Whats up section. Just help out (add/correct stuff) wherever you can, and well all be better off.

The Final will focus on the second half of the course, including lectures, films, readings, and the study guide. It will take place Monday, March 19th, 8-11 in Embarcadero Hall and will consist of 50 questions counting for 20% of your grade. Below is a list of areas and terms that will focus your study for the multiple-choice and true/false questions on the final. Note that some iClicker questions will be taken directly from the lecture slides, which you can find on GauchoSpace. PLEASE BRING A PINK PARSCORE. AREA 1: HUMAN EVOLUTION You should know the basic evolutionary sequence of hominins leading up to modern humans and their spread throughout the world. 1. Homo erectus a. 1.5 mya b. Most successful, spread around the world c. bipedalism d. postcranial skeleton e. development rates same as ours f. larger body mass 2. Homo habilis a. Found by Richard Leaky? b. group living c. basic stone making d. nonspecialized forager e. larger brain, therefore more energy consumption and richer diet f. bipedal g. smaller jaw Homo sapiens 3. a. modern humans that flourished in Africa Neanderthal 4. a. 195k ago b. Probably first to have ability of speech (existence of the hyoid bone) c. robust d. retreating foreheads e. projecting faces f. eyebrow ridges g. hunter/gatherers. Very skilled hunters h. distant relations to modern humans 5. Lucy a. Australopithecus afarensis b. Lived about 3.2 million years ago c. Can tell from bones that she was an upright walker d. small skull capacity similar to apes e. showed that bipedalism preceded brain increase in size 6. Australopithecus a. 3.2 mya

b. Cant run as well as modern humans c. went extinct 2 mya d. discovered by Raymond Dart in S. Africa

7. Ardipithecus a. exhibits some features with apes b. face had a resemblance to apes c. brain was positioned like a humans d. lived 5.6-4.4 mya 8. Davonian a. Known as the age of fish. 4.16-2.8 mya. b. extensive forests and emergence of seed bearing plants 9. Homo Sapiens Idaltu a. 160,000 yrs ago in Pleistocene Africa 10. mtDNA a. Mitochondrial DNA b. Passed through the female line c. Useful in figuring out how close to Homo sapiens the Neanderthals were 11. Genetic Drift a. change in frequency of a gene variant in a population b. may cause gene variants to disappear completely c. effect is larger in small populations, and smaller in large populations Out Of Africa 12. a. hypothesis that humans have a single origin b. spread out of Africa in 3 different stages, starting 70,000 years ago Clovis 13. a. earliest well-documented Paleo-Indian settlement b. characterized by a flaked, fluted point c. flourished about 11,200 to 11,000 BC d. hunted bison and mammoth e. constantly moving and camping along rivers and streams 14. Kennewick a. discovered in Kennewick, Washington 1996 b. accidental discovery c. one of the most complete skeletons founds d. dated back to 5650 and 9510 years old e. Native Americans claimed him as an ancestor, and scientists had to return the skeleton before being able to research on 15. Monte Verde a. Northern Chile b. uncovered by Tom Dillehay c. settlement on the edge of a stream d. occupied by foragers living in simple wooden dwellings e. 11800-12000 BC AREA 2: THE COGNITIVE REVOLUTION Be prepared for questions dealing with the emergence of abstract thought, especially interpretations of the significance of Cro-Magnon cave art.

1. A. Breuil a. Abbe Breuil b. First to really study why cave art was made c. Sympathetic magic 2. Cro-Magnon a. Fagan believes that art started 40k ago w/ Cro-Magnon (Smith disagrees) b. first fully modern Europeans 3. Neanderthal a. First depiction of art, 100k yrs ago. Shanidar 4. a. archaeological site located in Kurdistan, Iraq b. yielded first adult Neanderthal Whitley 5. a. David Whitley invested a lot of time into the importance of the Shamans. b. Whitley Ethnographic: Recorded altered state dreams Bombos 6. a. Cave in South Africa *claps* 7. Lewis-Williams a. Man who studied Bushmen in Africa b. Careful in only knowing what that person said ^ 8. Chauvet a. Guys who had been exploring caves accidentally found it b. Entrance had been blocked for at least 20k years c. Lots of hand prints, variety of art (etched, animal, plant) d. Lions always appear in the most distant part of caves e. Theme of cave bears f. Childs footprint (8-10 years old) in the back of cave g. Example of accidental archeology Lithic Technology 9. a. Techniques used to make tools from stone 10. Tsolido a. Hills, Botswana b. They found shrine figures, spearheads from the Neolithic time period 11. Kebara a. Cave, Israel b. They found a hyoid bone from a Neanderthal, proved that Neanderthals were capable of speech 12. Shamans a. Best explanation for why there is art b. Shamans bridge a gap between the spirit and mundane world c. Shamans take drugs then record the dreams before they forget d. Altered state = lots of dots e. Caves are liminal spaces (between above and underground, life and death, living and spirit world)

