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Abstract
A support system is used for supporting and enabling the orientation of a circular satellite antenna dish in azimuth and elevation. The system includes a hoop structure, the ends of which are connected to the antenna dish. The hoop structure is mounted for rotation about Y axis of the dish.The central axis of the hoop is coincidental with the ccentral axis of the antenna. The base is rotated with the help of a servo motor providing us the azimuth.
The device is less bulky lighter weight and less costly and does not have an overhead blind spot and is particularly suitable for use in smaller portable installations. Therefore it provides improved structure with full azimuth and elevation orientation for an antenna which can be used to communicate with satellite.
Description of the drawing Front elevation view. Side elevation view Front elevation view for illustrating the mechanism for the hoop structure. Top elevation view for drive of the base structure. Front elevation view illustrating the antenna elevation and azimuth drive Detailed Description of the apparatus
Referring now to the figures. A preferred embodiment of the device is shown. 1.Antenna assembly which includes parabolic reflector dish mounted on the base assembly 2. Using nuts and bolts the antenna is fixed to the hoop structure for providing the elevational motion of the satellite 3.the dish is thus supported for pivotal motion relaive to its base. 4.the system is joined to the base structure as shown in figure. 5. The base for the hoop structure is fixed to a square disc with the help of nuts . 6.Giving support for the rotor at the bottom. The rotor of the motor is fixed to center of the disc. Thus the whole structure is supported by the rotor whose motion gives the azimuth control of the dish.
Introduction
What is a Satellite Dish
A satellite dish is a dish-shaped type of parabolic antenna designed to receive microwaves from communications satellites, which transmit data transmissions or broadcasts, such as satellite television.
Principle of operation
The parabolic shape of a dish reflects the signal to the dishs focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the front-end of a waveguide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'conducts' them to a low-noise block downconverter or LNB. The LNB converts the signals from electromagnetic or radio waves to electrical signals and shifts the signals from the downlinked C-band and/or Ku-band to the L-band range. Direct broadcast satellite dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB. (A new form of omnidirectional satellite antenna, which does not use a directed parabolic dish and can be used on a mobile platform such as a vehicle was announced by the University of Waterloo in 2004.[1] The theoretical gain (directive gain) of a dish increases as the frequency increases. The actual gain depends on many factors including surface finish, accuracy of shape, feedhorn matching. A typical value for a consumer type 60 cm satellite dish at 11.75 GHz is 37.50 dB. With lower frequencies, C-band for example, dish designers have a wider choice of materials. The large size of dish required for lower frequencies led to the dishes being constructed from metal mesh on a metal framework. At higher frequencies, mesh type designs are rarer though some designs have used a solid dish with perforations. A common misconception is that the LNBF (low-noise block/feedhorn), the device at the front of the dish, receives the signal directly from the atmosphere. For instance, one BBC News downlink shows a "red signal" being received by the LNBF directly instead of being beamed to the dish, which because of its parabolic shape will collect the signal into a smaller area and deliver it to the LNBF.[2] Modern dishes intended for home television use are generally 43 cm (18 in) to 80 cm (31 in) in diameter, and are fixed in one position, for Ku-band reception from one orbital position. Prior to the existence of direct broadcast satellite services, home users would generally have a motorised C-band dish of up to 3 metres in diameter for reception of channels from different satellites. Overly small dishes can still cause problems, however, including rain fade and interference from adjacent satellites.
Multi-satellite
Special dish for up to 16 satellite positions (Ku-band). Some designs enable simultaneous reception from multiple different satellite positions without re-positioning the dish. The vertical axis operates as an off-axis concave parabolic concave hyperbolic Cassegrain reflector, while the horizontal axis operates as a concave convex Cassegrain. The spot from the main dish wanders across the secondary, which corrects astigmatism by its varying curvature. The elliptic aperture of the primary is designed to fit the deformed illumination by the horns. Due to double spill-over, this makes more sense for a large dish.
VSAT
A common type of dish is the very small aperture terminal (VSAT). This provides two way satellite internet communications for both consumers and private networks for organisations. Today most VSATs operate in Ku band; C band is restricted to less populated regions of the world. There is a move which started in 2005 towards new Ka band satellites operating at higher frequencies, offering greater performance at lower cost. These antennas vary from 74 to 120 cm (29 to 47 in) in most applications though C-band VSATs may be as large as 4 m (13 ft).
