Design Applications of Defected Ground Structures

Authored by:

Jason Yun Peter Shin Ansoft Corporation Ansoft 2003 / Global Seminars: Delivering Performance
Presentation #9

Outline
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Introduction
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DGS Definition and Characteristics Design Challenge Ansoft Design Solution

DGS Bandpass Filter Design

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Design Procedure Unit DGS Modeling and Analysis DGS Bandpass Filter Design using Ansoft Designer and HFSS DGS Bandpass Filter Design with an Additional DGS

Design applications using DGS

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Lowpass Filter Design Branch Line Coupler Design Unequal Wilkinson Power Divider Design

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Conclusion References

What is a DGS?
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A Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is an etched lattice shape, which locates on the ground plane
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Evolution from Photonic Band Gap (PBG) Structure Periodic or non-periodic Easy to represent as an equivalent circuit (LC resonator) Planar resonators High characteristic impedance transmission line Filter, Coupler, divider/combiner, Oscillator, Antenna. Power Amp.

Applications
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DGS Characteristics
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Disturbs shielding fields on the ground plane Increases effective permittivity Increases effective capacitance and inductance of transmission line One-pole LPF characteristics (3dB cutoff and resonance Frequency) Four design parameters (a, b, g, and w) under given substrate

b a w g

S11 S21

DGS Design Challenges

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DGS has an arbitrary shape which locates on the backside metallic ground plane
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Accurate EM simulator is necessary

Equivalent circuit modeling

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Equivalent circuit modeling is important for rapid design Co-simulation or dynamic link is needed between EM and circuit simulators to extract an equivalent circuit

Many design parameters

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Automated parameter sweep Powerful optimization

Ansoft DGS Design Solution

Design Spec.
equivalent circuit, cutoff, and resonance freq.

Ansoft Designer v1.1

Ansoft Dynamic Link

Planar EM
2.5D pattern analysis

System/Circuit
Mixed Circuit design (lumped,distributed)

HFSS v9.0
Full 3D analysis

Physical dimension
(3-dimensional configuration : lattice dimension, gap distance and transmission line width, layer stackup)

Ansoft provides the best solution for integration between physical design and circuit modeling.

Ansoft HFSS v9.0

Full 3D FEM Solver Built-in Parameterization

-

Implicit to entire system Complete Integration of Optimetrics Parameter sweeps and optimizations are an integral part of the entire design environment Easy-to-set-up sweeps, optimizations, sensitivities, and statistical analyses fast frequency sweep technology Adaptive Lanczos Pade Sweep

Simul Simul ation ation measu measu remen remen t t

Wideband Fast Frequency Sweep

-

Circuit Co-simulation with Ansoft Designer v 1.1 Powerful Field Post-Processor

Ansoft Designer v1.1

Include Circuit/System and Planar EM Solver Dynamic Link with HFSS v9.0 Full model parameterization Automated parameter sweeps Mixed-meshing capabilities Automated transmission and reflection calculation Circuit and EM Integration Dynamic postprocessor

Ansoft Scalable 3D Dynamic Link

Design parameters were passed from HFSS v9.0 into Ansoft Designer v1.1

DGS Bandpass Filter Design

Design Procedure
Propose DGS structure

Propose Equivalent circuit of DGS

DGS Filter Design using Ansoft Designer

Extracting Physical dimensions using HFSS

Fabrication for Verification

Proposed Unit DGS

a w g

Equivalent Circuit for the DGS

o 1 X LC = 0C ( ) o X L = L = ' Z o g1

(1)

C=

c 1 2 Z o g1 o c2

(4)

(2)

L=

L '=1

= X

LC

= c

(3)

1 4 2 f o2 C

(5)

Unit DGS Modeling with HFSS v9.0

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Define project variables Create 3D model w Ground planes w Traces w Dielectrics Draw unit DGS section w Slots w Traces Define material properties Define boundary conditions Define excitations Setup solution information Analysis

Parameterized Unit DGS

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Unit DGS library can be build using fully parameterized Ansoft Designer Planar EM and HFSS Modeling parameter
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Etched lattice dimension Gap distance Substrate thickness

Design validation can be done by measurement at the end

The lattice, and gap distance can all be varied with a few The lattice, and gap distance can all be varied with a few central Project Variables to permit analysis of any similar central Project Variables to permit analysis of any similar DGS. Or, a parametric sweep can generate and maintain DGS. Or, a parametric sweep can generate and maintain results for many variations at once. results for many variations at once.

