APAG Ch.

5 Civil Rights

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

Why dont client politics normally apply to the civil rights of small racial and ethnic groups? Because they have too little power.

What does the Supreme Court have to say about any law classifying people on the basis of their race or ethnicity? The law should be subject to especially close scrutiny.

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

Blacks currently constitute approximately _____ % of the population of the U.S.

Blacks in the U.S. did not receive widespread white support for civil rights until the _______.

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1960s

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

What are the two main reasons why restrictions on black Americans continued for so long? 1) Interest groups could easily mobilize to block their efforts 2) Most whites did not support black rights

What two kinds of politics did NOT help blacks receive civil rights?

Client or majoritarian politics APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 8

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

7 Once blacks had been able to achieve some success in advancing their interests during the 1960s, where did their political struggle shift too? To waging interest group politics within the political system. APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 10

How were blacks finally able to advance their interests during the 1960s? By dramatizing their grievances (demonstrations). By shifting their struggle from Congress to the courts.

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

The ______ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution appeared to guarantee equal rights for blacks.

What happened to the interpretation of the 14th Amendment intended by the Congress that passed it?

14th Amendment

It became a subject for debate among scholars.

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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The Supreme Court decision that held constitutional the doctrine of separate but equal was ______.

The term ___________ originated with a white minstrel entertainer.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Jim Crow APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 14

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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A name used to describe laws that officially sanctioned racial discrimination is _________.

With regard to racial segregation, Supreme Court decisions on the recently passed 14th Amendment made the amendment _________.

Jim Crow

Nearly meaningless. 15 APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 16

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

What were the reasons the NAACPs strategy of using the courts to further black civil rights worked? 1) 2) 3) It did not require a broad legislative alliance. It focused attention on the clearest abuses. It did not present economic demands to whites.

The NAACPs most important role in the civil rights movement has been initiating _______.

Legal action

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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What was the importance of the Brown v. Board of Education civil rights case? It ruled that racially separate schools were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional.

In 1955 the Supreme Court ruled that desegregation should be __________.

Implemented with all deliberate speed APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 20

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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When racial integration was an unpopular cause, it made sense for blacks to pursue that goal through _________.

When the Supreme Court reconsidered the question of separate-but-equal facilities for different races in 1954, its decision was to reverse that policy in a ______ vote.

The courts

Unanimous

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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Who did the Supreme Court delegate the power to oversee the implementation of its school integration decision? Local federal district courts

Southern resistance to integration of the schools finally collapsed in the _____.

1970s APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights What was made clear by the 14th Amendment? 24

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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What did the Supreme Court use as its rationale for the decision in Brown?

Social science evidence APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 25

No state could deny any of its citizens equal protection of the laws. APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 26

Segregation that results from official action, as opposed to segregation resulting from existing residential patterns, is ________.

What is the difference between de facto and de jure segregation? De facto results from private choices, while de jure from public law.

De jure versus de facto APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 27

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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In 1971 a Supreme Court decision involving Charlotte, N.C., confirmed that ________ could be ordered by federal judges. Busing (Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Educ.) APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 29

To the federal courts, the presumption of the intent to discriminate is created by _______.

The existence of all-white or all-black schools. APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 30

Which three presidents declared their opposition to school busing for integration?

Why did the laws passed by Congress during the 1980s forbidding the use of federal funds to bus children for purposes of racial integration carry little weight? Because judges could order states and cities to pay the costs.

Ronald Reagan, Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon (all Republicans)

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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What did the 1992 Supreme Court ruling say about school integration? Busing can be ended if segregation is caused by shifting housing patterns.

Non-violence as a principle in achieving civil rights gains is associated primarily with the leadership of ___________. Martin Luther King, Jr.

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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What did the effectiveness of black demonstrations in putting civil rights on the public agenda conflict with? The need to build a broad coalition in Congress.

What three things did Congressional opponents of civil rights legislation traditionally rely on? 1) 2) 3) The Senate Judiciary Committee. The House rules Committee. The Senate Filibuster. (Strom Thurman)

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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In 1964 and 1968 a majority of whites believed that the pace of change on racial matters was _____.

What are the two factors helping to break the deadlock that developed in the civil rights movement during the early 1960s? 1) 2) A change in public opinion toward civil rights. Media coverage of violence by white segregationists. 38

Too fast.

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 37 What did Bull Connor of Birmingham, Alabama, become a symbol of? Brutal white resistance to black demands. APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 39 APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights What three factors helped to break the deadlock that developed in the civil rights movement during the early 1960s? 1) Assassination of President Kennedy. 2) Democratic landslide of 1964. 3) Lyndon Johnson and the large Democratic majorities in Congress.

How did black leaders begin to draw attention to their cause beginning in the late 1950s? 1) Sit-ins at segregated lunch counters. 2) Freedom rides on segregated bus lines. 3) Registration to vote by blacks in counties with a history of intimidation. 40

The most comprehensive civil rights legislation was enacted in ______.

1964

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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What did Congressional leaders use to secure passage of the Civil rights Act of 1964? 1) 2) 3) A discharge petition on the House Rules Committee Avoidance of the Senate Judiciary Committee A cloture vote to quash a filibuster. 43

A key to the passage of major civil rights laws was the breaking of the Senate filibuster with a ______ motion.

