[AP Government Review

Constitution (Ch 1, 2) 1. democracy 2. republic 3. popular sovereignty 4. majority 5. plurality 6. Articles of Confederation 7. Shays Rebellion 8. social contract 9. Virginia Plan 10. New Jersey Plan 11. Connecticut Compromise 12. three-fifths compromise 13. Federalist Papers 14. separation of powers 15. checks and balances 16. factions 17. writ of habeas corpus 18. ex post facto law 19. judicial review 20. divided government 21. pluralism 22. hyperpluralism 23. elite class theory Declaration of Independence John Locke Second Treatise on Government Articles of Confederation motivations of the framers (fears from England, problems with the AOC, fear of mobocracy) political philosophy behind the Constitution procedure for amending the Constitution formal v. informal change/amendments why was the Bill of Rights added? Core values in a democracy Conditions conducive to a democracy Ratification process Federalists vs. Anti Federalists Federalist #10 Federalism (Ch 3) 1. federalism 2. dual federalism 3. marble cake federalism 4. fiscal federalism 5. unitary system 6. confederation 7. expressed powers 8. reserved powers 9. 10th amendment 10. implied powers 11. elastic clause 12. national supremacy clause 13. commerce clause 14. federal mandates 15. concurrent powers 16. full faith and credit 17. extradition 18. categorical-formula grants 19. project grants 20. block grants 21. cross-cutting requirements 22. crossover sanctions 23. Preemption 24. Revenue Sharing 25. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act benefits and consequences of federalism McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden state v. national government responsibilities recent federal mandates Devolution Revolution

Congress (Ch 11)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. reapportionment redistricting gerrymandering safe seat incumbent party caucus open rule closed rule filibuster cloture senatorial courtesy advice and consent whip standing committee conference committee Rules Committee Discharge petition Germaneness seniority rule oversight franking privilege markup logrolling pork barrel Ways and Means sunshine legislation sunset legislation casework

President (Ch 12) & Bureaucracy (Ch 13)

treaty executive agreement pocket veto line item veto impeachment executive privilege executive order impoundment bully pulpit divided government honeymoon rally point electoral mandate War Powers Act Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 12th, 22nd, and 25th amendments formal and informal powers of the president checks and balances (Congress and Presidency relationship) Electoral College Increase in Presidential power over time Factors affecting presidential approval Divided government gridlock Duties of V.P Role of/threat of veto Roles of the Presidency Cabinet vs. Staff 16. bureaucracy 17. spoils system/patronage 18. Hatch Act 19. implementation 20. entitlements 21. OMB 22. CBO 23. OPM 24. Pendleton Act/civil service 25. Regressive tax 26. deficit 27. national debt 28. monetary policy 29. fiscal policy 30. tax expenditure 31. Federal Reserve Types of bureaucratic agencies: departments, independent agencies, independent regulatory commissions, government corporations, Independent Executive Agencies Take care clause and inherent powers White House staff v. cabinet departments v. Executive Office of the President v. Independent Agencies Implementation and Regulation Congressional Oversight National Performance Review (reinventing government) Characteristics of a Bureaucracy Budget Process

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Checks and Balances enumerated powers of Congress theories of leadership (trustee, delegate, partisan) how a bill becomes a law leadership positions: Speaker of the House, majority leader, minority leader, whip, president pro tempore, committee chair different types of committees: standing, special/select, joint, conference, Rules, authorizing, appropriation House v. Senate (requirements, powers, sizehow they function, leadership roles) Demographics of members Committees (importance of, how members are chosen, power of chair, investigation and oversight, senority) Caucuses Factors contributing to incumbency Term Limit debate Trends in midterm elections 1994 Republican Revolution Which Presidential appointments require Senate approval

Deregulation/privatization

Political Beliefs, Behaviors, and Interest Groups (Ch 4, 5, 6) 1. political culture 2. liberalism 3. conservatism 4. Libertarianism 5. Demographics 6. efficacy 7. reinforcing cleavages 8. cross-cutting cleavages 9. race 10. ethnicity 11. gender gap 12. socioeconomic status 13. open shop 14. closed shop 15. free rider 16. lobbying 17. coalition building 18. grassroots 19. revolving door 20. PAC 21. 527 group 22. independent expenditures 23. issue advocacy 24. quid pro quo 25. Iron Triangle 26. soft money/hard money 27. FEC liberalism v. conservatism race v. ethnicity political efficacy characteristics of different demographic groups why the declining trust in government since 1950s? different types of interest groups tactics used by interest groups characteristics of successful interest groups iron triangles issue networks pluralism/hyperpluralism/elite & class McCain/Feingold reforms (BCRA) Federalist #10 Influence over bureaucracy Shared values of our political culture and changes over time Regulation vs. Disclosure (sunshine laws)

