Soil erosion: is the movement of soil particles from one place to another usually by wind or water: Wind erosion:

Occurs when the soil particles are very loose and easily to be blown away. Water erosion: Heavy rainfalls (gully erosion) causes soil particles to be flooded away Soil degradation: If the soil is not usable anymore. Cause of soil degradation: Wind erosion: wind blows soil particles away. Occurs when the soil particles are very loose and easily to be blown away. Water erosion: Heavy rainfalls (gully erosion) causes soil particles to be flooded away Deforestation: increases the affect of wind and water erosion Over cropping: Overuse of the land -> all the nutrients have no time to recover Construction of urban areas: Misuse of groundwater: may lead to very dry soil Managing of soil degradation: Crop rotation Growing different types of crops close to each other Less use of chemicals Ridges: like little hills (reduces wind and water erosion) Greenhouse: keeps it in a right temperature (no water and no soil erosion) Terracing and Counter ploughing

Grazing quota: controlling the amount of animals grazing in an area (if too many animals eat from the same land nutrients from the soil will be lost sooner as they are replaced. Effects of soil degradation: Desertification: If there are no nutrients in the soil, the soil will turn into a desert Causes dust storms/sand storms since the soil is very light and easily blown around Less agricultural land available less resources/ less economical output famine CASE STUDY: Sahel An area in northern parts of Africa. Caused by: Low rainfall ( 200-600 mm annualy) Population growth -> more houses (deforestation) -> more cattles or food supplies (overgrazing) Weather conditions: dry climate (desertification; high evaporation), Low rainfall (200-600 mm annually) Storms or rain tends to be in much stronger appearance -> wind/water erosion Has caused: Famine Dust storms/ sand storms Reduction in resources Managing strategies: Population control Finding alternatives to firewood ( reduced deforestation) Improved farming techniques/ reduced grazing animals

Water scarcity Physical water scarcity: When the demand for water is higher then the supply. This is caused by reasons. Economic water scarcity: When the demand for water is higher then the supply. However, there could be water available, but due to economic factors it is not possible to clean/transport it. Water stress: lack of water

Factors affecting access to safe drinking water Physical causes: Rain frequency Climate change Rates of evaporation Agricultural production (the more, the more water needed) Salty ground: takes up water Human caused causes: Development Population growth Overuse Pollution Lack of cooperation between countries about solving these problems

Effects Drought: When the amount of water available decreases over time Crop failure: Lifestock deaths: lack of water death

Famine: lack of agricultural production Groundwater depletion: If aquifers dry out, the earth above could collapse Disease: Lack of safe water access -> water dirty -> causes disease; dirty water can also attract mosquitoes. Refugees: People migrating somewhere else, where there is more water Water war Loss of biodiversity: Also animal specious can die out from lack of water

Management: The Aqueduct bike (Bike with water carrier bottles and that also filters the water while riding the bike) Building of Oasis Dam construction: Collects water in rainy seasons, which can be used in drier seasons Pipelines: Used to transport water; no evaporation Well: Pipelines might be too expensive Restriction of water usage: