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Ok, as promised, the HoA chart assignment for "The Left.

" I'll try to finish and post the right-wing leaders tomorrow evening. And feel free to paraphrase and pull what you want from all of this, cause it can be a bit long.

Origins and Development of Authoritarian and Single Party States- Left and Right Comparative Analysis The Left Joseph Stalin- Soviet Union 1924-1953 Culture and Religion: In art, music, and literature, Stalin established Socialist Realism, a style that glorified and romanticized the struggle of the proletariat and the poor. Almost all of this art was also propaganda designed to glorify various sectors of the Soviet economy or society. Religion was heavily suppressed, and atheism was actively promoted in schools and in propaganda. Most religions had been oppressed and discriminated against, and some, such as the Russian Orthodox Church, were on the verge of total dissolution. Role of women: Stalin placed a great emphasis on the family as an important unit of communist society, and made divorce and abortion more difficult for women. Minority groups: In order to break up ethnic separatists and because of Stalins paranoia towards ethnicities with a neighboring state of the same ethnicity, he deported millions of Germans, Poles, Chechens, Tatars, and others to Siberia and Central Asia. Vladimir Lenin- Soviet Union 1917-1924 Culture and Religion: Lenin believed that religion was a menace both to communism and to society in general and officially secularized the Soviet Union and made atheism its official religious stance. Established idea of gosateizm, or state atheism that supposedly pervaded all aspects of Soviet society and government. Role of women: Thousands of women joined the Red Army during the civil war, and the Bolsheviks enjoyed appreciable support from women in the cities. Lenin sought to liberate women from oppressive housework, made it easier for them to get a divorce, and gave full rights to illegitimate children. These changes were made with the hope that women would become strong supporters of the revolution and communism. Minority groups: Lenin initially granted the minorities in the Soviet Union equality with each other and the right to create their own Soviet national republic. This system of national delineation of different ethnic groups continued into Stalins era. Fidel Castro- Cuba 1959-2008 Government and Opposition: Came to power after the resignation of Fulgencia Batista in January 1959, with Manuel Urrutia as president and Castro as head of the revolutionary army. Castro became the prime minister in February, and the Fundamental Law of the Republic gave legislative power to the executive, making Castro de-facto

dictator. After 1961, the increased importance of the relation to the Soviet Union led to a union of Fidels regime and the communists. In 1979, Castro officially declared Cuba to be a communist state. Domestic Policies: Castros initial policies focused mainly on reforming the economy and breaking free of the overreliance on the United States. In March 1959, he nationalized the telephone company and forced the sale of vacant property to alleviate housing shortages. Established Committees for the Defense of the Revolution to mobilize large numbers into a national militia (500,000 out of a population of 6.7 million) and to unify the population behind the revolutionary regime. The economic and social goals of the revolution were economic independence from American domination, full employment and the obliteration of poverty, equality between all groups, education, and improved healthcare. Some of these were achieved under Castro, but Cuba remained undemocratic and a virtual satellite of the Soviet Union. Foreign Policies: The revolution initially was recognized and supported by the United States while Urrutia was president. However, once Castro assumed full powers and began to break the US economic dominance over Cuba, the US responded with an embargo on almost all imports. Cuba was forced to turn to the Soviet Union for oil and other products. A deal to trade Cuban sugar for Soviet equipment led to the conditions in the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, where the Soviets tried to use Cuba as a stockpile for nuclear weapons aimed at the US. Press: In 1957, the American journalist Herbert Matthews interviewed Castro in eastern Cuba, portraying them as noble rebels against the oppressive Batista regime. This increased support for Castro both internationally and in the United States. After the flight of middle-class Cubans from the revolution, Castro increased censorship pressures on the media, and later completely shut down the free press. Education and Youth: Castro was interested in wiping out illiteracy, promising in 1960 to do so within a year. Over a million Cubans were taught to read, and the number of teachers has tripled and schools had quadrupled by 1970. The point of these programs was to ensure the loyalty of the population to the revolution. Culture and Religion: In the early 1960s, artists supported the gains that had been made under the revolution but criticized the growing authoritarianism of Castro. This group was led by Silvio Rodrguez and Hayde Santamaria, whose Casa de las Amricas gave support to artists against regime censorship. Castro set up the Movimento Nacional de la Trova to regulate and train musicians to prevent overt criticism of the regime. Role of women: Great progress was made in securing equality for women through improved education schemes, such as in healthcare and farming skills. Women also started attending universities.

The Family Code was passed in 1975, which legalized divorce, and made equality in marriage, home responsibility, and educational and job opportunities for women mandatory. Minority groups: Castro did not make any radical move to end racial inequalities initially because of his refusal to make an issue of race or encourage divisions of society on cultural of ethnic lines. The Afro-Cuban population had also been highly supportive of the Batista regime. However, with the growth of this population, the racial situation improved after the mandate of equality between races in Cuba. Getlio Vargas- Brazil 1930-1945, 1951-1954 Government and Opposition: After losing to Julio Prestes in the 1930 election, Vargas led revolts which led to his leading a military junta on 4 November as interim president after a coup dtat overthrew the former president Washington Luis. Established the Estado Novo (New State) in 1937, which granted him authoritarian powers and the government the power to intervene in the economy. After an alleged communist plot was revealed in 1938, Vargas became a full dictator and Brazil was declared to be in a state of siege Ended censorship, released political prisoners, and relegalized political parties in the lead up to the 1945 elections. Forced out of office by the military in 1945 and replaced by General Eurico Dutra. Vargas ran for president again in 1950 under the Social Democratic party, and was elected on a populist reform platform. After the Carlos Lacerda affair in 1954 which tied the government to extensive corruption, the military turned on him and told him to resign. Instead, Vargas committed suicide.

Domestic Policies: Estado Novo established in 1937, which tried to realign the economy and Brazilian society around corporatist lines with cooperation between the state, business, and labor groups. Vargas held a tight control on the size and organization of labor unions, but was popular with workers because of increases in wages and decreases in working hours. Set up the National Department of Coffee to limit Brazils dependence on cash coffee production. The department limited production to drive up prices and increased wages for poor farmers. Other cash crops were also limited to diversify the economy. Vargas created a system of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) which replaced imported goods with locally produced ones to build up local industry; set up public/private National Steel Company and others for car, plane, and infrastructure construction. Encouraged commercial aviation to link parts of Brazil isolated by terrain. Foreign Policies: On the surface, Vargas appeared to by a fascist dictator, and was friendly to Germany and Italy as trade partners in the 1930s because of their large imports of cotton and coffee. After the outbreak of war, Brazil shifted more toward the Allied camp, and Vargas declared war on Germany in 1942 after the sinking of ships by German Uboats. Brazil was the only South American nation to send forces to Europe,

sending 25,000 to fight in Italy. Press: Under the Estado Novo and after the Communist plot of 1938, the press was limited and political opposition parties banned. In 1945, as Vargas was using fascist-style media and social suppression while at the same time fighting fascists in Europe, the regimes popularity suffered. Vargas announced in response that political parties were legal again and released political prisoners. Education and Youth: Culture and Religion: Vargas main cultural agenda was to unify Brazil under the semi-fascist corporatist system inspired by Mussolinis policies in Italy. It sought to end the dominance of So Paulo in the government and reduce the regional divisions in Brazil. Role of women: In 1945, the Womens Committee was established that argued for price controls on food other basic commodities and increased economic and social equality for women. Women were given the right to vote under the Estado Novo. Minority groups: Vargas did little to directly improve the social conditions for non-European minorities in the country. In response, Black Brazilians used music and the theater to express their longsuppressed culture. Vargas tried to suppress several of these expressions, especially the Samba dance. Ok here is the rest. As before, feel free to paraphrase what you need. Hope you find it helpful lol. :D The Right Juan Pern- Argentina 1946-1955, 1973-1974 Government and Opposition: Pern came to power when the GOU (Grupo de Oficiales Unidos) overthrew the democratic regime and established a junta. The new government was proGerman and was heavily influenced by fascism. The GOU tried to emulate German tactics to increase its power in South America, but its neighbors were not intimidated. After becoming vice president, Pern was thrown in jail, but released after a labor rally in his support. In the 1946 elections, he won on a platform of democracy, modernization, and populist nationalism. After Perns popularity suffered because of a downturn in the economy and his fallout with the military, the military plotted in overthrow him in June 1954. This failed, but he was forced to flee to Paraguay a few months later. Domestic Policies: Perns plan for Argentina was Justicialismo which called for a compromise between the ideas of socialism, capitalism, and collectivism in order to secure Argentinas economic independence from Europe and America. Perns political support was built on nationalist sentiment, unification of the classes under the state authority, and providing benefits such as health, education, better working conditions, and higher wages to workers. Pern secured Argentinas economic independence by taking over foreign-owned