Others
U.S. residential satellite TV receiver dishes Individual dishes serving one dwelling: Direct to Home (DTH). Collective dishes, shared by several dwellings: satellite master antenna television (SMATV) or communal antenna broadcast distribution (CABD). Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish Big ugly dish
Ad hoc
The dish is a reflector antenna and almost anything that reflects radio frequencies can be used as a reflector antenna. This has led to dustbin lids, woks and other items being used as "dishes". Coupled with low noise LNBs and the higher transmission power of DTH satellites, it is easier to get a usable signal on some of these "dishes".
Design Method
Principles of operation
A DC motor is used in a control system where an appreciable amount of shaft power is required. The DC motors are either armature-controlled with fixed field, or field-controlled with fixed armature current. DC motors used in instrument employ a fixed permanent-magnet field, and the control signal is applied to the armature terminals.
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of an armature-controlled DC servo motor, (b) Block diagram In order to model the DC servo motor shown in Fig. 1, we define parameters and variables as follows. Ra = armature-winding resistance, ohms La = armature-winding inductance, henrys ia = armature-winding current, amperes if = field current, amperes ea = applied armature voltage, volts eb = back emf, volts = angular displacement of the motor shaft, radians T = torque delivered by the motor, lb-ft J = moment of inertia of the motor and load referred to the motor shaft, slug-ft2 . f = viscous-friction coefficient of the motor and load referred to the motor shaft, lb-ft/rad/sec The torque T is delivered by the motor is proportional to the product of the armature current ia and the air gap flux , which is in turn is proportional to the field current 5
where Ka is also constant. Therefore, the torque is proportional to the armature current so that with a motor torque constant K , T = K ia The back emf is proportional to the angular velocity d/dt. Thus, with a back emf constant Kb , we have d eb = K b dt The speed f an armature controlled DC servo motor is controlled by the armature voltage ea , which is supplied by a power supply (or amplifier). The differential equation for the armature circuit is lL a dia dt +R i +e = e a a b a
The armature current produces the torque which is applied to the inertia and friction. J d2 d 2 + f dt = T = K ia dt
Assuming that all initial condition are zero, and taking the Laplace transforms of the above three differential equations, we obtain the following equations in the Laplace transform. Kb s(s) = Eb (s) (La s + Ra )Ia (s) + Eb = Ea (s) = T (s) = K Ia (s) (J s2 + f (s) s)(s) Considering Ea (s) as the input, and (s) as the output, we can construct the block diagram shown in Fig. 1 (b) from these three equations. The effect of the back emf is seen to be the feedback signal proportional to the speed of the motor. This back emf thus increases the effective damping of the system. The transfer function of this system is obtained as follows. K (s) = 2 + (La f + Ra J )s + Ra f + K Ea (s) s[La J s Kb ] The inductance La in the armature circuit is usually small and maybe neglected. If La is neglected, the transfer function is reduced to K (s) K = = Ea (s) s[(La f + Ra J )s + Ra f + K Kb ] whee 6
Km = Tm =
Recalling that the angular velocity is the derivative of the angular position, = d dt we have transfer function from the input Ea (s) to the angular velocity (s), (s) Km = Ea (s) (Tm s + 1) Applying the final value theorem to the response to the unit step input of 1V, 1/s, Km 1 = Km () = lim s s0 (Tm s + 1) s The gain Km thus means the final angular velocity that the DC motor reaches with the input voltage of 1V. Tm is the time constant that indicates time for the angular velocity to reach 1 e1 = 0.6321. Therefore, these constants Km and Tm can be measured without knowing the mechanical parameters J , f and the torque delivered by the DC motor. or (s) = s(s)
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Analog Circuit
Fig. 2 is the diagram showing the positional servomechanism applied to a DC servo motor. A rotary position sensor (potentiometer - right) is coupled to the motor shaft to measure the angle. Our design project is to accomplish the negative feedback by the Arduino-Duemilanove board. We do not have the load connected to the DC servo motor. But, when an external load of JL and fL is connected to the output shaft of the down gear of gear ratio n, both moment of inertia J and friction coefficient f are modified as J f Jm + n2 JL = f m + n2 fL =
changing the mechanical systems time constant Tm and gain Km . We use a small DC motor to realize the positional servo mechanism. Before we do computer control by the microcontroller, we build a stand-alone positional servo system from analog components. The DC motor is Servo RK-1211 (RoboKits). Torque at 6 V is 16 kg/cm, and speed at 6 V is 0.14 sec/60 according to the spec. on the box. The schematic diagram of the servo system is shown in Fig. 3. Major components are, 1. Servo RK-1211 (Robokits) 2. Rotary potentiometer 10K 3. A laptop connected with the Arduino Board which acts as power supply as well.
