APES Final Review for AP EXAM I. II. III. IV.

Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%) The Living World (10-15%) Population (10-15%) Land and Water Use (10-15%) Energy Resources and Consumption (10-15%) VI. Pollution (25-30%)

V.

VII.

Global Change (10-15%)

I. Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%)

A. Earth Science Concepts 1. (Geologic time scale; plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanism; seasons; solar intensity and latitude)

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

How old is the earth? _____ When did life first appear? ___ p84 What are tectonic plates? What role do they play in evolution? P87 How do volcanoes form? How do earthquakes occur? Explain Tsunamis. How do volcanoes and earthquakes influence evolution? How many extinction have occurred and how do the influence evolution?p93 How is the current extinction different from all others? How does latitude affect climate?

10. What causes the seasons on earth? P102 11. How does solar intensity affect climate? 12. Explain how convection cells can form deserts? P 103 diagram 13. Explain rain shadow effect. Diagram p105 14. List the biomes in order of increasing latitude. P 109 15. List the parts of the earth. Diagram. P 54 16. What are the main components of the core and crust?

17. What percent of incoming light is reflected? Use for photosynthesis? Absorbed? p55
B. The Atmosphere (Composition; structure; weather and climate; atmospheric circulation and the Coriolis Effect; atmosphere-ocean interactions; ENSO) 1. 2. Define Coriolis Effect and how does that affect the spread of pollution? What factors affect climate? p101 What is the difference between weather and climate? P101 What role does the ocean play in the carbon cycle? p72-74 Draw a picture of the layers of the atmosphere? p440 Label where weather happens and where good ozone is found. Draw the atmospheric pressure line. What gasses and what percent are the gasses found in the atmosphere? (top 3) How is good ozone made in the stratosphere? Write the formula to make ozone & draw a picture of it. p441 How does carbon dioxide in the ocean interact with the atmosphere? P73-74. Also see the video the habitable planet and/or read LA Times altered ocean piece.

3.
4. 5.

6. 7.
8.

9.

How do winds influence pollution? P 100 case study

10. Explain what El Nino Southern Oscillation is and name a few ecologic and economic impacts. S38-S39 11. Draw a globe and draw arrows showing how winds generally move. Pg102 C. Global Water Resources and Use (Freshwater/saltwater; ocean circulation; agricultural, industrial, and domestic use; surface and groundwater issues; global problems; conservation)

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Define saltwater. What types of environments include saltwater habitats? What percent of the earth is covered in saltwater? P127 Define freshwater. What types of environments include freshwater habitats? What percent of the earth are freshwater habitats?p136 See figure 5-2 p101-103. How do climate, Coriolis Effect and convection cells influence the oceans currents? Name some ecologic and economic uses of marine (saltwater) ecosystems. P 129 Name a few ecologic and economic uses of freshwater systems. P. 136 What percent of freshwater is available for human consumption? P306 Draw a cross section that includes groundwater, water table, surface runoff, evaporation, transpiration, recharge, infiltration, watershed/drainage basin, p308 What are the biggest uses for water? P309 List issues we have with surface water p308-312

10. List issues we have with withdrawing groundwater and pollution. P313 11. Discuss subsidence and sinkholes. P314 12. Draw a drawing and explain saltwater intrusion. How can this be solved? p 315, 316 13. Explain the following case studies: California Water Project, Chinas three Gorges Dam. Aral Sea, Columbia River Dams. 14. List ways we can conserve water. 324-328 15. Why are floodplains often used for agriculture and other human activities? P 329

16. Another global water problem is flooding.

What factors lead to flooding? List some environmental and economic effects of flooding? How can flooding be reduced and/or prevented? (there were many
floods in the Midwest this year so this may be something good to study)

D. Soil and Soil Dynamics (Rock cycle; formation; composition; physical and chemical properties; main soil types; erosion and other soil problems; soil conservation) 1. Draw a picture of the rock cycle and explain how each type of rock is formed? P343 Define what soil is and how its formed. P67 List the benefits of soil. P27 List the types of soil from smallest to biggest. (Texture) List the soil layers p69. In which is soil horizon is fertility found? Which biomes have rich thick A horizon layers? Thin acidic soil? P69 What is soil texture? List the types and how this affects infiltration, nutrients, and porosity. P70 Define humus. How does humus add to soil texture and how does it affect water content and nutrients? Define weathering and types of weathering (give examples). P340 How does soil erosion occur? List types of soil erosion? P278

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.

