FUNCTIONAL SKILL

FUNCTIONAL SKILL ADALAH KEAHLIAN/KEMAMPUAN SESEORANG DALAM BERKOMUNIKASI MENGGUNAKAN BAHASA 1. EXPRESSING LIKE/PLEASURE (MENGEKSPRESIKAN SUKA) - I am fond of studying English - I like studying English - I am interested in English EXPRESSING DISLIKE (MENGUNGKAPKAN TIDAK SUKA) - I don't like cooking - I dislike cooking - I hate cooking - Cooking is awful / terrible 2.EXPRESSING AGREEMENT ( MENGUNGKAPKAN PERSETUJUAN ) - I agree with you - That's true / fine / right / nice - That would be lovely EXPRESSING DISAGREEMENT (MENGUNGKAPKAN KETIDAKSETUJUAN ) - I disagree -I don't agree - I don't think so - I wouldn't say that 3.EXPRESSING APOLOGY ( MENGUNGKAPKAN PERMINTAAN MAAF ) - I am sorry -I apologize for coming late 4.EXPRESSING SYMPATY ( RASA SIMPATI ) - I am sorry to hear that - How awful / terrible - That's too bad - It's a pity 5.EXPRESSING PROHIBITION ( LARANGAN ) - Don't sit here - You are not allowed to enter the room 6. EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY ( KEMUNGKINAN ) - SHE IS LIKELY TO COME - IT IS POSSIBLE TO DO THAT - PROBABLY / MAYBE Diposkan oleh mulyadi calaviano di 06:41 0 komentar Kirimkan Ini lewat EmailBlogThis!Berbagi ke TwitterBerbagi ke Facebook Label: LANGUAGE FUNCTION

Sabtu, 11 Februari 2012

ROLE PLAY

What Is Role-Playing?
Role-playing is getting together with some friends to write a story. Its joining around a campfire or a dining room to spin some tall tales. Role-playing is being creative and having fun with friends. Role-playing games are stories. You create one of the main characters, and you create a story around your character. The rest of the players also create stories around their characters. And theres an editor who brings those stories together. In most role-playing games, one person plays the referee, who can be thought of as the Editor of the story. The Editor will, with input from you if you desire to give any, describe a world or setting. You and your friends, as Players, will take a character and protagonist in this world. You will guide your character through the story that you and your friends are creating. Each player takes a different character, and each character interacts with each other character. Role-playing, in this sense, is very much play-acting in the mind. You imagine what the Editor describes. Then, you imagine your characters response to this situation, and describe that to the Editor and the other Players. They, in turn, each do the same with their characters. In most games--board games, card games, and dice games--there is a clearly defined way to win, and a clearly defined way to lose, and winning is the goal of the game. In role-playing games, the concepts of winning and losing do not exist. Your goal as a Player is to help create a story and to have fun. You may give your character other goals, but the success of your character does not determine any sense of winning or losing. Like life, its not so much whether you win or lose, but how you play the game. Thats all well and good, you say, but what actually goes on? What do these characters do? Most of the time, characters are involved in adventures, adventures of the type that are immortalized in adventure movies and serial novels. In one game, the characters might be a group of secret agents trying to save the world from nuclear destruction. In another, you might play a rebel force, trying to overthrow an evil star-spanning empire. You might play a group of warriors in elleventh century Europe, or King Arthurs knights, or Superman, or Batman, or an original character you create, in any world you choose.

How Can I Become Involved With Role-Playing?

The same way youd get involved with any other game. You either find some people who are already playing, or you start a game yourself. The former is recommended, but either way is fun. The first thing is to figure out what you want to play. What kind of movies or books do you want to copy? Thats what you want to play. There are games that deal with H.P. Lovecrafts novels, Michael Moorcocks novels, the middle-earth of J.R.R. Tolkien, among many others. There are also generic games that cover whole genres--espionage, detective, super-hero, swords and sorcery, space opera, and the old west, for example. Next, find a store that sells role-playing games. You can find them in the yellow pages under games. Visit the store and tell them you dont know much about role-playing games, but youd like a game that can play (insert your choice here--detective, Tolkien, whatever). Ask if they know of any groups that are already playing that type of game. Many stores keep a list or bulletin board of gamers looking for new gamers. Chances are the stores salespeople will be able to help you find just what youre looking for.

What Should I Look Out For When Im Playing?

