1. Avignon Papacy a. Many French Cardinals i. 12 New French Cardinals b. Pope Clement V (1305-1377) i.

Moves papal residence to Avignon, France ii. He was French iii. Flee chaos of Rome 1. Avoid Roman chaos 2. Help with French/English tensions 3. Return to homeland iv. Deal with French papal issues v. Promote peace between France and England c. 7 Popes will reside in Avignon d. Pope Gregory XI (1377) i. Returns to Rome 2. St. Catherine of Siena a. Committed to enter order at age 7 b. Joins womens order at age 16 c. Mystic- Very personal relationship with God d. Extreme poverty and devote prayer e. Works with sick from bubonic plague f. Writes to civil leaders and popes i. Wrote to Gregory XI and tells him to go back to Rome g. Stigmata- Receiving the wounds of Christ h. Doctor of the Church (1 of 3 women) i. Monastic life when first entered into Dominican Order 3. Western Schism (1378-1417) a. Gregory dies b. 1378- Pope Urban VI was elected c. French Cardinals declare Urban VI invalid after 6 months i. Elect Anti-Pope (1378) Clement VIIAvignon 4. Conciliarism-(Heresy) a. 1409 Local council of Pisa i. Said a council is greater that papal authority ii. Council can depose a Pope nd b. 2 Antipope in Pisa- 1409 i. Pope John XXIII 5. 16th Ecumenical Council a. Council of Constance (1414-1418)

i. 1 antipopeAgrees with council ii. 1 antipopeDoesnt agree and loses support 1. Dies in exile still claiming to be Pope iii. Pope Gregory XIIAgrees to council if people recognize him as real pope and then he abdicates(Steps down) b. Pope Martin V (1417) i. Elected as new Pope th 6. 15 Century a. Renaissance- Re-birth i. Arts, learning, architecture ii. Emphasis of the individual iii. Potential of an individual to flourish iv. Based on splendor v. Splendor- How great can one become? vi. Domes, symmetry, splendor b. Humanism i. Focus of human (individual) ii. Potential for individual to flourish c. Secular Humanism i. Striving to Flourish in all that is true and good ii. All about man 1. Anthropocentric- Centered around man iii. Individualism is everything iv. Man replaces God v. Promotes agnostic/atheist mentality vi. I > God vii. All focus on I d. Catholic Humanism i. Striving to Flourish in all that is true and good ii. Excellence iii. Centered around theology 1. Theocentric iv. Recognition that without God(grace) we are nothing and we can do nothing th 7. 16 Century o Martin Luther (Germany) o Ulrich Zwingli (Switzerland) o John Calvin o Henry IV (England) (FranceSwitzerland) Personal reason

a. Martin Luther

i. Biography 1. Born in 1483 in Saxony, Germany 2. Becomes Augustinian monk at age 22 3. Struggle with scrupulosity a. Saw things as more sinful than what they were 4. Questioned how anyone could become worthy of salvation 5. Upheld that human nature as fundamentally corrupt a. Man= Corrupt 6. Theology develops 7. German nationalism a. Helped Luther spread his religion 8. Translated bible into German 9. Rejected 7 books of Scripture that were originally written in Greek 10. Struggled with the book of James (preferred Paul) ii. 95 Theses 1. 1517 2. Posted it on Church door in Wittenberg 3. Addressed indulgences iii. Latin terms: 1. Sola Fide By faith alone 2. Sola Gratia By grace alone a. Rejection of free will b. Grace allows you to do good works c. The only way you can be saved is to believe i. Gives us ability to accept it or reject it if given to us 3. Sola Scriptura Scripture alone a. Divine revelation is through scripture alone i. Rejection of sacred tradition iv. Rejects Papal authority v. Rejects all but 2 sacraments 1. Baptism 2. Eucharist a. Consubstantiation i. Bread is still bread with Jesus presence for awhile vi. 1530: 1. Augsburg Confession a. Declaration of Lutheran beliefs(summary) 2. Book of Concord a. Re-summarized Lutheran teachings/beliefs and made them stronger