10. What are the main causes of soil erosion? P280 11. What are the causes and effects of soil salinization?

12. What are the causes and effects of water logging? 13. How can soil salinization and water logging be solved?

14. List ways to reduce soil erosion. 15. List techniques to conserve the nutrients in the soil for farming?
use up? 16. Best soil type for most farming/soil. Why is it best? What kind of nutrients do plants

II. The Living World (10-15%)

A. Ecosystem Structure (Biological populations and communities; ecological niches; interactions among species; keystone species; species diversity and edge effects; major terrestrial and aquatic biomes)

1.
2.

Define Population and Community, Ecosystem (abiotic/biotic) What is an ecological niche? Describe the different kinds of interactions found among species (Predation, symbiosis, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism) What is a keystone species? Give an example for terrestrial and one for aquatic. What is edge effect? What is species diversity? How can it be measured? (species richness, species evenness, ShannonWeiner Index) Where is most life in the ocean found? Why? For each of the following describe the general climate, vegetation, soil, and one defining or unique feature) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Tundra/polar desert Taiga/boreal forest Desert Tropical rainforest Grassland 6. 7. 8. 9. Savanna Chaparral Lakes (list strata) Ocean (list strata)

3. 4.
5. 6. 7.

8.

10. Coral Reefs

B. Energy Flow (Photosynthesis and cellular respiration; food webs and trophic levels; ecological pyramids) 1. 2. 3. Write the formula for photosynthesis and describe it? What waste product is produced? What is the formula for cellular respiration? What is the waste product? Draw a food web with 4 trophic levels and label the consumer levels, autotrophs or heterotrophs. Draw an ecological pyramid. How much energy is passed on from one level to the next? What is this called? What does this energy become? Which part of the pyramid has the most energy? Which has the least? Why are the producer levels always the largest? Use the ecological pyramid to explain why eating a vegetarian diet is better for the environment? Distinguish between net and gross primary productivity. What does this have to do with the ecological pyramid? Define decomposer, detrivore, autotroph, heterotroph(omnivore, herbivore)

4. 5. 6. 7.

C. Ecosystem Diversity (Biodiversity; natural selection; evolution; ecosystem services) 1. 2. 3. 4. What is biodiversity? Explain how natural selection works? What is evolution? How does genetic diversity affect natural selection and survival rates?

5.

List some services ecosystems provide us with?

D. Natural Ecosystem Change (Climate shifts; species movement; ecological succession) 1. Explain how global warming will cause climate belts to shift? How will species move? Plants and animals due to climate change? What is ecological succession? Distinguish between secondary and primary. What are pioneer species? Give examples. Name some early and late successional species. What does succession of a lake look like?

2. 3.
4.

E. Natural Biogeochemical Cycles (Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, water, conservation of matter)

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

List sources and sinks for carbon? Do you know with are anthropogenic and with are nonanthropogenic? How does carbon affect the atmosphere and the ocean? List sources and sinks for nitrogen? Do you know with are anthropogenic and with are nonanthropogenic? How does nitrogen affect the atmosphere and lakes? List sources and sinks for phosphorus? Do you know with are anthropogenic and with are nonanthropogenic? Why is it a limiting factor? How is it different from the other cycles? List sources and sinks for water? Do you know with are anthropogenic and with are nonanthropogenic? Why is it a limiting factor? How is it different from the other cycles? List sources and sinks for sulfur? Do you know with are anthropogenic and with are nonanthropogenic? Why is it a limiting factor? How is it different from the other cycles? What law states that both matter and energy are conserved? Explain. Is Matter conserved in the C, N, P, Sulfur or hydrologic cycle? Is energy conserved through a food chain? Explain. What law best applies to this?

8.

III. Population (10-15%)

A.

Population Biology Concepts (Population ecology; carrying capacity; reproductive strategies; survivorship) 1. 2. 3. Define the study of population ecology? Define carrying capacity. Which kind of graph shows carrying capacity? Draw a graph that shows carrying capacity? How kind of limits to populations encounter? (environmental resistance) Distinguish between k and r selected species. List characteristics of each and how they differ in their reproductive techniques? Which is most successful? (no right answer just evaluate)

4.