Cecil Adams (author of the newspaper column, The Straight Dope) said with regards to roleplaying games: "a lifetime of Parcheesi does not adequately prepare you for this." Hes right. Your biggest problem will be breaking out of the straightjacket that games like Parcheesi, Chess, and Poker have put you in. There are no moves in role-playing games, nor are you confined to any specific actions. You make choices for your character as creatively as if you were writing a book. You dont need to be worried about whether or not you are allowed to do something. The only thing restricting what your character can do is the situation your character is in. It is also sometimes easy to get into an adversarial relationship with your Editor. Why? Because you are playing the hero and the Editor will be portraying all of the villains that the hero meets. It helps sometimes to stop and remember that this is not a competition between the Players and the Editor. The goal is to have fun, creatively, together. If you want an adversarial competition, you can always play hockey. Once you realize that role-playing games have rules you might fall into one of two ruleslawyer traps. Games have rules that explain what happens when, for example, your character is attacked by a dragon, or what happens when two space vessels race to the same destination. But these rules are almost always there as guidelines. They describe what normally should happen, not what always must happen. The first rules-lawyer trap is to always insist on following the rules, even when theres an obvious discrepancy between how all of the Players (including the Editor) want the game to proceed, and how a certain game rule says an event should turn out. The overall game should be more important than any specific rule. Many times, games will not have a specific rule to cover a rare or odd situation. The second rules-lawyer trap is to believe that there should always be a rule to cover every situation. In this case, you waste time and interrupt the flow of the story by searching through the rule-book for rules that arent there. A related trap is to consider the Editor to be some sort of omnipotent being in relation to the game, and to consider the game world to be the Editors world alone. The game is for all the Players, not just the Editor. The Editor is, however, the final arbiter of game disputes and game questions. Theres no need to waste time arguing when you could be playing!

A Role-Playing Glossary
If you decide to find a role-playing group to create with, youll probably run into some strange terminology. Every group has its own terminology, and gamers are no exception. Here is a quick guide to the most common jargon in role-playing. Dice Ill bet you thought you knew what dice were, didnt you? Well, youll never see so many different kinds of dice than when you meet up with role-playing gamers. The kind of dice that most people use (for Yahtzee or gambling) are six-sided dice. Theyve got six sides. There are also four-sided dice, eight-sided dice, ten-sided dice, twelve-sided dice, and twenty-sided dice. Some companies are even making thirty-sided dice and hundred-sided dice. Dont worry at first, though. Most games use either six-sided dice (the normal, cube things) or ten-sided dice. You can borrow the latter from someone else while youre still new. Some veteran gamers do the same thing. How do you use the dice? Youll hear lots of strange terminology, like roll a three-dee-six, roll a percentile die, or roll dee-one-hundred. The best way to deal with this, if you dont understand, is to look confused and say huh? Show me. Gamers (like any other group) sometimes forget that newcomers arent privy to the jargon they use. However, if you want some idea of whats going on, heres the dope:

three-dee-six: This is written 3d6. This means take three 6-siders and roll them. Add them all up. If you roll 3 on one die, 4 on another, and 1 on the last, thats 3 plus 4 plus 1, or 8. In general, when someone says roll anumber dee anothernumber, they want you to take anumber dice with anothernumber sides, roll them, and add them together. Two-dee-ten (or 2d10) means roll two ten-sided dice and add them, for example. dee-one-hundred: This is a special kind of roll, designed just to confuse people who think they understand the previous paragraph. When you are asked to roll dee-one-hundred (written d100), youll need a ten-sided die. Roll it, and remember the number. This is the tens. Then, roll it again. This is the ones. If you rolled a 1 and a 5, the result is 15. If you rolled a 6 and a 3, the result is 63. If you rolled a 0 and a 2, the result is 2 (02), etc. If you rolled a 0 and a 0, the result is 100. Dont ask, its tradition. You want a number from 1 to 100, not 0 to 99. Dungeon Master In the first role-playing game, the characters usually had their adventures in deserted castles and the dungeons below them. The Editor in these games was called by the incredibly kinky name Dungeon Master. From this came the equally pretentious Game Master, used by other games to denote the Editor. I prefer the family of names that includes Referee, Supervisor, and, of course, Editor. Hack and Slash Hack and Slash is a form of role-playing where the characters goal is to fight. Often, hack and slash characters will get in a fight with every non-player character (q.v.) that they meet. Hack and Slash involves very little character interaction. Hit Points Your character can interact with all sorts of things in a role-playing game. Sometimes, your character will interact with fists, broken bottles, guns, or swords. When you interact with a gun, youre likely to either die or be seriously injured. Not so with your character. In the serial adventures which role-playing games most commonly emulate, the heroes rarely have to hobble along with punctured lungs or gangrenous wounds. So, in most role-playing games, your character will have a certain number of hit points. When your character is attacked with a weapon, the weapon will cause your character to lose some of these hit points. This is much easier to play with than wounds, broken bones, cranial injuries, and infections. Hit points are called different things by different games (Body Pips, Wound Level, Energy Level, Damage Points, etc.), but theyre still hit points. You lose them (or gain them) when you get hit. Miniatures Some games use cute little miniature figurines, about an inch high, to show where the characters are in relation to each other. Non-Player Character All of the characters played by you and your friends (except the Editor) are Player Characters. Thats because a Player is playing them. Characters created by the Editor for your character to meet are Non-Player Characters. Player Characters are the stars of the story, and Non-Player Characters are the supporting cast and the extras. Diposkan oleh mulyadi calaviano di 20:04 0 komentar Kirimkan Ini lewat Email