Cloture APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 44

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

What were the key provisions of the major civil rights laws? 1) The creation of the Civil Rights Commission. 2) Banning discrimination in the sale of rental of most housing. 3) The suspension of the use of literacy tests to prevent blacks from voting. APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 45

By the 1970s the mood in Congress on civil rights could best be described as one of ______.

Apparently permanent support APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 46

Evidence of the growing political strength of southern blacks over the past two decades is the fact that in 1993 more than 8,000 blacks _________.

A black person has the highest chance of attaining elective office as a ________.

Held elective office APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 47

County commissioner

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A black person has the lowest chance of attaining elective office as a _______.

What was the legal tradition that unlike blacks, women had to deal with in their struggle for equal treatment? The tradition was that the laws were protecting women.

State representative APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 49

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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Congress responded to the feminist movement by passing laws that: 1) Required equal pay for equal work. 2) Prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender. 3) Banned discrimination against pregnant women on the job.

In evaluating laws that treat men and women differently, the Supreme Court has generally ruled AGAINST the view that ________ classifications are inherently suspect. Gender-based

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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The test that the Supreme Court has applied to laws making distinctions between the genders is called __________.

The Supreme Court has invoked the reasonableness standard buy not the suspect classification standard to examine laws that treat in different fashions ______.

Reasonableness standard APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 53

Men and women APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 54

Under the ________, an example of a decision made barring gender-based differences is girls cannot be barred from Little League baseball teams. Reasonableness standard

When the Navy may allow women to remain officers longer than men without being promoted, this is an example of a court decision allowing _______ differences. Gender-based

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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All-boy and all-girl public schools are permitted if enrollment is voluntary and quality is equal, is an example of ________. Gender-based differences

The Supreme Court held that Congress may require men but not women to register for the draft without violating the due-process clause of the Fifth Amendment in the case of ________. Rostker v. Goldberg

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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How has the role of women in the military changed since 1993? Women can be pilots or sailors on combat aircraft or combat ships.

Drawing on rulings by the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission, the Supreme Court has held that it is illegal for some one to request ______ as a condition of employment or promotion. Sexual favors APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 60

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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Prior to 1973, who made the decision about a womans right to an abortion?

The Supreme Courts ruling in _____ had the specific effect of striking down a Texas ban on abortion and stated it was unconstitutional for any state to interfere with a womans choice in the first trimester. Roe v Wade

States

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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What was the ruling of the Supreme Courts case of Roe v. Wade? 1) States could not restrict womens choice in the first trimester. 2) States could regulate abortions in the second trimester. 3) Abortions were illegal in the 3rd trimester unless to save the mothers life. APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 63

What is the argument used by many critics of abortion to support their position? The fetus is entitled to equal protection of the laws.

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Forbidding the use of federal funds to pay for abortions is the intent of the stop-ERA campaign of ________.

The effect of the ________ was to forbid the use of federal funds for abortions.

Phyllis Schlafly

Hyde Amendment

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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What was the chief question on civil rights legislation during the 1970s? Whether the federal government should merely treat the races equally, or offer catch up help to traditionally disadvantaged blacks. APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 67

Supporters of equality of opportunity tend to have ______ beliefs.

Orthodox

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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A major national debate over the meaning of civil-rights legislation occurred after the election of _____ to the presidency.

The Supreme Court ruled in the ______ case that explicit numerical quotas were illegal.

Ronald Reagan APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 69

Bakke

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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The Supreme Courts position on quotas for minorities can best be described as _________.

One semantic issue that has played a role in the debate over civil rights implementation is the distinction between ______ and _______. Goals and quotas

Deeply divided

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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Regarding preferential treatment of minorities in the areas of hiring and university admissions, the majority of those polled _______ it in both areas. Opposed

The separate-but-equal doctrine began with the Supreme Courts ruling in ______.

Plessy v. Ferguson

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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______ segregation refers to segregation maintained by law.

In 1971, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg established the precedent for court-ordered _______ for racial integration. School busing APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 76

De jure

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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By 1984, more that two-thirds of all blacks in the South were __________.

Laws treating men and women differently have traditionally been perceived as ________, rather than _______ to women.

Registered to vote

Protective rather than harmful APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 78

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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The courts have declined so far to put laws that treat men and women differently to the _________ test. Suspect classification

Employers cannot require women to take _______.

Pregnancy leaves

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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Only ________ positions are still reserved for men.

In 1993 the secretary of defense opened air and sea combat to all persons regardless of ______.

Ground-troop

Gender

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APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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Roe v. Wade ruled that a womans right to _______ included her right to certain abortions.

Giving preferential treatment to blacks or other minorities is known as ________.

Privacy

Reverse discrimination APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights 84

APAG Ch. 5 Civil Rights

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The courts have held that the children of _______ cannot be excluded from the public school system.

The Supreme Court has held that racial classifications can only be used in awarding contracts if a clear pattern of _________ exists.

Illegal aliens

Past discrimination