f.

priests or spirit mediums

AREA 3: THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION You should be familiar with the main theories about the origins of agriculture and settled life, as well as the methods used to tell domesticated from wild plants and animals. 1. Abu Hureya a. By the Euphrates River - before 10,500 BC it was occupied by foragers, and it is famous for its botanical evidence of agriculture 2. Big Men & Women a. powerful kin (probably not kin) leaders that headed complex agricultural societies b. often shamans (oh yeAH?) c. clever entrepreneurs d. passed power down through generations 3. Co-Evolution a. change of biological objects in relation to other biological objects. b. Basically, they evolved together c. Most notable with plants and humans. 4. V. Gordon Childe oasis theory. a. Linear progression i. Food stuff ii. Settled life iii. Urbanism Robert Braidwood 5. a. Hilly Flanks Hypothesis: Agriculture developed in Zagros and Taurus mountains in Turkey 6. Risk Management a. minimizing anything that would threaten long term survival 7. Population Pressure a. Theory for development of agriculture b. Problems i. Yields were not immediate in the beginning ii. Its a long process with many setbacks iii. Internal population regulation existed 8. Feasting Theory a. Agricultural development fueled by displays of power (in this case food) b. Created by Brian Hayden 9. Gbekli Tepe a. Turkey b. Found the mobile hunter-gatherer, organized religion (like Stonehenge) and monuments carved with elaborate imagery (12,000-10,000 yrs ago) Jericho 10. a. Found monumental architecture and settled hunter-gatherers b. Made 10,000 yrs ago. Stonehenge 11. a. Used as burial site.

b. Made between 3,000 and 2,000 BC in steps.

12. Zooarchaeology a. Look at the bones left over b. Schlep effect c. Checking for pathologies d. Skeletal morphology e. Natural range f. Kill rates i. Normal animals: more likely to die as they get older ii. Hunted animals: very young and very old more likely to die iii. Domesticated animals: selected for prim ate: protect young from predators. Need less males, more females 13. Paleoethnobotany a. Study how people used plants by looking at plant remains, impressions, chemical/food residues b. Can reconstruct diets using plants c. Phytholiths = plant skeletons = silicate structures of plants 14. Flotation a. Separates light and heavy fractions by draining away the light and keeping the heavy b. Zooarch studies heavy fractions c. Must use sampling technique b/c microscope work is intensive AREA 4: STATES (OLD WORLD, ORIGINS) You should be familiar with the main theories about the origins and maintenance of ancient states, in particular Egypt and Mesopotamia. 1. Band Tribe Chiefdom State a. Original evolutionary process (unilinear) b. Theory is incorrect (Chiefdoms dont always turn into states) c. Makes state form look the best d. Band: small-scale, egalitarian, kinship e. Tribe: band clusters, ranked, kinship f. Chiefdom: larger-scale, ranked/stratified, kinship g. State: large-scale, cities, monumental architecture, centralized govt, record-

keeping, tribute/taxation, accumulation of wealth, intensive production, craft specialization, division of labor, highly stratified (social inequality)
2. Circumscription a. Developed by Robert Carneiro. People fought over land and eventually surrounded other people. Fighting led to winners who became upper class. Losers became lower class. b. Very dependent on war. 3. Conspicuous Consumption a. (See feasting theory) 4. Materialization of Ideology a. put substance to an ideological message b. materialization to show the special link ruling elite have with the supernatural, the gods