industries and services, increasing benefits for the working class, and founding the IAPI (Instituto Argentino de Promocin del Intercambio) to promote the use and export of native-made goods. Post-war economic depression in Europe and exports of beef and wheat helped fund industrialization. Foreign Policies: Most of Perns foreign policy was focused on his goal for economic independence. Pern was also accused of being sympathetic to the former fascist regimes in Germany and Italy and with harboring escaped Nazis and war criminals from Europe. Pern and his wife Eva became international celebrities after the 1946 election, and Eva became the international face of the regime and was extremely popular both in Argentina and around the world. Press: Under the GUO junta, the press was suppressed with fascist tactics first employed in Italy and Germany. The press was again heavily censored during Perns second term as an attempt to suppress political dissent and prevent opposition to his presidency. Education and Youth: Most progress in education was made by the Eva Pern Foundation, which created new schools for the poor, and the women Peronists, who vastly increased the numbers of attendees in universities. Culture and Religion: During Perns tenous second term, he attacked the Roman Catholic Church, leagalizing divorce and nationalizig religious schools, ostensibly to liberate Argentina from its conservative social stances. Role of women: The Eva Pern Foundation was established in 1948 that provided housing, education, and healthcare to the poor, called the descamisados. Although accused of financial embezzlement, the foundation provided many of the lower classes with the first social relief they had experienced. Under the influence of Eva Pern, women were granted suffrage in 1947, helping to secure a Peronist victory in 1951. They also began attending universities in larger numbers. The womens section of the Peronist party also helped Pern return to power in 1973. Minority groups: Nothing major Benito Mussolini- Italy 1922-1943, Sal Republic 1943-1945 Government and Opposition: Led the fascio di combattimento, which between 1919-1922 was involved in riots and violence against leftist parties and groups in Northern Italy. After the failure to suppress the fascists, Victor Emmanuel III called on Mussolini to form a government coalition to end the violence in 1922. Mussolini established the Grand Council of Fascism, a fusion of state and party authority that controlled the Italian government, with Mussolini as Prime Minister to the king. It was also the only body which could legally remove Mussolini from power. Mussolinis de-facto dictatorship was opposed by communists, socialists, and other left groups. Domestic Policies: Main tenant of fascist ideology was corporatism- the idea that the government could

