AP European History Review 1517- Martin Luther nails the 95 Theses to the church door of Wittenberg on October 31;

Wars of Religion begins Causes Johann Tetzel selling indulgences to people Church needed funding to rebuild St. Peters Basilica Weakening Church- corruption, inability to deal with the Black Plague, failure of the Crusades Effects Protestantism (Lutheranism) spread, helped by Gutenbergs printing press. Lutheranism-salvation through faith Baptism, Communion and Consubstantiation; Church should be subordinate to the state Liberates lower class who could not pay for indulgences Formation of other sects- Calvinism- life was serious, work ethic, theocracy; Anglican and Gallican Church Anglican Church- Henry VIII split to divorce Catherine of Aragon- The Act of Supremacy (1534) Elizabeth I- Golden Age of England Diet of Worms, Papal Bull- Leo X and Charles V (1516 1556) tell Martin Luther to recant 95 Theses (he does not) Schmalkaldic League protects Luther (Protestantism enhances their own power) Peasant Wars- (Luther aghast) 1520 1555 1555- Peace of Augsburg to end Peasant Wars, cuius regio, eius religio Effects Fragmentation of Holy Roman Empire Catholic Church threatened- Catholic Counter-Reformation Council of Trent (1545-1563) redefined sacraments; Jesuits formed (Loyala), Prohibited Books, Inquisition Protestantism spread Christianity but lessened Churchs power Contemporary Events Trade Triangle- Spain, Gold Coast (Africa), Southeast North America Mercantilism- policies by government for a favorable balance of trade Tariffs- encourage more exports than imports; Infrastructure for commerce- ships, clocks Putting-Out System- conveyor belt-like, specialization Expanding Population need more food need more land higher prices inflation suppress idleness 1572- St. Bartholomews Day Massacre Causes Huguenots gathered for wedding; organized by Catherine de Medici Many nobles were Huguenots Effects Religious wars, hired foreign mercenaries Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) becomes king- politique (religion after politics); Paris is worth a mass 1588- Spanish Armada sent by Phillip II to England to re-Catholicize England Causes Protestant England, Elizabeth I queen; Phillip (lived in El Escorial) married to Mary Tudor New World provided a lot of gold Spanish Netherlands threatened by England Effects Council of Blood- Duke of Alva Contemporary Events Treaty of Tordesillas- split the world between Portugal and Spain 1598- Edict of Nantes- Henry IV converts to Catholicism; allows religious freedom Effects Mollifies Catholics and Protestants Henry IV assassinated Marie de Medici (wife) controls France in name of Louis XIII; appoints Richelieu as Cardinal- centralizes France; intendant system; followed by Mazarin (1642 1661)

1648- Peace of Westphalia- end 30 Years War Causes Defenestration of Prague- Catholic replaced Protestant Cuius regio, eius religio- Prague became Catholic- revolt Effects Protestants aided by Sweden- Gustavus Adolphus, France- to keep HRE split, gain Alsace and Lorraine Peace of Westphalia reaffirms Peace of Augsburg, Switzerland and Netherlands gain independence, France gained some territory, unification of Germany prevented Half of population left in Germany 1649- Execution of Charles I Causes Stuart lines begin with King James I- from Scotland; Gunpowder Treason Plot; bumpy relation with Parliamenttolerated because of the War of the Roses Charles I came to power- agreement with parliament- Petition of Rights; did not call parliament Bishops War- Rebellion in Scotland needed to raise army Long Parliament (power of the purse) English Civil War- royalists (cavaliers) vs. parliamentarians (roundheads); Charles I tried for treason, executed Effects Oliver Cromwell established Commonwealth of England and Rump Parliament (Prides Purge); Lord Protector Stuart Restoration (1660) Charles II became king Contemporary Events Navigation Act- foreign shipping prohibited Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan (1651) 1688- The Glorious Revolution- William of Orange invades England and takes power Causes Secret Treaty of Dover- Charles II with France against Dutch Test Act of 1673- No government official may be Catholic- directed at James II Both parties of parliament hated James (Whigs- middle classed, Anglican, suspicious of the king, Catholics and French; Tories- lesser aristocrats, supported king and Church of England)- William invited to invade James II tries to escape, caught, and then fled to Louis XIV Effects Bill of Rights (1689) Limited monarchy, parliament must meet regularly, habeas corpus Toleration Act (1689) Dissenters of Protestantism can practice religion, cannot hold offices Act of Settlement (1701) Reaffirmed Test Act- no Catholic king Sample Essay Questions: Describe the differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissance. To what extent did Martin Luther contribute to the Peasant Revolts?