c. reminder of divine authority of the gods

5. Hydraulic Theory a. control over irrigation b. Idea that need for irrigation led to formation of states. c. Not true. Disproved by Mayans (I think) 6. Ur a. powerful Sumerian city state Queen Puabi 7. a. had an elaborate burial at Ur b. buried with male/female attendants, soldiers, chariots pulled by Oxen c. buried in elaborate clothing, a gold headdress 8. Akhenaton a. heretic pharaoh b. moved capital to Armana, 1353 B.C. c. city abandoned after his death d. worship of sun disk Aten Tutankhamen 9. a. Changed religion back from sole worship of Aten to polytheism. b. Tomb was basically untouched by tomb robbers. c. Found in 1922 by Robert Carter 10. Staple/Wealth Finance a. Staple finance was producing stuff life agricultural goods, things everyone needed b. Wealth finance was building monuments or statues or things that displayed your wealth and power Political Economy 11. a. circulating wealth b. manipulation through taxes Uruk 12. a. Another Sumerian city-state b. had Anu Ziggurat and White Temple Narmer 13. a. united the individual empires of Egypt into one kingdom 14. The Nile a. Offered Egypt a reliable resource and a highway b. Used for irrigation and transport c. Gave Egypt the possibility of a unified state (rather than city-states) Giza Pyramids 15. a. Important symbol of royal power b. seen as triumphs of bureaucratic organization c. possibly built as a means of linking people to their guardian, the king, and to the sun god d. relationship between king and his subjects was both reciprocal and spiritual (Mendelssohn) e. construction of the pyramids helped institutionalize the state by trading redistributed foor for labor f. the peasants worked off tax obligations; their loyalty to the pharaoh motivated them to

work g. labor forces were state-directed h. Old Kingdom Egypt i. food was taxed from the villages, then it was redistributed after labor work was completed

16. Sources of Power a. Economic - depends on ability to organize more specialized production and the diverse tasks of food storage and food redistribution b. Social/Ideological - comes from creation or modification of certain symbols of cultural or political commonality; goal is to link individuals and communities with common ties that transcend those of kin. Guardians of ideology are privileged people because their spiritual powers give them special social status and allow for social inequality c. Political i. What you get when you combine the other sources of power; to impose authority throughout society by both administrative and military means Coercive d. 17. N. Yoffee a. Norman Yoffee b. believed interplay between social, political, and economic power led to supreme rulers and states 18. K. Flannery a. Uncovered evidence in Mexican southern high lands that the people were breeding plants for bigger food items (like maize). b. The evidence was for between 5000 and 2000 BC c. later found evidence for 8000 BC as time of plant domestication 19. R. Carniero a. Coercive state formation. b. See circumscription 20. Sumerians a. One of the earliest urban societies to emerge in Southern Mesopotamia (5000 years ago) b. Developed Sumerian writing system cuneiform 21. Uluburun a. shipwreck b. contents demonstrated the international nature of eastern Mediterranean trade systems AREA 5: STATES (NEW WORLD, COLLAPSE) You should be familiar with the main theories about New World states, in particular Mesoamerican civilizations and the phenomenon of collapse. 1. A. Demarest a. Theory of Collapse: factionalism and warfare b. when paired with Tainters theory of political and social competition it is particularly convincing (cycles of conspicuous consumption) c. leads to reconfiguration d. supported by regional collapse 2. Copan a. Located in modern-day Honduras. b. Many pyramids, successors built their monuments on top of older monuments c. One of earliest writings dates to Dec. 11, 435 A.D.

