Formats and Transforms

Introduction
List of file formats

Transforms
SPEECH AND IMAGE PROCESSING LAB

Image file formats
Blessin Joseph & Pilmy Peter

M.Tech Signal Processing
Blessin Joseph & Pilmy Peter M.Tech Signal Processing SPEECH AND IMAGE PROCESSING LAB Image file formats
Introduction
Transforms
INTRODUCTION
Image file format

Provide a standardized method of organizing and storing image data.
eg: JPEG, TIFF, PNG, GIF
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
List of File Formats
List of File Formats

1 BMP
2 GIF
3 PNG
4 JPEG
5 TIFF
6 PCX
7 XBM
8 PPM
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
BMP File Format
Short for bitmapped graphics format.

Simple graphics file format.
Usually not compressed.
Unsuitable for transferring images on the Internet or other slow or
capacity-limited media.
Features
File extension : .bmp or .dib
Type : image
Type code : ’BMP ’
Developed by : Microsoft
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
BMP File Format contd...
File Structure contains blocks of data.

1 Bitmap Header : General information about the file.
2 Bitmap Information : Detailed information about the image.
3 Color Palette : Details of colors used for indexed color bitmaps.
4 Bitmap Data : Actual image in pixel by pixel.
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
Bitmap header structure
Bitmap information structure

application detailed information to display the image on the screen.
Matches the header used internally (Windows and OS/2) & has
different variants.
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
Color palette
Each pixel stored using one or more bytes.
Tells the application the actual color that each pixel corresponds to.
Uses RGB color model.
Number of entries - number of colors used in the picture (4 bytes -
Windows & 3 bytes - OS/2).
Color palette is not used when the bitmap is 16-bit or higher.
Bitmap data
Bottom left corner - left to right - row by row (bottom to top).
In a horizontal line, number of bytes not divisible by 4, then pad
with null-bytes.
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
GIF File Format
Short for Graphics Interchange Format.

Lossless data compression.
Palette up to 256 distinct colors from the 24-bit RGB color space.
Supports animations.
Features
File extension : .gif
Type : bitmap image format
Type code : GIF
Magic : GIF87a/GIF89a
Developed by : CompuServe, 1987
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
GIF File Format contd...
Two versions: 87a & 89a(“GIF87a” and “GIF89a”).

Distinguished by the first six bytes of the file.
“GIF89a” : Support multiple images in a stream.
Suitable for sharp-edged line art (logos).
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
PNG File Format
Short for Portable Network Graphics.

Lossless data compression.
Created to improve upon and replace the GIF format.
Supports palette-based (24-bit RGB) or greyscale or RGB images.
Designed for transferring images on the internet, not professional
graphics.
Features
File extension : .png
Type : lossless bitmap image format
Type code : PNGf
Developed by : PNG Development Group, October 14, 1996
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
PNG File Format contd...

PNG header structure
Chunks
Compatibility with older versions.
Chunk have header specifying their size and type.
Immediately followed by the actual data & checksum of data.
4 letter case-sensitive name.
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
Color depth
Use palette-indexed color or made up of one or more channels.
Number of channels depends on greyscale or color & alpha channel.
Animation
MNG : An extension to PNG - supports animation.
More complex than PNG.
APNG : Based on PNG, supports animation and is simpler than
MNG.
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
Comparison with GIF

Greater compression than GIF.
Wider range of color depths than GIF.
GIF supports animation while PNG does not.
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
JPEG File Format
Short for Joint Photographic Experts Group.

Lossless & Lossy compression.
Storing and transmitting photographs on the World Wide Web.
Not suitable for line drawings and other textual or iconic graphics
Features
File extension : .jpeg, .jpg, .jpe
Type : image/jpeg
Type code : JPEG
Developed by : Joint Photographic Experts Group, 1992
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
JPEG File Format contd...

JPEG codec
Encoding
Color space transformation: RGB into YCbCr.
Downsampling/ Chroma subsampling : Reduce the Cb and Cr
components.
Block splitting: Each channel splitted into 88 blocks(pixels).
Discrete cosine transform: Each component of each 88 block
converted to frequency-domain.
Quantization: Divide each component by a constant for that
component, & round to the nearest integer.
Entropy coding: Arrange image components in zigzag order - RLE
algorithm - Huffman coding.
Compression ratio and artifacts: Compression ratio can be varied by
varying divisors used in the quantization phase.
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
TIFF File Format
Short for Tagged Image File Format.

