule of PGA c. the number of different types of cells needed to run the Calvin cycle d. the number of carbons in the first product of the Calvin cycle e. the number of carbons joined together when PEP is carboxylated ____ 29. Which of the following is/are characteristics of CAM plants? I. special leaf anatomy II. stomata open at night III. more likely to occur at lower temperatures. IV. pineapples V. pyruvate kinase a. I, II and III d. I, III, V b. I and III e. none of the above c. II and IV ____ 30. Photosynthesis is important to the planet because it releases a. both ATP and oxygen d. NADH b. oxygen e. ATP c. carbon dioxide

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Short Answer Answer the following questions in the space provided.

31. During active exercise, the supply of oxygen becomes inadequate for the level of activity you are attempting to maintain. a. How do the catabolic reactions of the cell continue? b. What is the significance to a person exercising of the change in metabolism described in (a)?

32. Briefly explain how ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation of NADH.

33. When sunlight strikes a leaf, what is the first thing that happens in terms of energy conversion? Hint: Photosystems.

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34. In terms of the Calvin cycle, what is the function of each of the following? a. NADPH + H+ b. ATP c. carbon dioxide

36. You are touring a local greenhouse and you notice that many of the plants in one of the rooms of the greenhouse are not as large when compared to the same plants being grown in other parts of the greenhouse. You speak with the manager who says s/he has been having a problem recently with growing plants in this particular room. Later in the conversation you learn that the manager has looked at factors such as light levels, temperature and soil nutrients, yet all these are the same in both rooms. What factors would you suggest testing for, and how would each of these factors affect the growth of plants?

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Unit Test #1 Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: D B E B D D E E D D B D E C A B B D E B C D A C B D C D C B REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: K/U C C K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U K/U C C C K/U I C MC OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: LOC: MP1.02 MP2.01 MP2.01 MP1.02 MP1.02 MP1.02 MP1.02 MP1.02 MP1.02 MP1.02 MP1.04 MP1.01 MP1.03 MP1.03 MP1.03 MP1.06 MP1.05 MP1.05 MP1.05 MP1.06 MP1.06 MP1.05 MP1.05 MP1.06 MP1.04 MP1.06 MP1.03 MP1.06 MP2.03 MP3.03

SHORT ANSWER

31. ANS: a. Glycolysis continues to supply small amount of ATP, and the pyruvate that normally would continue on the Krebs cycle as acetyl-CoA is instead converted to lactate to regenerate NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue. b. The production of lactate makes the muscle cells become more acidic and makes muscle contraction difficult. However, the fact that metabolism even continues allows for muscle activity to continue, if even for a short time. In the case of a sprinter, this may mean the difference between winning a race and pulling up short. REF: A OBJ: 2.3 LOC: MP3.03

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32. ANS: Electrons from NADH are passed to the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase, which is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The hydrogen that is released from the NADH is pumped to the inter membrane space, thus establishing a proton and pH gradient. The electrons move from electron carrier to electron carrier in the inner mitochondrial membrane in a series of redox reactions and ultimately combine with oxygen and protons at the cytochrome oxidase complex to form water. As electrons move along this pathway more protons, from the dissociation of water, are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space adding to the proton and pH gradient. The protons from the intermembrane space return to the matrix via special ATP synthase molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As they do, they help to catalyze the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi. REF: K OBJ: 2.2 LOC: MP1.05 33. ANS: A photon of light, of the correct wavelength, strikes a molecule of chlorophyll a in photosystem II, the molecule becomes excited. In this excited state, the chlorophyll is responsible for the splitting of a water molecule which makes hydrogen ions and electrons available, a source of chemical potential energy. REF: T OBJ: 3.3 LOC: MP1.05 34. ANS: a. NADPH + H+ provide the hydrogen atoms and electrons needed to reduce carbon dioxide. b. ATP provides the chemical potential energy to make some of the chemical reactions of the Calvin cycle happen. c. Carbon dioxide is the source of carbon atoms for the carbohydrates made in the Calvin cycle. REF: T OBJ: 3.3 LOC: MP1.05 35. ANS: Factors that might also be considered could be a. carbon dioxide level: If the carbon dioxide level is not adequate, then the rate of carbon fixation would be reduced and the plants would not increase in mass at the same rate. b. water availability: If soil water levels are low then the stomata will tend to close, thereby limiting the amount of carbon dioxide available for photosynthesis. In addition water will be needed for photolysis so if water is limiting photosynthesis cannot occur at its maximal rate. REF: A OBJ: 3.5 LOC: MP2.06

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