3. Tulum a. site of a pre-Columbian Mayan port city. b. Earliest inscription is from 564 A.D. c. Well preserved coastal site 4. Palenque a. Mayan capital in the western lowlands b. known for fine buildings and rulers obsessions with their ancestry c. Temple of Inscriptions built by Pacal the Great (ruled between 603-702 A.D.) 5. Tikal a. Political alliance w/ brother? b. Star Wars, war associated with the movement of Venus. c. Falling out w/ brother? d. abandoned 760 AD after Dos Pilas fell e. Balaj, ruler of Dos Pilas, fought his brother, ruler of Tikal, at Tikal and defeated him 680 AD 6. Long Count a. Sophisticated Mayan counting system b. Base 20 count starting with 0.0.0.0.0 (in 3114 BC) c. 13.0.0.0.0 = 5126 years (long count ends) d. End of long count will end, but that has nothing to do with the world ending. Long count will just restart. e. Mayans do predict things happening after the Long Count ends 7. Maya Glyphs a. Mayans thought to be peaceful priests/astronomers b/c they originally couldnt understand the glyphs b. Originally thought to be logographic (each glyph = one word). Not possible b/c about 800 signs c. Each glyph = one syllable d. After deciphered, found that writings were about warfare and king lineages e. most books destroyed by the Spanish, the ones that survived focus on theology, and the legitimization of royal authority 8. E. Thomson a. believed Mayan culture centered on time, and the dates inscribed with glyphs were the only real system, the other glyphs were mystic exercises to get in touch with the gods b. Also developed the number system: assigned numbers to 800+ glyphs 9. Y. Knorosov a. demonstrated Mayan glyphs were phonetic and syllabic like Egyptian glyphs in 1952 10. D. Stuart a. Mayanist scholar; professor of Mesoamerican art and writing at Univeristy of Texas; PhD in Anthropology b. Researched Maya hieroglyphs c. Major contributions in the field of epigraphy Maya script J. Marcus 11. a. She noticed a cycle of development with Mesoamerican states. b. New city-state expands or develops new territory.

c. Province eventually reach significant level of cultural complexity, separate from old citystate d. Happens multiple times, and some city-states ally against another to defeat it

12. Calakmul a. rivaled Tikal in Classical Mayan era. b. Had central religious precinct covering 2 km. c. 50,000 people lived in Calakmul 13. El Mirador a. Mayan city located in low-lying area where water could be stored and trapped. b. Drought resulted in leaders losing religious credibility. People dispersed from city 14. Chichn Itz a. Important during Postclassical Mayan period (900-1517 A.D) b. Maintained ties with some of the surviving Mayan city-states 15. Cancun a. Archaeological site of the pre-columbian Mayan civilization b. Located in present day Guatemala c. Noted for having one of the largest palaces in the Mayan world (770 A.D) d. Was a major trade center (specifically jade, pyrite, and obsidian) Dos Pilas 16. a. Located in modern-day Guatemala b. Founded by renegade noble from Tikal in 645 A.D. c. Flourished until 761 A.D. 17. Aztecs a. Cortez was significantly outnumbered b. Fell b/c Cortez alliance w/ enemies and spread of diseases 18. Tenochtitlan a. Aztec Capital b. symbolic center of the universe c. center of religious and secular power d. the Great Pyramid of Huitzilopochtli i. depicts 4 celestial levels of Aztec cosmos ii. center for religious ceremonies and ritual sacrifice 19. Easter Island a. Palm trees slowly disappeared b. Incorrect theories: deforestation, disease/slave rates c. Correct: Unintended consequence of bringing ship rats who eat palm trees d. monumental heads e. production randomly stopped 20. Inca a. Largest empire in pre-Columbian America b. Center located in Cusco, modern-day Peru c. Early 13th century AREA 6: HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGYS LEGACY Be prepared for questions dealing with historical archaeology, including Classical, Colonial and more recent periods, in particular the ways that finds (like cannons), pottery, Zooarchaeology and Paleoethnobotany have contributed to dating and understanding the people underrepresented in the