B. Human Population A. Human population dynamics (Historical population sizes; distribution; fertility rates; growth rates and doubling times; demographic transition; age-structure diagrams) 1. 2. 3. What is the current world Population? What is the current population in the US? What was the human population before the industrial revolution? (see exponential graph) What were the major reasons the human population grew so much? Find the age-structure diagrams in your book. Ch.9. Identify which populations are growing rapidly, slowly, decreasing and stable. Know an example of a country in each of those situations. Define the three categories used in age-structure diagrams. How do you calculate doubling time? Calculate the doubling time for a population with a growth rate of 3.5%

4.
5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

A population has 5000 people and it has a growth rate of 2%. In how long will it be 20,000? Calculate the crude growth rate of a population with a birth rate of 6 and a death rate of 5, immigration 2 and emigration 3. immigrated and 15 were born.

10. Calculate the growth rate of a population with 2000 people, 15 died, 5 emigrated, 10
11. Draw the demographic transition graph. What is this graph in relationship to? Draw the birth rates, death rates, and total population line. At each stage discuss why a certain rate increases or decreases. 12. Why does population growth rate slow down at the end of the industrial or post industrial stage? 13. Why does population growth rate increase at the transitional phase? 14. Why does it take a while for birth rates to decreases (not why does it decrease)? 15. How can the government encourage it citizens to reproduce more? Reproduce less? B. Population size (Strategies for sustainability; case studies; national policies) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Know Total Fertility Rate Know Replacement level fertility? Why is it higher in developing countries? Case Study: China Case Study: Sub-Saharan Africa and aids Case Study: Japan Discuss how density dependent factors affect populations. Give examples. Discuss how density Independent factors affect population size. Give examples.

C.

Impacts of population growth (Hunger; disease; economic effects; resource use; habitat destruction) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What two indicators are used to determine the health of a country? What are the economic effects of having a decreasing population? How does affluence affect resource use? Why developing countries destroy resources? Example. Why do developing countries destroy resources? Example. Can the world continue to support the population on the amount of land currently used for agriculture? P284 Define Malnutrition, famine. How can malnutrition and famine be reduced? Name countries that suffer the most from this. Name diseases this can lead to. Define obesity/overnutrition. How can these be reduced and in what countries is this more prevalent? What diseases can this lead to?

6.
7. 8.

IV. Land and Water Use (10-15%)

A. Agriculture A. Feeding a growing population (Human nutritional requirements; types of agriculture; Green Revolution; genetic engineering and crop production; deforestation; irrigation; sustainable agriculture) 1. 2. What are the nutritional requirements of all humans? (Macro and micro nutrients) List the different types of agriculture. What happened during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd green revolution? What is genetic engineering? How can crops be engineered to be hardier and to produce better crop yields. (insects, watering, growth)

3.
4.

5. 6.
7.

What are some advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified crops? p287 How does agriculture lead to deforestation in some areas? (Think livestock & plantations). What area of the world is especially affect by this? How do we irrigate plants? Which is best at conserving water? How can agriculture be made sustainable? P302 List the advantages and disadvantages of using inorganic fertilizers.

8.
9.

10. List the advantages and disadvantages of using organic fertilizers. Give examples of green or organic fertilizers. 11. List advantages and disadvantages of aquaculture. B. Controlling pests (Types of pesticides; costs and benefits of pesticide use; integrated pest management; relevant laws)

1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.

Distinguish between 1st generation and 2nd generation pesticides What is persistence? Which types of pesticides are more persistent? Biodegradable? Fat soluble? Biomagnify? List advantage and disadvantages of using inorganic pesticides? List advantages and disadvantages of using organic/natural pesticides? What is DDT? Explain the important case study with the Bald Eagle. Define Integrated Pest Management and some of the techniques. P301 Define FIFRA.p298 Define Food Quality Protection Act. P299 Name a super pest. Explain.

7. 8. 9.

10. Explain the pesticide treadmill. 12.

11. What does Rachel Carson have to do with pesticides? p300

List three natural ways to control pests. P300 B. Forestry (Tree plantations; old growth forests; forest fires; forest management; national forests) 1. How do tree plantations work? Give an example of a product produced by tree plantations. What is an old growth forest? List an example. What are the benefits of forest fires? Disadvantages? List some ways forests are managed. Ch 10. What are national forests? How are they threatened? P210-211

2.
3. 4.