Parameter Sweeps

Effect of Lattice Dimension, a

dB(S11)

7mm Freq
b a w g

6mm 5mm 4mm

a 2mm 3mm

Effect of Gap Dimension, g

b a w g

300um 700um 400um 600um 500um

Electric Field on the DGS

Magnetic Field on the DGS

DGS Filter Design Using Ansoft Designer

Schematic of the coupled-line bandpass filter with two DGS Schematic of the coupled-line bandpass filter with two DGS sections. sections.: ROGERS RT/Duroid 6010, Er=10.2, h=50mil, Substrate
Substrate : ROGERS RT/Duroid 6010, Er=10.2, h=50mil, Center Frequency : 3 GHz, Bandwidth : 10% Center Frequency : 3 GHz, Bandwidth : 10%

Physical Dimension of DGS

L

Circuit Simulation
C

Planar EM Simulation

LL = 2.573nH = 2.573nH = 0.64pF CC= 0.64pF fc = 2.871 GHz fc = 2.871 GHz f0 = 3.92 GHz f0 = 3.92 GHz b a

Measured

Final DGS dimension Final DGS dimension : :

Simulated and Measured Results for the unit DGS Simulated and Measured Results for the unit DGS

a=4.15mm, b=6.2mm, a=4.15mm, b=6.2mm, g=0.5mm, W=1.2mm (50) g=0.5mm, W=1.2mm (50)
ROGERS RT/Duroid 6010, Er=10.2, h=50mil ROGERS RT/Duroid 6010, Er=10.2, h=50mil

EM Simulation of DGS filter

Ansoft Designer Circuit

Ansoft Desigenr Planar EM

Results comparison between Circuit and EM Simulation Results comparison between Circuit and EM Simulation

Fabrication for Verification

Ansoft Designer PlanarEM

(a) Top view

Measured

(b) Bottom view Photograph of the Photograph of the fabricated coupled-line fabricated coupled-line bandpass filter with DGS. bandpass filter with DGS. Results comparison between EM simulation and measurement on Results comparison between EM simulation and measurement on the fabricated DGS coupled-line BPF the fabricated DGS coupled-line BPF

DGS Bandpass Filter with An Additional DGS

Schematic of the DGS coupled-line filter with an additional Schematic of the DGS coupled-line filter with an additional DGS section in coupled-resonator. DGS section in coupled-resonator.

Physical Dimension Extraction of Additional DGS

L C

Circuit Simulation

L = 1.11nH L = 1.11nH C = 0.66pF C = 0.66pF fc = 4.8 GHz fc = 4.8 GHz f0 = 5.9 GHz f0 = 5.9 GHz

Planar EM Simulation

b a w g

DGS Dimension : a=1.55mm, b=6mm, DGS Dimension : a=1.55mm, b=6mm, g=0.2mm g=0.2mm Conductor Line : w=1.2mm (50) Conductor Line : w=1.2mm (50) Substrate : ROGERS RT/Duroid 6010, Substrate : ROGERS RT/Duroid 6010, Er=10.2, h=50mil Er=10.2, h=50mil

Simulated Result for the additional unit DGS Simulated Result for the additional unit DGS

EM Simulation Using HFSS

Ansoft Designer

Ansoft HFSS

Circuit and EM simulated results comparison Circuit and EM simulated results comparison

Fabrication for Verification

Ansoft HFSS

(a) Top view

Measured

(b) Bottom view

Photograph of the Photograph of the fabricated DGS coupledfabricated DGS coupledline bandpass filter with line bandpass filter with an additional DGS. an additional DGS.