archaeological record. Also questions dealing with the impact of archaeology on modern politics and culture. 1. Ayodha a. ( not sure) conflict in india over a mosque that had been brought down and how the mosque had been originally built on top of a temple for a deity damns I want to say? I am not sure he doesn't put enough text on slides b. ^^ I agree with that, he doesnt put nearly enough text, i couldnt find this anywhere Pompeii 2. a. Oldest continually excavated site b. Volcano erupted = everything covered in ash = preserved bodies c. For organic objects, just pour caste in to see what it looked like d. Limited scope of what it looked like b/c focused on time period right after eruption e. Started as antiquarian, not trying to find history of site (how the city evolved over time and its socioeconomic dynamic) Mary Hall 3. a. Top ranking brothel on the Washington D.C. mall b. Clients were high ranking officials who probably protected her c. Evidence of being high quality i. Better cuts of meat ii. Exotic foods iii. A lot of pots and storage iv. Highest quality porcelain v. French Champagne d. Died in 1886; brothels banned in 1914 NAGPRA 4. a. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990) b. protects Native American remains c. analyzing human remains usually not possible because of this 5. Nationalism a. Political ideology b. Involves strong identification of a group of individuals w/ political entity c. Aims to create national identity d. States that people must be autonomous, united, and express a single national culture Queen Annes Revenge 6. a. 1718! b. Found off coast of North Carolina. c. had canons from different regions 7. Ramses I a. Founding Pharaoh of Ancient Egypts 19th dynasty 8. Slack Farm a. Native American grave mounds b. seriously damaged by looters 9. The Lost Ark a. Ark was possibly stolen when Jerusalem was attacked

10. Nefertiti a. Bust located in Germany. Egypt keeps trying to get it back. Iraq 11. a. Im assuming this has to do with the museum that was looted sometime after the US went into Baghdad. b. The museum was looted and most of the artifacts have not been recovered 12. Jerusalem a. Ark was stolen from here b. Islam, Christianity and Judaism all have claims to various areas of the city i. has led to a lot of violence, and attempts to prove land claims through archaeology 300 13. a. Inaccurate: Movie Spartans had no armor b. Inaccurate: Persian King is complete fantasy i. Movie version has chains/is hairless. ii. Persians outraged. Iranian Pres cultural advisor: Americans psychological warfare on Iran. 14. The Mummy a. Smith did Egyptian translations b. Youve gotten better, princess -> Ni-KA-tee AH-a (May you fuck a donkey.) 15. Martins Hundred a. 17th century plantation located 10 mi from north shore of James River Kennewick Man 16. a. frozen man found, most likely belonging to the clovis tradition b. One of the most complete ancient skeletons ever found, bone tests have shown the skeleton to be somewhere between 5650 and 9510 years old. c. These findings triggered a 9 year legal clash between scientists, the American government and Native American tribes who claim Kennewick Man as their ancestor. 17. Pot hunters a. people who seek artifacts from past civilizations for personal use, sometimes by illegal means, without adhering to professional standards of archaeology b. sometimes damage archaeological sites, resulting in the destruction of a site and the history that could be interpreted from the artifacts c. Antiquities Act of 1906 passed by US Congress, giving the US President authority to restrict the use of particular public land owned by the federal government; primarily concerned with protecting prehistoric Indian ruins and artifacts from pot hunters CRM 18. a. Cultural Resources Management b. process by which the protection and management of the multitudinous but scarce elements of cultural heritage are given some consideration in a modern world with an expanding population and changing needs. AREA 7: iCLICKER QUESTIONS FROM ENTIRE QUARTER iClicker questions repeated in last lecture arent listed in this section. 1. How similar were Neanderthals to modern humans? (Week 4) a. Not at all similar

b. Capable of some human behaviors, but still very different c. Youd hardy notice any difference if you met one

2. In what ways were Hominins and early Hominids different from Chimps and other Apes? (Week 4) a. They used the same places over and over b. They used tools c. They adapted to the savannah d. they had less strongly marked sexual dimorphism 3. Life for early Hunter-Gatherers was (Week 4) a. Nasty, brutish, and short b. A constant battle for survival c. Successful but hard work d. Easy, the first affluent lifestyle 4. When do modern humans emerge? (Week 5) a. 1.5 mya b. 500k bp c. 150k bp d. 40k bp According to Fagan, when did the first art and personal adornment emerge? (Week 5) 5. a. 500k bp b. 170k bp c. 100k bp d. 40k bp (w/ Cro-Magnon) e. 10k bp 6. When is the first evidence for artwork? (Week 5) a. About 40k bp with the Cro-Magnons b. At least 100k bp in Africa c. Around 1.5 mya w/ the emergence of Homo erectus According to Fagan, Cro-Magnon art has survived to the present day in which of the following 7. media? (Week 5) a. Cave paintings only b. Cave paintings, antler, and ivory c. Cave paintings, antler, ivory, wood, and skins 8. What was the first domesticated plant in Southwest Asia (the Middle East)? (Week 6) a. Cereals (wheat, barley) b. Nuts (pistachio, acorn) c. Figs (good source of sugar) d. Legumes (lentils, peas) e. Maize 9. Who build the pyramids? (Week 7) a. Space Aliens (Ancient Astronauts) b. Men from Atlantis (Lost Technologies like Sonic Levitation) c. Slaves d. Sweaty Working Stiffs (paid workers) 10. Which is more important (picture of two pyramids)? (Week 7) a. A (close, smaller pyramid)