5.

C. Rangelands (Overgrazing; deforestation; desertification; rangeland management; federal rangelands)

1. 2. 3. 4.
5. D. Other Land Use

What is overgrazing? P209 What causes it? What are some environmental effects of deforestation? What causes deforestation? What are the effects of deforestation? Economic and environmental? How can rangeland be managed? p209 What are conservation easements? P210

A. Urban land development (Planned development; suburban sprawl; urbanization)

1.
2.

How does urbanization affect evapo-transpiration rates, runoff, groundwater recharge, and temperature? Explain each. How does suburban sprawl lead to habitat fragmentation? How does urbanization lead to temperature inversion and larger amounts of pollution in general? What is urban sprawl? P551 What causes it? P552 What are some impacts on natural resources as a result of urban spraw? P 553 What is noise pollution? What causes it? P555

3.
4. 5. 6.

B. Transportation infrastructure (Federal highway system; canals and channels; roadless areas; ecosystem impacts)

1. 2.
3. 4.

Name some impacts of adding roads between previously continuous habitats. List the advantages and disadvantages do paving natural water such as a river (ex. Channels). (water, soil, air) List advantages and disadvantages of motor vehicles? P 5583 How can the use of motor vehicles be reduced? P 560

C. Public and federal lands (Management; wilderness areas; national parks; wildlife refuges; forests; wetlands)

1. 2.

Distinguish between wilderness areas, national parks and refuges. P 600-601 What are some ecological and economical services wetlands provide?

D. Land conservation options (Preservation; remediation; mitigation; restoration) 1. Define preservation. Define Remediation Define Mitigation Define Restoration What is the difference in thinking between a preservationist like John Muir and a conservationist like Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot. Who was John Muir? Who was Gifford Pinchot?

2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7.

E. Sustainable land-use strategies 1. How can land be used more sustainable? P199, 207, 302

B. Mining (Mineral formation; extraction; global reserves; relevant laws and treaties) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is a mineral and how are they formed? P341 Give examples of metallic minerals and nonmetallic and nonrenewable resources. P341 How can minerals be extracted? p345-347 Define reserves and identified reserves. P 341 What is economic depletion? How can this extended? P348-349 Name the environmental impacts of mining.344-346. (also list examples of toxic substances
removed)

6.
7. 8.

What is smelting and cyanide heap extraction? P347 1872 Mining Law p345

9.

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 p346

10. How can a mine be reclaimed? P346 & article reading C. Fishing (Fishing techniques; overfishing; aquaculture; relevant laws and treaties)

1.
2. 3.

Lake Victoria case study p249 Discuss industrial fish harvesting methods. P 254-255 What is causing over-fishing caused? 253 What percent of large predatory fish are going extinct in the next 50 years? How can fisheries be managed better? P261 Marine Mammal Protection Act? Marine Reserves International law: Exclusive Economic zones. P259 IWC moratorium on commercial whaling 1986. What did US do to stop whaling? List advantages and disadvantages of aquaculture? P 290

4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. How can aquaculture be made more sustainable? P 293 D. Global Economics (Globalization; World Bank; Tragedy of the Commons; relevant laws and treaties) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain the tragedy of the commons. How does globalization affect the economy, natural resources, environmental regulations, disease, food supplies? Montral Protocol Kyoto Protocol Basel Convention Who runs the World Bank? P 608

6.

V. Energy Resources and Consumption (10-15%)

A. Energy Concepts (Energy forms; power; units; conversions; Laws of Thermodynamics) 1. 1 Megawatt = 1,000,000 watts or 1000 kilowatts; 1 kilowatt is equal to 1000 watts Efficiency: % efficient = output/input
(input is the amount need to run the machine and do the work)

2.
3.

Power is measured is watts (amps x volts = watts) where amps is equal to current.

4.

British Thermal Units (BTU): 1.0 BTU= amount of heat needed to raise 1.0 lb of water 1F. 1ccf = cubic feet can be used as a quantity of natural gas or water. 30KWH or 1ccf has enough energy to produce 30KWH of electricity Percent Increase: (Difference between the two numbers/the starting number) x 100 What is the first law of thermodynamics? What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics? E= m x c x T or Energy(j) = mass(g) x specific heat (c) x change in temperature(C) by 1 C 9 (1000 calories = 1 Cal or kilocalorie)

5.
6. 7. 8.