Preparatory Measurement
We assume that potentiometers both reference and built-in the DC motor are connected to the supply voltage of 6 V as shown in the schematic diagram. Another important assumption is that the angle is measured in terms of revolutions instead of radians or degrees. So, 90 is 0.25 revolutions. This also make the velocity to be measured in rps revolutions per second. Once the stand-alone analog circuit for the positional servo system is built, make sure first that the output angle follows the movement of VR1 potentiometer. In order to make the block diagram to represent exactly the constructed system, measure Km and Tm . 1. Km Open loop gain : Calculate the velocity in terms revolutions per second, rpswhich is Km .
2. Tm From the exponential rise or decay part of the waveform, measure the open loop time constant T from the t function e T . Actually, measure the time T that the amplitude decays down to 1 e1 = 0.6321. When we have a unity gain feedback around a forward transfer function G(s), the feedback systems transfer function is given by G(s) Gc (s) = 1 + G(s) Since our G(s) is G(s) = , s(Tm s +1) 12Km
The closed loop transfer function Gc (s) is given by Gc (s) = From the characteristic equation Tm s2 + s + 12Km = Tm (s + a)(s + b) = 0 we will likely have two real roots s = a and s = b. From the time response, t t C1 eat + C2 ebt = C1 e T1 + C2 e T2 We can calculate two time constants T1 = 1 a and T2 = 1 . The expected closed loop time constant, b 12Km T s2 + s + 12Km m
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Detailed Design
1. SERVO : SERVOMOTOR INFORMATION
A servo is a mechanical motorized device that can be instructed to move the output shaft attached to a servo wheel or arm to a specified position. Inside the servo box is a DC motor mechanically linked to a position feedback potentiometer, gearbox, electronic feedback control loop circuitry and motor drive electronic circuit.
A typical R/C servo looks like a plastic rectangular box with a rotary shaft coming up and out the top of the box and three electrical wires out of the servo side to a plastic 3 pin connector. Attached to the output shaft out the top of the box is a servo wheel or Arm. These wheels or arms are usually a plastic part with holes in it for attaching push / pull rods, ball joints or other mechanical linkage devices to the servo. The three electrical connection wires out of the side are V- (Ground), V+ (Plus voltage) and S Control (Signal). The control S (Signal) wire receives Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals sent from an external controller and is converted by the servo on board circuitry to operate the servo. R/C Servos are controlled by sending pulse width signals (PWM) from an external electronic device that generates the PWM signal values, such as a servo controller, servo driver module or R/C transmitter and receiver. Pulse Width Modulation or PWM signals sent to the servo are translated into position values by electronics inside the servo. When the servo is instructed to move (Received a PWM signal) the on board electronics convert the PWM signal to a electrical resistance value and the DC motor is powered on. As the motor moves and rotates the linked potentiometer also rotates. Electrical resistance value from the moving potentiometer are sent back to the servo electronics until the potentiometer value matches the position value sent by the on-board servo electronics that was converted from the PWM signal. Once the potentiometer value and servo electronic signals match, the motor stops and waits for the next PWM signal input signal for conversion.
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R/C servos run on 5 volts DC but they often work with voltages V-, V+ between 4 and 6 volts DC power, near 1 Amp of current. (Torque load on the servo arm determines amps and can be from 200 mA to 1 Amp depending on moving or holding force the servo needs for position)
Servo Speed
Servo Speed is defined as the amount of time ( in seconds) that a servo arm attached to the servo output shaft will move from 0 to 60 degrees. Servo Speed is measured by the amount of time (in seconds)it takes a 1 inch servo arm to sweep left or right through a 60 degree arc at either 4.8 or 6.0 volts. A servo rated at 0.22seconds/60 degrees takes 0.22 seconds to sweep through a 60 degree arc. Some of the fastest servos available move in the0.06 to 0.09 second range. In some servos, faster speeds may lower torque available.