b. B (further away, larger pyramid)

11. Most of the people involved with the discovery of King Tuts tomb died shortly after, lending credence to the power of the curse that was found inside the tomb. (Week 7) a. True b. False Where is a Humvee necessary? (Week 7) 12. a. Rugged terrain/military operations b. Cruising the mean streets of Paris There is some connection between Egyptian and Mayan pyramids. (Week 8) 13. a. True b. False The Mayans believed that the world will end in 2012 with the end of the Long Count (Week 8) 14. a. True b. False (Long count will end, but the world will not) According to Fagan, why did the Mayan civilization collapse? (Week 8) 15. a. Ecological stress b. Political changes c. Warfare 16. At the time of contact, Tenochtitlan was (Week 8) a. Smaller than the largest European city b. About the same size as the largest European city c. Larger than the largest European city 17. Both Mayan and Egyptian Hieroglyphs are primary (Week 9) a. Logographic (each glyph = a word) b. Syllabic (each glyph = consonant/vowel combinations) c. Phonetic (each glyph = single consonant or vowel) 18. How useful is archaeology given a substantial historical record? (Week 9) a. Archaeology & history combined together yield more than either alone b. Archaeology becomes a minor source that can only supplement and document the picture obtained from written sources c. Archaeology is just not very useful compared to historical sources, which allow past peoples to speak directly to us d. Each provides a completely different kind of information that cant really be integrated 19. When was the spork invented? (Week 9) a. 1974 b. 1874 c. 1804 d. 1774 e. The spork has always been with us 20. When did the Kenyon Act to Enjoin and Abate Houses of Lewdness, Assignation, and Prostitution officially ban the brothels of Washington DC? (Week 9) a. 1854 b. 1874 c. 1894 d. 1914

e. 1934

21. How did the Inca stonemasons make such tight fitted, keyed masonry? (Week 10) a. Must have been space aliens! b. Parabolic mirrors focused for laser like cutting c. Stone pounders and grinders d. Who knows? 22. Will Pyramid Power sharpen a razor blade (if one is put in the Great Pyramid)? (Week 10) a. Sure it will b. Not a chance 23. How long have Druids been using Stonehenge for religious rites? (Week 10) a. Right from the start over 4000 years ago b. For only about 2000 years, when the Celts arrived in England c. Only since the 1600s when Druidism was revived in England d. Not until the early 20th century, when modern Druids asserted a claim to the monument 24. What kind of monument does the tomb of revolutionary leader and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat wave? (Week 10) a. A traditional mausolem b. A mosque, as with other great Muslim leaders of Egypt like Mohamed Ali c. An Egyptian pyramid of course 25. Who is the better archaeologist? (Week 10) a. Tomb Raiders Laura Croft b. Tomb raider rival Alex West c. Dr. Henry Indiana Jones d. Indies dad Prof. Henry Jones e. Lost Ark rival Dr. Renee Belaq (though his goals are bad, he does it in a very systematic way. The only time real archaeology was being done was when Indiana Jones used Belacs surveying instruments) What material was the real idol made of? 26. a. Gold, as in the film b. Silver c. Jade (But apparently its an Aztec and fake) d. Ivory e. Obsidian AREA 8: iCLICKER QUESTIONS FROM THE LAST LECTURE 1. Do dinos have anything to do with arch? a. Yes b. No What phase of arch does Petrie represent? (Operated in the 1880s 1920s). He was the one 2. that shifted from Antiquarian to Culture History. Wanted to understand the past by sequencing. a. Antiquarian b. Culture History c. Processual (Doesnt start til 1960) d. Post Processual