9.

10. 1 joule= .24 calories, Calorie is the energy needed to increase the temperature of a gram of water
11. per capita = per person B. Energy Consumption 1. Which creates the most CO2 emissions per unit of energy created? P 363

A. History (Industrial Revolution; exponential growth; energy crisis)

1.
2. 3.

Draw an exponential growth curve. P.6 Define Exponential growth. When did the human population start to grow exponentially? Describe what the industrial revolution was?

B. Present global energy use

1.
1.

The primary form of commercial energy used in the world is? 2nd? P357 What percent of renewable energy do we use? P357

B. Future energy needs

1.

How can we fulfill our future energy needs?

C. Fossil Fuel Resources and Use (Formation of coal, oil, and natural gas; extraction/purification methods; world reserves and global demand; synfuels; environmental advantages/disadvantages of sources) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How does coal form? List the types of coal in order? Which as most sulfur? Which has the high heat content? Which countries have the most? List adv. and disadv. What is oil made of? How much of it is left? Which country has the most? How can it be extracted (primary vs. secondary)? How is it purified/processed? List adv. and disadv. What are synfuels? Give examples. List adv. and disadv. List adv. and disadv. What is tar sand? List adv. and disadv. Which country has the most? What is natural gas made of? Which country has a lot? How is it extracted. List adv. and disadv.

D. Nuclear Energy (Nuclear fission process; nuclear fuel; electricity production; nuclear reactor types; environmental advantages/disadvantages; safety issues; radiation and human health; radioactive wastes; nuclear fusion) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Explain the nuclear fission process? What kind of fuel is used? How is it extracted? Explain how electricity is produced from it? Where does the government recommend we do with nuclear waste? What do we currently do with nuclear waste? How are high-level radioactive waste handled compared to low-level radioactive waste? What is nuclear fusion? Where does this occur? How does radiation affect human health? What are some safety issues we are concerned with in regards to nuclear energy? List advantages and disadvantage or using nuclear energy? How does a light-water reactor work and how is it different from high-temperature gas cooled reactors and breeder nuclear fission reactors? p 380-381 and 371

9.

E. Hydroelectric Power (Dams; flood control; salmon; silting; other impacts) 1. 2. List adv. and disadv. Of dams (environmental and economic) How do they affect salmon? What are some forms to mitigate for their decline? How does silting affect energy production, nutrients, and toxic sediments?

3.

F. Energy Conservation (Energy efficiency; CAFE standards; hybrid electric vehicles; mass transit)

1.

Define net energy. Pg. 356

2.
3. 4. 5. 6.

Which forms of energy have high net energy? 365, 368, 370, 376, 396, 399, 400, 403, 407, 410,
412 see tables

What are CAF Standards? What role do hybrid electric vehicles play in energy conservation? Name adv. And disadv. Of them. How can the government encourage people to buy them more? Name methods of mass transit that would also conserve energy? P560 table Name other household tools that can conserve energy? p386

G. Renewable Energy (Solar energy; solar electricity; hydrogen fuel cells; biomass; wind energy; small-scale hydroelectric; ocean waves and tidal energy; geothermal; environmental advantages/disadvantages) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. How do hydrogen fuel cells work? List adv. and disadv. Compare passive and active solar energy. List adv. and disadv. Of wind energy. List adv. and disadv. Of tidal energy. List adv. and disadv. Of geothermal How do photovoltaic cells and solar power towers work? How do they differ in their use and function?

6.

VI. Pollution (25-30%)

A. Pollution Types

A. Air pollution (Sources-primary and secondary; major air pollutants; measurement units; smog; acid deposition-causes and effects; heat islands and temperature inversions; indoor air pollution; remediation and reduction strategies; Clean Air Act and other relevant laws) B. Noise pollution (Sources; effects; control measures) 1. 2. 3. What are sources of noise pollution? P 555 and figure 23-9 Name the health affects and environmental affects of noise pollution. P555 How can noise be controlled?