b. John Calvin i. Biography 1. Well educated all life 2. Rejects sacramental Grace 3. Said sacraments were reenactments of what Jesus did 4. Creates Theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland a. Makes so many rules that would allow for a city of the Elect i. Sinless city (Idea) 5. Lawyer 6. Develops a theology a. Very systematic ii. Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvins book) 1. Flowed from one idea to another iii. Impacted by Luther iv. Predestination (most well know idea) v. Focused on God being all powerful (omnipotent) vi. Double Predestination 1. God is all powerful 2. No free will affecting grace and salvation 3. Some are predestined for Heaventhe Elect 4. for Hellthe Reprobate 5. Grace= Irresistible vii. Doctrine of Double penetration was a doctrine of comfort viii. You could tell if someone was elect 1. Material property 2. They do good acts (Gods grace is seen) c. Jacob Arminius i. Calvinist but with some differences ii. Said Double Predestination is based on Gods foreknowledge of who will have faith 1. Step back to free will and Catholic Teaching iii. Synod of Dort (1618-1619) 1. A meeting to summarize Calvins teaching and separate them from Arminius teachings 2. A respond to Arminius iv. Calvins teaching= T.U.L.I.P. 1. T Total deprivation a. Human nature is totally corrupt 2. U Universal predestination

a. Double predestination 3. L Limited atonement a. Christ only atoned for sins of Elect 4. I Irresistible grace a. A human being can not play a role in grace (Reject/receive/accept) 5. P Perseverance of the Saints a. Saints are the Elect b. Tendency of doing good v. Catholic Teaching on Predestination 1. Not Double Predestination 2. We are all Pre-destined for Heaven, but God allows our will (Freedom) to play a role in salvation 3. We can freely choose to reject them d. Ulrich Zwingli i. Biography 1. Theocracy in Zurich Switzerland 2. Priest 3. Rejects all sacraments 4. Iconoclast 5. Sollas e. Henry VIII i. Married to Catherine of Aragon (17 years) 1. Daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella ii. Wants an annulment iii. Anne Boleyn 1. Thomas Cranmeroversaw wedding of Henry & Anne iv. Cardinal Wosley- Henrys Chancellor 1. Talks to Rome for annulment denied v. Henry Act of Supremacy (1536) 1. Declares himself leader of Church in England 2. Says he is still Catholic but is out of communion with Church vi. Anglican Church of England vii. St. Thomas More 1. Chancellor after Wosley dies 2. Would not take oath to Act of Supremacy 3. Imprisoned and then beheaded 4. I die the Kings good servant, but Gods first. viii. Bishop St. John Fisher 1. Also would not take oath to Act of Supremacy

ix. Henry has Anne killed x. Has Thomas Cromwell become chancellor 1. Arranges marriage between Anne of Cleaves(German Princess) a. Affects relationship with Spain 2. Has Thomas Cromwell killed After Henry: f. Edward VI g. Mary I (Bloody Mary) i. Tries to restore Catholicism ii. Daughter of Henry and Catherine h. Elizabeth I i. Reinforces Act of Supremacy ii. Break is solidified between Church and Anglican 8. Council of Trent a. 19th Ecumenical Council b. 1545-1563 (Not constant) c. Pope Paul IIICalled Council d. 2 Goals i. Clarify Doctrine ii. Correct abuses and strengthen practices 1. Simony with indulgences 2. Uneducated priests a. Get discipline in order of priest by establishing seminary system 3. Guidelines for Bishops e. Response 1. Clarify their nature 2. Seminary system within diocese 3. Guidelines for Bishops a. 3 months Bishops could be away from Diocese, NO LONGER! b. Strive to visit each parish once a year c. No pluralism i. Could only be Bishop of 1 diocese 9. Trent Doctrine a. LutherOriginal sin=total corruption of human sin Sola Fide, Sola Gratia, b. Original sin total corruption

i. Elimination of free will c. Human nature is fundamentally good but fallen d. Fallen capacity for sin e. Reaffirms and cements the canon of scripture (73 books) f. All 7 sacraments are reaffirmed i. Given by Christ directly or implicently g. Magesterium can authentically interpret scripture h. The Eucharist is both a sacrament & a sacrifice 10. Sola Gratia a. Grace is necessaryBut we can merit a good act because we can choose to cooperate with or reject Gods grace b. Recognition that we need grace to do good, but that we can merit a good act because of our freedom to cooperate 11. Sola Fide a. Faith and works for salvation b. Both faith and works are necessary for salvation i. Fundamentally tied together 12. Sola Scriptura a. Scripture and sacred tradition are means of revelation 13. St. Peter Canisus a. S.J. Jesuit b. Went to Germany, post-trent c. 3 Catechisms i. Youth ii. Students iii. Adults d. 1 of 33 doctors of the Church 14. St. Charles Borromeo a. Archbishop of Milan b. Founded 3 seminaries c. Model Bishop based on Trents regulations 15. St. Philip Neri a. Reformer of Rome b. Founded the oratorians, an order of priests 16. St. Teresa of Arila a. Reformed Carmelite order b. Founded 16 houses c. 1 of 33 Doctors of the Church 17. St. Ignatius Loyola a. Conversion

b. S.J. c. To help Pope d. Spiritual Exercises i. Principle and Foundation