Political Parties, Elections, and Media (Ch 7, 8, 9, 10) Linkage Institutions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. direct primary closed primary open primary blanket primary caucus national party convention crossover voting split ticket voting winner-take-all single-member district proportional representation party registration/voter registration National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (Motor Voter) 14. realignment (know elections) 15. dealignment 16. political socialization 17. sample 18. margin of error 19. turnout 20. exit polls 21. superdelegate 22. frontloading 23. midterm election 24. safe seat 25. coattail effect 26. party platform 27. selective exposure 28. selective perception 29. horse race 30. referendum/recall
political parties v. interest groups functions, purposes, and organization of political parties different kinds of primaries process of selecting a nominee for public office McGovern/Fraser reforms electoral college impact and possible reform of polling methods/procedures sources of political socialization different types of political participation voting behavior by different demographic groups who votes and how? Role of and obstacles to 3rd parties Running for the House, Senate, and Presidency Party registration vs. party identification Candidate centered campaigns Homogenization of the news Influence of the media obstacles to voter turnout

Judiciary (Ch 14) 1. judicial review 2. justiciable dispute 3. adversary system 4. class action suit 5. plea bargain 6. public defender system 7. political question 8. original jurisdiction 9. appellate jurisdiction 10. grand jury 11. petit jury 12. strict construction 13. judicial restraint 14. judicial activism 15. stare decisis 16. writ of certiorari 17. Rule of Four 18. solicitor general 19. Attorney General 20. brief 21. amicus curiae 22. standing 23. senatorial courtesy 24.
checks and balances jurisdiction of federal courts civil law v. criminal law types of opinions (majority, concurring, dissenting) dual court system three levels of court system politics of judicial selection (litmus test, etc.) original v. appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court process of the Supreme Court hearing and deciding a case major accomplishments of Warren, Burger, and Rehnquist courts

Civil Liberties (Ch 15 & 16) & Civil Rights (Ch 17)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. due process clause selective incorporation establishment clause free exercise clause libel slander obscenity fighting words commercial speech prior restraint shield laws civil disobedience eminent domain bill of attainder exclusionary rule double jeopardy

Civil rights in original constitution and those added in the Bill of Rights Barron v. Baltimore Gitlow v. New York Lemon Test, Endorsement test, non preferentialist test Compelling interest protected v. nonprotected speech (categories) historical tests used to interpret free speech guarantee (clear and present danger, bad tendency, preferred position doctrine) 14th amendment procedural v. substantive due process criminal protections right to privacy

17. affirmative action 18. majority-minority districts 19. equal protection clause 20. Jim Crow 21. ERA 22. Title IX 23. EEOC
13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th amendments equal protection clause Congressional Acts that expanded civil rights (OEO, Civil Rights Act 64, Voting Rights Act 65, Fair Housing Act) Affirmative Action debate Equal protection standards for classification(rational basis, strict scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny) de facto v. de jure segregation various Jim Crow restrictions (poll tax, literacy test, etc.)

Supreme Court Cases

Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Barron v. Baltimore (1833) Dredd Scott v. Standford (1856) Reynolds v. United States (1878) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Schenck v. U.S. (1919) Gitlow v. New York (1925) Near v. Minnesota (1931) Palko v. Connecticut (1937) Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) Korematsu v. United States (1944) Everson v. Board of Education (1947) Dennis v. US (1950) Brown v. Board, 1st (1954) Brown v. Board, 2nd (1955) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Engel v. Vitale (1962) Baker v. Carr (1962) Abbington School District v. Schempp (1963) Gideon v. Wainright (1963) Wesberry v. Sanders (1963) New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964) Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) New York Times v. United States (1971) Roe v. Wade (1973) Miller v. California (1973) U.S. v. Nixon (1974) Buckley v. Valeo (1976) U.C. Regents v. Bakke (1978) New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1987) Texas v. Johnson (1989) Employment Division v. Smith (1990) Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) Shaw v. Reno (1993) U.S. v. Lopez (1995) Clinton v. NY (1995) United States v. Virginia (1996) Bush v. Gore (2000) Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) Lawrence v. Texas (2003) Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006)

Legislation to Know
Social Security Act (1935) Equal Pay Act (1963) *Civil Rights Act (1964) *Voting Rights Act (1965) *Freedom of Information Act (1966) Fair Housing Act (1968) *Clean Air and Water Act (1972) *War Powers Resolution (1973) *Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act (1974) *Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act (1985) *Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1990) Brady Bill (1993) National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (Motor Voter) Clinton/Gore Plan to Reduce the Size of Government, Reinventing Government Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (1995) *Welfare Reform Act (1996) **Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (1996) No Child Left Behind (2001) **Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) (2002) Have Been on the AP Exam as Wrong Answer: Presidential Disability Act Persian Gulf War Resolution Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Social Security Act Equal Pay Act (1963) Education Amendments Act (1972) Civil Rights Act (1866) *Has been on the AP Exam as a test question **Will probably be on the AP Exam