C. Water pollution (Types; sources, causes, and effects; cultural eutrophication; groundwater pollution; maintaining water quality; water purification; sewage treatment/septic systems; Clean Water Act and other relevant laws) 1. 2. List each type of water of pollution, its source and effects (see table p495) Define cultural eutrophication. What are the causes of groundwater pollution? How can water pollution be reduced? What would the ph and oxygen level be for clean lake? What kind of indicator species would you find? List the three main steps for cleaning waste water. List three ways to disinfect water. What things cannot be removed from wastewater? What are septic systems, how do they cause pollution and how can this be solved? Name 5 water quality tests. Describe if they are physical or chemical and what they measure or are indicators of. Which tests for the presence of sewage?

3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. What kinds of pathogens are found in drinking water? 11. How is drinking water treated?

12. What is desalinization/microfiltration/reverse osmosis?

13. Define Clean Water Act. 14. Define Safe Drinking Water Act. D. Solid waste (Types; disposal; reduction) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is the primary method of disposal in the Untied States? How can waste be reduced? List adv. And disadv. To incineration? What is done with the ash? How does Japan run incineration plants better? What types of waste go into landfills? What problems are we worried about with landfills? Especially? How do make landfills sanitary? (make sure they dont pollute groundwater or disease)

B. Impacts on the Environment and Human Health A. Hazards to human health (Environmental risk analysis; acute and chronic effects; dose response relationships; air pollutants; smoking and other risks) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is Environmental risk analysis? (ch. 18) Distinguish between acute and chronic effects What is a dose-response relationship? What is LD50? Draw an LD-50 curve and label the threshold and the LD50. List the 6 main outdoor air pollutants. List three main indoor air pollutants that are a concern. Which causes the most avoidable deaths? Which is of greatest concern in developed countries? Which is of greatest concern in developing countries? What are the negative effects of tobacco smoke?

7.

B.

Hazardous chemicals in the environment (Types of hazardous waste; treatment/disposal of hazardous waste; cleanup of contaminated sites; biomagnification; relevant laws) 1. List the characteristics of hazardous waste. How can you treat hazardous waste to make it less harmful? How can hazardous waste be disposed of? How can you clean up contraindicated sites? What is biomagnification? Provide a famous example? Define precautionary principle. Explain RCRA. Explain CERCLA.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

B. Economic Impacts (Cost-benefit analysis; externalities; marginal costs; sustainability) 1. 2. 3. 4. What is cost-benefit analysis? What are external costs? What is sustainability? What is the role of marginal costs in deciding how much clean up to do?

VII. Global Change (10-15%)

A. Stratospheric Ozone (Formation of stratospheric ozone; ultraviolet radiation; causes of ozone depletion; effects of ozone depletion; strategies for reducing ozone depletion; relevant laws and treaties) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How does ozone form in the stratosphere? Draw a picture of the process. What is UV light? What are the effects of UV on health and the environment? What causes ozone depletion? Write out formulas for CFC destroying ozone gas. What are the effects of zone being depleted? When does the ozone hole get the have the greatest increase in size? How can the size of the ozone hole be decreased? What was the Montreal protocol?

7.

B. Global Warming (Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect; impacts and consequences of global warming; reducing climate change; relevant laws and treaties) 1. List the 4 major greenhouse gasses and two minor ones. Which is mostly nonanthrogpogenic? Which one is only manmade? Which one is made from photochemical processes? Which one is a by byproduct of landfills and livestock? Describe greenhouse effect? Draw a picture of greenhouse effect and include, albedo, positive feedback, UV light, Infrared light, oceans role, and greenhouse gasses. How can the effects of global warming be reduced? What was Kyoto Protocol? What is the relationship between ozone depletion and global warming? List some of the biological, environmental and economical effects of global warming? (remember
articles you read)

2.
3. 4. 5.

6.

C. Loss of Biodiversity 1. What are the four main causes of loss of biodiversity? What is the primary cause? Secondary?

A. Habitat loss; overuse; pollution; introduced species; endangered and extinct species

1.
2. 3. 4.

Explain the main cause of habitat loss (forests, rainforest, etc) Why do invasive/introduce species cause a loss of biodiversity (lake Victoria, fire ants, cane toad)? List characteristics of species that make them vulnerable to extinction? What is an endangered species?

B. Maintenance through conservation 1. 2. What is a marine preserve? Biosphere reserve.

C. Relevant laws and treaties 1. 2. 3. 4. Define Endangered Species Act. Define Lacey Act. Define Marine Mammal Protection Act. Define CITES.