Comparison results between EM simulation and measurement on Comparison results between EM simulation and measurement on the fabricated DGS coupled-line BPF the fabricated DGS coupled-line BPF

Lowpass Filter Application

Proposed DGS LPF

(a)

(b)

Designed lowpass filters with the proposed DGS unit sections with (a) T-junction opened stub for Designed lowpass filters with the proposed DGS unit sections with (a) T-junction opened stub for parallel capacitance where the stub width and length are 5mm and 10mm, respectively (b) crossparallel capacitance where the stub width and length are 5mm and 10mm, respectively (b) crossjunction opened stub for parallel capacitance where the stub width and length are 5mm and 6mm, junction opened stub for parallel capacitance where the stub width and length are 5mm and 6mm, respectively. respectively.

Fabrication and Measurement

(a) Top view

(b) Bottom view

Photographs of the fabricated DGS Lowpass filter with Tjunction type open stub (a) Top view and (b) bottom view.

(a) Top view

(b) Bottom view

Photographs of the fabricated DGS lowpass filter with crossjunction type open stub (a) Top view and (b) bottom view.

Comparison of measured results for Comparison of measured results for the fabricated DGS lowpass filters the fabricated DGS lowpass filters with the T-junction, the crosswith the T-junction, the crossjunction type open stub, and the junction type open stub, and the conventional lowpass filter. conventional lowpass filter.

Branch Line Coupler Application

Fabrication for Verification

a c b d (a) Top view s g w
Substrate : RT/Duroid 5880, Er=2.2, Substrate : RT/Duroid 5880, Er=2.2, thickness=31mils. thickness=31mils. The physical length and width of conductor The physical length and width of conductor corresponding to quarter wave 150ohms corresponding to quarter wave 150ohms line with 1-D periodic DGS are 26mm and line with 1-D periodic DGS are 26mm and 1mm at 1.84GHz, respectively. The quarter 1mm at 1.84GHz, respectively. The quarter wave length and width of 150ohms line on wave length and width of 150ohms line on conventional microstrip are 31mm and conventional microstrip are 31mm and 0.2mm. In left Fig., the period S = 8mm, a 0.2mm. In left Fig., the period S = 8mm, a = b = 6mm, c = 12mm, d = 1mm and g = = b = 6mm, c = 12mm, d = 1mm and g = 1mm. 1mm.

(b) Bottom view Photograph of (a) top Photograph of (a) top and (b) bottom sides of and (b) bottom sides of the fabricated 90 the fabricated 90 branch-line coupler branch-line coupler with DGS cells. with DGS cells.

The simulation and measurement results of the branch line coupler with The simulation and measurement results of the branch line coupler with DGS section DGS section

4:1 Unequal Wilkinson Power Divider Application

P2 P1 Zo Z2 Rint Z3 P3 1 R3 N R2
N 2 3 4 Z2 [W] 51.5 43.9 39.5 Z3 [W] 103.0 131.6 158.1 Rint[W] 106.1 115.5 125.0 R2 [W] 35.4 28.9 25.0 R3 [W] 70.7 86.6 100.0

Conventional N:1 unequal Wilkinson power divider

Table 1. Characteristic impedance and resistor values of N:1 unequal Wilkinson power divider

been increased to 235% and the length of l/4 has been reduced to 83%. The fabricated conductor width of the 158 W been increased to 235% and the length of l/4 has been reduced to 83%. The fabricated conductor width of the 158 W microstrip line were 0.4mm, while 0.17mm for the conventional one. The enlarged conductor width and reduced length has microstrip line were 0.4mm, while 0.17mm for the conventional one. The enlarged conductor width and reduced length has great advantage in design and realization such high impedance line and smaller circuit. The fabricated 4:1 divider aagreat advantage in design and realization such aahigh impedance line and smaller circuit. The fabricated 4:1 divider showed excellent matching and isolation, and exact dividing ratios of -1dB and -7dB at port and port without additional showed excellent matching and isolation, and exact dividing ratios of -1dB and -7dB at port 22and port 33without additional losses induced by the DGS over 1.2 ~ 1.8GHz. losses induced by the DGS over 1.2 ~ 1.8GHz.