3. What technique did Mary Leaky use the 3.6 mil year old footprints at Laetoli? Found out bipedalism developed very early in our species. Foot prints were in the material they were dating. a. General Strat (Kind of, but looking for the best answer. Might date a level of ash) b. Radiocarbon (Good for 50k and down) c. Seriation (Need artifacts) d. Potassium-Argon (In volcanic ash, which is what Laetoli was) e. Optical Stimulated Luminescence (Used for 100ks) 4. Who was the first to acquire speech? a. Aust b. Homo Habilis c. Homo Erectus d. Neanderthals (first to have physical structure to be capable of human speech; sounded like Stephen Hawking. Didnt have much range. Nasaly and flat. Explains why they have a sophisticated culture. Hyoid bones indicate a voice box.) e. Modern Humans 5. In the film, scientists traced the ancestry of Neanderthals as compared to modern humans using a. Radiocarbon dating b. Mitochondrial DNA (show that ~4% of Europeans are part Neanderthals) c. CT scans d. Strontium isotope analysis e. Cranial morphometrics According to Lecture, when does the first evidence for art and personal adornment emerge? 6. a. 500k b. 170k (likely but no physical evidence for it) c. 100k (shell beads found in African cave and paint kit) d. 40k (Cave art in picture; Fagan thinks 40k) e. 10k How many pounds of buffalo meat was acquired from a single hunt at the Olson-chubbuck kill 7. site? (They ran stampede off the cliff, didnt even eat all of it) a. 500 b. 5k c. 10k d. 25k e. 50k Development of pottery was one of the consequences of settled life and food production. 8. a. True b. False (it proceeds settled life and agriculture) 9. According to Fagan, Which are the defining characteristics of state societies? a. Cities w/ impressive public buildings b. Centralized accumulation of capital and social status c. Systems of formal record keeping and scientific study d. All of the above 10. According to Fagan, what are the sources of power that formed the basis for early states?

a. Agricultural surplus, prestige goods monuments, labor (most plausible alternative, good for early states but play into answer B) b. Economic, social/ideological, political c. Staple and wealth finance d. Kinship, nepotism, religious, economic e. Materializations of ideology 11. The Mayan collapse was a. Complete b. Confined to major ceremonial centers c. Regional, with only some areas abandoned (mostly places like Tikal, places on the coast survived, even with major centers) In the film, prior to decipherment of Maya hieroglyphs, the Maya were believed to be a 12. peaceful group of priests and astronomers. a. True (they looked at the monuments w/o understanding what they said. After they translated, they realized it was about warfare, lineage of kings, etc.) b. False According to lecture, ___ led to the disappearance of Easter Island palm groves 13. a. Drought b. Earthquakes c. Hungry ship rats (unintended consequences of being on ships a lot) d. Hungry people (the old idea that people did it to make boats = ecological disaster) e. Hungry insects 14. The Aztecs fell b/c of a. Conquistadors Superior Technology (Conquistadors highly outnumbered) b. Power of the Myth. Cortez = Quetzalcoatl c. Conquistadors political alliances w/ enemies of the Aztecs (Enemies gave them thousands of troops to challenge the Aztecs. The Aztecs couldve bounced back but) What artifacts DO NOT reflect the high life of the clientele at Mary Halls First Class House? 15. a. Piper Heidseick Champaign (still high life today) b. Gothic style stoneware c. Cuts of meat d. Coconut (exotic food) e. Kitchen pottery (preparing lots of food; lots more than people living in the house = lots of entertainment going on) As shown in the film, how did canons on the ship support its ID as the prate flagship the Queen 16. Annes Revenge? a. Canons were made in diff places (taking canons off of ships that he captured to build the best ship he could) b. Small number of canons c. Canons all from France d. None of canons loaded 17. Which trivia and/or historical fact is NOT accurate regarding the film Raiders of the Lost Ark? a. Snakes were garden hose b. Nazis established a military base in northern Egypt during the run-up c. Tanis was capitol when Pharoh sacked Jerusalem, possibly carrying off the Ark of the

Covenant d. The exciting opening sequence was based on a Scrooge McDuck cartoon