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Servo Torque is defined as ounce-inch (oz-in).The total push / pull power a servo can apply on a 1" servo arm when moving. Servos have a certain amount of torque (strength) that isgenerally proportional to their size. Servos come in all kinds of sizes, strengths and weight. Torque is the measurement of forcegiven over a distance. For most servos in the USA, torque is measured in oz-in (force in ounces times inches, orounce-inch). Servo Torque is measured by the amount of weight (in ounces) that a servo can hold at 1-inch out on the servo output arm in the horizontal plane, again at either 5.0 or 6.0 volts to see when the servo stalls as it tries to lift the weight horizontally. The reported result is a measurement like this: Servo XYZ = 100 oz/in. @ 6.0 V. That means that Servo XYZ is capable of holding 100 ounces using a 1 inch output arm without excessive deflection at 6.0 input volts. To convert oz-into kilogram-centimeters (kg-cm) just divide by 13.9 Examples: Servo-A has 42 oz-in of torque 42 divided by 16 = 2.63 pounds of force on a 1" servo arm Servo-B has 2.5 oz-in of torque 2.5 divided by 2 = 1.25 pounds of force on a 2" servo arm Servo-C has 36 oz-in of torque 36 divided by 4 = 9 pounds of force on a 4" servo arm
Note: If you need to know how many pounds a servo can push or lift on a 1" servo arm, divide the oz-in by the number 16. Different sized arms can be used. Use the length of the arm and divide the oz-in value by the arm length
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Servo power
Servo Power is defined as the amount of DC Voltage needed to operate a Servo without damage. Servo operate from 4.5 to 6.0 volts DC. At the higher voltage servos tend to be faster and sometimes stronger, but can heat up faster when stalled or in a hold position with stress forces against the servo output shaft. Some servo controllers require a separate power source from the control source to deliver the higher 6.0 Vdc. The current drain (Amps required) depends on the torque being put out by the servo motor and can be in excess of one amp if the servo is stalled under load. It is best to calculate 1 Amp per servo when figuring power supply needs for most servos.
Servo Connector (S) Signal =Yellow (PWM Signal) (+) 5 Vdc = Red (-) Ground = Black
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ARDUINO
Parts list
Printed Circuit Board (with all the tiny bits pre-soldered on) Power Jack Power Switch 3-Pin Header (for USB <--> Jack power selection) Shunt (for above header) 2x3 6-Pin header (for In-circuit serial programming) 2 x 6-socket headers (for shield interface) 2 x 8-socket headers (also for shield interface) 28-Pin DIP Socket for Atmel Microcontroller tm ATmega-328 Atmel Microcontroller with Arduino bootloader Pushbutton reset switch USB Jack (mini-B)
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Platform
1.Hardware
An Arduino board consists of an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller with complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is the standard way that connectors are exposed, allowing the CPU board to be connected to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules known as shields. Official Arduinos have used the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A handful of other processors have been used by Arduino compatibles. Most boards include a 5 volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some variants), although some designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An Arduino's microcontroller is also pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically need an external programmer. At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all boards are programmed over an RS-232 serial connection, but the way this is implemented varies by hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a simple inverter circuit to convert between RS-232-level and TTL-level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable,Bluetooth or other methods. (When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR ISP programming is used.) The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, now superseded by the Duemilanove, for example, provides 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1 inch headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards provide male header pins on the underside of the board to be plugged into solderless breadboards.
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2.Software
The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring project. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is typically no need to edit makefiles or run programs on a command-line interface. Although building on command-line is possible if required with some third-party tools such as Ino. The Arduino IDE comes with a C/C++ library called "Wiring" (from the project of the same name), which makes many common input/output operations much easier. Arduino programs are written in C/C++, although users only need define two functions to make a runnable program: setup() a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings loop() a function called repeatedly until the board powers off
A typical first program for a microcontroller simply blinks a LED on and off. In the Arduino environment, the user might write a program like this:
#define LED_PIN 13 void setup () { pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); } void loop () { digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH); delay (1000); digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW); delay (1000); }
// // // //
on the LED one second (1000 milliseconds) off the LED one second
For the above code to work correctly, the positive side of the LED must be connected to pin 13 and the negative side of the LED must be connected to ground. The above code would not be seen by a standard C++ compiler as a valid program, so when the user clicks the "Upload to I/O board" button in the IDE, a copy of the code is written to a temporary file with an extra include header at the top and a very simple main() function at the bottom, to make it a valid C++ program. The Arduino IDE uses the GNU toolchain and AVR Libc to compile programs, and uses avrdude to upload programs to the board. For educational purposes there is third party graphical development environment called Minibloq available under a different open source license.
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Step 2: The ICSP 6-Pin Header & 28-Pin DIP Socket - Install them where shown. Watch that the notch on the end of the 28-Pin DIP socket matches the picture on the PCB. Its not critical, but its a good idea so you know how to install the chip later.
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Step 4: The USB Connector and the Power Switch. A small mini-B connector is in your kit, but you can use a big USB Jack (guess which we like best?). NOTE: If you are planning on using Shield add-ons, you should use the Mini-B. Our design pushes the USB-B connector up to make room for the switch, and it will interfere with some Shield boards. Not so for the Mini-B.
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Step 6: Atmel ATmega328 - Almost time to install the brains! BEFORE touching the chip, touch a metal sink, your computers USB cable connector or similar to discharge any static you may have built up. Static zaps will kill your chip, so try to keep yourself grounded to something that will drain the staticcharge. Insert the microcontroller so the end with the notch points left; the same side the notch on the carrier.
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