Lossy and lossless compression.
For high color depth images.
Supported by Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, Corel Photo-Paint.
Format for raster graphics.
Features
File extension : .tiff, .tif
Type : image
Type code : TIFF
Developed by : Aldus, now Adobe Systems, 1980
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
TIFF File Format contd...
Flexible and adaptable file format.

Used as container for JPEG and RLE compressed images.
Useful method for archiving images.
Begins with 2-byte indicator of byte order: “II” for little endian and
“MM” for big endian byte ordering.
Following 2 bytes represent the number 42.
Composed of small descriptor blocks containing offsets into the file.
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
PCX File Format
Short for Pacific Exchange.

Lossless bitmap image format.
Uses simple form of run-length encoding.
Supports palette-based and 24-bit RGB images.
Features
File extension : .pcx
Type : lossless bitmap image format
Developed by : ZSoft Corporation.
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
PCX File Format contd...
File Format
Device-independent bitmap image format.

File header stores information about the display hardware.
Compressed using run-length encoding.
MSB used as control flag - whether given data represents a single
pixel of a given palette index or color value / RLE pair - a series of
several pixels of a single value.
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
XBM File Format
Short for X BitMap.

ASCII monochrome image format.
Stores cursor and icon bitmaps used in the X GUI.
Can be compiled directly into an application without any
preprocessing steps.
Data appears in headers & consist of series of static unsigned char
arrays containing the monochrome pixel data.
Image data consists of a line of pixel values stored in a static array.
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
PPM File Format
Short for Portable Pixmap file format.

PPM, PGM, PBM specify rules for exchanging graphics files.
Features
File extension : .ppm, .pgm, .pbm, .pnm
Type : Image file formats
Developed by : Jef Poskanzer
Extended to : XPM
bmp file format
gif file format
png file format
Introduction
jpeg file format
tiff file format
Transforms
pcx file format
xbm file format
ppm file format
PPM File Format contd...
Depending on the identification of the file format,

PBM - portable bitmap file format (P1/P4) - 1 bit per pixel
PGM - portable graymap file format (P2/P5) - 8 bits per pixel
PPM - portable pixmap file format (P3/P6) - 24 bits per pixel(RGB)
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
Transforms
DFT, DCT, Hadamard Transform, Wavelets
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
DFT Transform
Short for Discrete Fourier Transform.

Expresses i/p fn. as sum of sinusoidal components.
Input function is discrete and finite.
Used to analyze the frequencies contained in a sampled signal, to
solve partial differential equations, & to perform convolutions.
Computed using fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm.
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
DFT Transform contd...
2D - DFT
v (k, l) = m n u(m, n)WNkm WNln , where k,l=0,1..N-1
P P
2D - IDFT
1
v (k, l)WN−km WN−ln , where m,n=0,1..N-1
P P
u(m, n) = N2 k l
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
DFT Transform contd...
Properties
Invertible linear transformation.
Orthogonality condition is satisfied.
Parsevals theorem is satisfied.
DFT sequence is periodic.
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
DCT Transform
Short for Discrete Cosine Transform.

Fourier-related transform.
Uses only real numbers.
8 standard DCT variants.
The DCT-II - for lossy data compression - “energy compaction”
property.
Used in JPEG image compression, MPEG, and video compression.
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
DCT Transform contd...
2D - DCT
h i h i
P P (2m+1) (2n+1)
c(k, l) = α(k)α(l) m n x(m, n) cos 2N kπ cos 2N lπ ,
where k,l=0,1..N-1
2D - IDCT
h i h i
x(m, n) = m n α(k)α(l) c(k, l) cos (2m+1) (2n+1)
P P
2N kπ cos 2N lπ ,
where m,n=0,1..N-1
α(k) = √1 , for k=0

N
q
2
= N, for k=1,2,..N-1
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
Hadamard Transform
Known as Walsh-Hadamard transform, Walsh transform, or

Walsh-Fourier transform.
Named after the French mathematician Jacques Hadamard.
Equivalent to a multidimensional DFT of size 2 x 2 x ...x 2.
Takes only binary values ±1 - no multiplications required in
transform calculation.
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
Hadamard Transform contd...
Hadamard transform Hm is a 2m x2m matrix, given by,

1 Hm−1 Hm−1
Hm = 2
√ ,
Hm−1 −Hm−1
where √1 is the normalization factor.

2
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
Examples:
H0 = +1

1 1 1
H1 = √2
1 −1

1 H1 H1
H2 = 2
√
H1 −H1
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
Hadamard Transform of an N x 1 vector u is given as,
v = Hu
The inverse transform is given by,
u = Hv
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
Wavelet Transform
Based on small waves - wavelets( scaled and translated copies of

varying frequency & limited duration ).
Powerful approach to multiresolution theory-Mallat, 1987.
“wavelet” - Morlet and Grossmann - French word “ondelette”,
meaning “small wave” - transferred to English - “onde” into “wave”
Used for non-stationary i/p signals.
Gives both time & frequency information at the same time.
Classified into discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) & continuous
wavelet transforms (CWTs).
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
Wavelet Transform contd...
If function ψ(t)
1 Integrates to zero
2 Has finite energy
- Mother wavelet(wavelet)
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
CWT
CWT of f (t) w.r.t wavelet ψ(t) is given as,
R∞
W (a, b) = −∞ f (t) √1 ψ ∗ t−b

a dt
|a|
where a, b are real.

a-scaling parameter
b-location parameter
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
DWT
DWT of f (t) w.r.t wavelet ψ(t) is obtained by putting
a = 2−j & b = k2−j in CWT
R∞
W (a, b) = −∞ f (t)2j/2 ψ ∗ (2j t − k)dt
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
Wavelet Vs Fourier
wavelet-localized in both time and frequency.
fourier-localized in frequency.
DWT is computationally less complex.
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
Applications
DWT-data compression.
CWT-signal analysis.
JPEG 2000-uses biorthogonal wavelets.
DFT
Introduction
DCT
Hadamard Transform
Transforms
Wavelet Transform
References
1 www.wikipedia.org
2 “Digital Image Processing in MATLAB”,Rafael C. Gonzalez ,
Richard E. Woods.
3 “Fundamentals of Digital Image processing”, Anil K. Jain.

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Introduction

List of file formats

SPEECH AND IMAGE PROCESSING LAB

Blessin Joseph & Pilmy Peter

Image file format

List of File Formats

List of File Formats

BMP File Format

Short for bitmapped graphics format.

BMP File Format contd...

File Structure contains blocks of data.

BMP File Format contd...

Bitmap header structure

Bitmap information structure

BMP File Format contd...

GIF File Format

Short for Graphics Interchange Format.

GIF File Format contd...

Two versions: 87a & 89a(“GIF87a” and “GIF89a”).

PNG File Format

Short for Portable Network Graphics.

PNG File Format contd...

PNG File Format contd...

PNG File Format contd...

Comparison with GIF

JPEG File Format

Short for Joint Photographic Experts Group.

JPEG File Format contd...

TIFF File Format

Short for Tagged Image File Format.

TIFF File Format contd...

Flexible and adaptable file format.

PCX File Format

Short for Pacific Exchange.

PCX File Format contd...

Device-independent bitmap image format.

XBM File Format

Short for X BitMap.

PPM File Format

Short for Portable Pixmap file format.

PPM File Format contd...

Depending on the identification of the file format,

DFT, DCT, Hadamard Transform, Wavelets

Short for Discrete Fourier Transform.

DFT Transform contd...

DFT Transform contd...

Short for Discrete Cosine Transform.

DCT Transform contd...

α(k) = √1 , for k=0

Known as Walsh-Hadamard transform, Walsh transform, or

Hadamard Transform contd...

Hadamard transform Hm is a 2m x2m matrix, given by,

where √1 is the normalization factor.

Hadamard Transform contd...

Hadamard Transform contd...

Hadamard Transform of an N x 1 vector u is given as,

The inverse transform is given by,

Based on small waves - wavelets( scaled and translated copies of

Wavelet Transform contd...

Wavelet Transform contd...

where a, b are real.

Wavelet Transform contd...

Wavelet Transform contd...