P3 and P4 Walkthrough

Disclaimer - if you dont practice the questions and do some work yourself, this wont help.

P3 - Forces for transport

Speed
speed [ms
1

Motion Graphs

]=

distance [m] time [s]

Interpret the relationship between speed, distance and time including: increasing the speed, which increases the distance travelled in the same time. increasing the speed reduces the time needed to cover the same distance. the eect of changing any one or two of the quantities.

Motion Graphs

Acceleration
acceleration [ms
2

]=

v [ms 1 ] time [s]

Explain that acceleration could involve either a change: in speed; in direction. Interpret the relationship between acceleration, change of speed and time to include the eect of changing any one or two of the quantities.

Force
f orce [N ] = mass [kg] acceleration [ms
Recognise that when body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts an equal but opposite force on body A: these constitute two dierent views of the same interaction and are not balanced forces.

Stopping Distance
]
Stopping distance = Thinking distance + Braking distance
Describe the factors which might increase thinking distance: driver tiredness; inuence of alcohol or other drugs ; more speed; distractions or lack of concentration.

Describe the factors which might increase braking distance: road conditions slippery, icy, wet; car conditions - bald tyres, poor brakes; more speed.

Energy and power

power [W ] =
kinetic energy [J] =

Fuel consumptions
Describe and explain that car fuel consumption gures depend on: energy required to increase KE; energy required to do work against friction; dierent driving styles and speeds; dierent road conditions. Explain that electrically powered cars do not pollute at the point of use whereas fossil fuel cars do. Recognise that battery driven cars need to have the battery recharged: this uses electricity produced from a power station; power stations cause pollution.

work done [J] time [s]

1

1 mass [kg] (v [ms 2

])2

Often get questions along the lines of, if v doubles what happens to the kinetic energy? (quadruples because of the v2 bit)

f orce [N ] = mass [kg] acceleration [ms

Describe how typical active safety features can make driving safer. Describe how typical passive safety features can make driving safer Explain that forces can be reduced when stopping (eg. crumple zones, braking distances, escape lanes, crash barriers, seatbelts and air bags) by: increasing stopping or collision time; increasing stopping or collision distance; decreasing acceleration. Describe using the ideas of friction why ABS brakes reduce braking distances. Evaluate the eectiveness of given safety features in terms of saving lives.

work done[J] =

Describe how seatbelts, crumple zones, air bags are useful in a crash because they: change shape; reduce injuries; absorb energy.

1 mv 2 2

Vehicle safety

Terminal velocity
weight [N ] = mass [kg] gravitational f ield strength [10 ms
1

Rollercoasters
1 mgh = mv 2 2

Terminal velocity
Kinetic energy constant as speed is not changing

work done[J] =

1 mv 2 2

Gravitational potential reducing as object is still falling

Electrostatics
Describe static electricity in terms of the movement of electrons: a positive charge due to lack of electrons; a negative charge due to an excess of electrons. State and recognise that like charges repel and unlike charges attract. State and recognise that electrostatic phenomena are caused by the transfer of electrons.

P4 - Radiation for Life

Ohms law
resistance [] =

voltage [V ] current [A]

Parallel circuit

Series circuit

Electrical safety
Earth wire connected to case of device and conducts electricity to ground in case of short circuit

Waves

Fuse is a small piece of wire. Too much current makes it melt & break the circuit. is happens in a short circuit. is protects the user. Often packaged like this

Frequency is the number of complete cycles in one second. It is measured in Hetrz. (Hz)

Waves

Medical physics

X-ray and gamma;

Tracers in the body short half-life needed

Gamma

Gamma knife - also xrays

High energy electromagnetic wave - just like light

X-Ray

Radioactivity

Easier to produce than Gamma - similarly penetrating. Also bad for you in large doses

Radioactive glass!

Radioactive decay equations;

06/04/2009

06/04/2009

X Z
27

Atomic Number - how

many protons and neutrons

Alpha
A ZX

Proton Number
also = Number
of electrons

!4 +Z 2 A
28

2 4

Beta emission
A ZX

06/04/2009

Gamma
e excess energy after an alpha or beta particle decay is often emitted as a wave of electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus of the atom and is called a gamma ray

!A Z+1

Y +

e (+e )

238 92 U

!238 N p +0 1 e (+e ) 93
10 29

Half-life

Background radiation
Some is natural some isnt

Uses of radiation
tracer -gamma Sterilise - gamma Smoke detector

Radioactive dating

Beta

Nuclear Power

Chain reaction

Control rods