mediate between labor and corporate demands to satisfy both groups. Mussolini also sought to reform Italian society on these corporatist lines. Mussolini negotiated the Lateran Treaties with the Papacy in 1929, granting the Pope an independent Vatican and the recognition of the role of the Catholic Church in Italian society. Foreign Policies: Mussolini was interested in fully making Italy a Great Power by extending her colonial empire in Africa. In 1936, Italy invaded Ethiopia, and took over Albania in 1939. During World War II, Italy tried to expand into French Corsica, French Tunisia, and British-controlled Egypt and Sudan. Before the Abyssinian Crisis, Italy had been aligned with Britain and France against Hitler in the Stresa Front. However after the crisis, Italy shifted towards better relations with Germany. Italy also intervened in the Spanish Civil War on the side of the nationalists. Italy fought in the war on the Axis side, mainly to seize lands from the collapsing French Empire. Press: The media was suppressed heavily and replaced with fascist-slanted propaganda press. Education and Youth: The fascist paramilitary Blackshirts contained a youth section. Mussolini believed in a rejection of idealism and liberal education and replacing it with moral and physical education to secure the loyalty of the youth to fascism. Culture and Religion: Signed the Lateran Treaty with the Papacy, although he adopted anti-clerical stances towards the Church. Roman Catholicism was granted official status by the Italian government. Mussolini used the old Roman Empire as the cultural model on which Italy would reclaim her status as a Great Power. Role of women: Like in Nazi Germany, women were seen as vital to the continued health and strength of the nation, and were encouraged to stay at home and serve as housewives. Minority groups: Unlike in fascist Germany, racial and ethnic minorities were not oppressed, and in particular Jews were not subjected to the same discrimination.

Adolf Hitler- Germany 1933-1945 Government and Opposition: Hitler came to power in 1933 when he was appointed chancellor under Hindenburg. After the Reichstag Fire in March 1933, the NSDAP control of the government increased. The Enabling Act granted Hitler and the Nazi party near dictatorial powers under the claim of restoring Germany to her pre-war greatness. Once the Nazis had seized full control, the Social Democratic and Communist Parties were outlawed, and all political dissent and opposition was crushed. Used the SA as paramilitary organization to support the NSDAP until its replacement with the SS in 1934. Established the Gestapo in 1934 as the secret police of the Nazi regime. Domestic Policies: Hitler worked to appease the populace by reducing unemployment through military

rearmament and through large-scale public works projects such as dams, autobahns, and railways. Labor unions were abolished and unified under the German Labor Front under the control of the Nazi Party, and strikes were banned. While unemployment virtually disappeared, real wages were lowered, the price of living increased, and big corporations and the industrial class benefited greatly from the close relation with the German state. Foreign Policies: Hitlers foreign policy revolved mainly around the modification of the Versailles settlement to one more favorable to Germany. He also wanted to expand German territory to include German speaking areas not united with Germany such as Danzig, Austria, and the Sudetenland, as well as to Eastern Europe in the creation of a Greater Germany. Hitler almost immediately rejected the anti-rearmament agreements in the Treaty of Versailles, and began building up the size and strength of the German navy, air force, and army. In order to avoid being blocked in by the Great Powers, Hitler slowly increased his territorial demands in the hopes that Britain and France would not start a war over these claims. Press: Like in Fascist Italy, the press was seized and converted into a massive propaganda machine for the Nazi Party under the Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels. Education and Youth: Liberal education was rejected and replaced with one that encouraged German superiority, loyalty to Germany and fascism, and the inferiority of non-Aryan peoples. The Hitler Youth was established to train boys for the German military and indoctrinate them in anti-Semitism and the myths of Aryan superiority. Culture and Religion: Nazism totally dominated popular culture, with propaganda film such as Olympia and Triumph of the Will by Leni Riefenstahl glorifying the German state and the superiority of German culture and civilization. Hitler wanted to replace degenerate art, music, and literature created by supposed inferior races with culture taken from German history or from romanticized myths about the Aryan race. The 1936 Summer Olympics were hosted in Berlin in a massive showcase of Nazi Germany and the progress that Germany had made from its defeat in 1918. Role of women: Women were seen as vital to the racial strength of Germany, and were encouraged to be strong both mentally and physically in order to be good mothers. Minority groups: Ethnic and racial minorities such as Slavs, Jews, and Roma were subjected to increasing oppression and discrimination, culminating in the establishment of concentration and later extermination camps to deal with them. Minorities were seen as racially corrupting the German nation, and Hitler thought they should be purged to create a purer and stronger German race.

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