Reference [4] Due to the increased effective inductance of the DGS, the aspect ratio of the 158 W microstrip line has Reference [4] : :Due to the increased effective inductance of the DGS, the aspect ratio of the 158 W microstrip line has

Proposed Divider structure

c b
Port2
ZL2 w2 Rs /4 Z2 wL2

c c c b a

Port 1
c Z3 c b a /4
Etched Defect in Ground plane Dielectric Substrate

w3

ZL3

wL3

Port 3
Transmission line

h
Grounded plane

Unequal Wilkinson power divider with DGS Unequal Wilkinson power divider with DGS

Dimension a=6mm, b=6mm, c=0.4m, d=0.4mm Dimension : :a=6mm, b=6mm, c=0.4m, d=0.4mm Transmission line imp.=158 Ohm Transmission line imp.=158 Ohm substrate: :RT/Duroid 5880, Er= 2.2 h=31 mils substrate RT/Duroid 5880, Er= 2.2 h=31 mils

Simulated result of unit DGS Simulated result of unit DGS

Fabrication for Verification

(a)

(b)

Photograph of (a) top and (b) bottom sides of the Photograph of (a) top and (b) bottom sides of the fabricated 90 branch-line coupler with DGS cells. fabricated 90 branch-line coupler with DGS cells. HFSS Measurement

The simulated and measured results of the Power Divider with DGS section The simulated and measured results of the Power Divider with DGS section

Conclusion
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Technical Summary
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Unit DGS and its equivalent circuit were derived and explained Field effects of unit DGS were shown by HFSS A coupled line 3-pole bandpass filter with DGS was designed and measured Various design applications using DGS were shown

Defected Ground Structure Design solution : Ansoft Designer and HFSS

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Fully parameterizable geometries, materials, analyses Automated analyses, sweeps, optimization, post-processing Integrated design environment with EM, circuit and system analyses Flexible geometry types/shapes configuration Efficient design flow

Ansoft Products applied in this presentation

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Ansoft Designer Ansoft HFSS

References
[1] J. S. Yun, J. S. Park, D. Ahn, A design of the novel coupled-line bandpass filter using defected ground structure with wide stopband performance, IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 50, No.9, pp.2037~2043, Sept. 2002. [2] D. Ahn, J. S. Park, C. S. Kim, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh "A Design of the Lowpass Filter Using the Novel Microstrip Defected Ground Structure," IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol.49 No.1, pp.8693, Jan. 2001. [3] [4] , " ," IEEE ,

Microwave and Wireless Components Letters

[5] T. J. Ellis and G. M. Rebeiz, MM-wave tapered slot antennas on micromashined photonic bandgap dielectrics, IEEE MTT-s Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., June 1996, pp.1157-1160. [6] V. Radisic, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, Broadband power amplifier using dielectric photonic bandgap structure, IEEE Microwave Guide Wave Lett. Vol.8, pp.13-14, Jan. 1998. [7] M. P. Kesler, J. G. Maloney, and B. L. Shirley, Antenna design with the use of photonic bandgap material as all dielectric planar reflectors, Microwave Opt. Tech. Lett, Vol.11, No.4, pp.169-174, Mar. 1996. [8] V. Radisic, Y. Qian, R. Coccioli, and T. Itoh, Novel 2-D photonic bandgap structure for microstrip lines, IEEE Microwave Guide Wave Lett. Vol.8, No.2, pp.69-71, Feb. 1998. [9] C. S. Kim, J. S. Park, D. Ahn, and J. B. Lim, "A Novel 1-Dimensional periodic Defected Ground Structrure for Planar circuits," IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Lett., Vol.10, No.04, pp.131-133, April, 2000.