Chapter 10 An Evolving Enemy - Tuberculosis

10.2 The Theory of Natural Selection Observation 1: Individuals within _______________ vary. Observation 2: Some of the _______________ among individuals can be passed on to their offspring. Observation 3: Populations of organisms _______________ _______________ _______________ than will survive. Observation 4: _______________ ___________ ______________ are _____________ random.

Fitness and adaptation review definitions Darwins inference: Natural Selection Causes Evolution _________________________________________________________ _______________ (adaptations) increase in the population over time. Natural Selection - although theory of common descent accepted by science approximately 10-20 years after Darwin published The Origin of Species, ____________________ for change, natural selection, took longer to become accepted. - Mechanism _______________ ___ Darwin is ____________________ - one of four processes that causes evolution 1. Natural selection ____________________________________________________ 2. _______________ changes in genetic code that adds variation 3. __________________________________ the exchange of genes among populations 4. _______________________________ random sampling of genes from generation to generation 10.3 Natural Selection since Darwin ____________ of Natural Selection - Widespread acceptance of natural selection was hindered by a lack of understanding on the nature and origin of variation. - Only with incorporation of Mendels work on ____________did biologists come to accept his theory.

Genetics of Natural Selection (continued) - _________________ are responsible for making proteins. - _________________ are responsible for determining physical traits. - Different versions of a gene are _________________. - Alleles (variants of genes) are responsible for ________________________.

genes ----------- proteins ---------------- traits

<----------SELECTION

______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Individuals carrying traits that are adapted to environment leave more offspring. Natural Selection Results from Current Environmental Conditions.

_____________________ Selection

_____________________ Selection

_____________________ Selection

Distinguish among graphs or descriptions of each type - Figure 10.16 Subtleties of Natural Selection A change in the ____________can change how effective certain traits are for survival. With change, different traits may be more beneficial, and individuals who possess the appropriate _____________________will have the advantage in survival and reproduction. ____________________traits will be passed on to the next generation. Natural selection does not result in the evolution of __________________ organisms and does not cause progression toward a ___________________ p.266-267

10.1 and 10.4

Tuberculosis / Human Health

Tuberculosis has infected humans for 1000s of years. TB is caused by the ______________________, Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2 billion people carry TB. Symptoms of TB include: - _______________ that produces blood - Fever - ________________ - Period of wasting patient becomes weaker and thinner Led to calling the disease consumption Damage to lung tissues - formation of tubercles. Treatment: - 19th and early 20th century treatment consisted of sanitariums - Discovery of ________________________ revolutionized TB treatment. - Since the 1980s, scientists have noticed an increase in TB that is _____________ to antibiotics. - Because of resistance to antibiotics, the number of TB cases worldwide is __________________________.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved resistance to antibiotics, because it fulfills the same observations Darwin made Bacteria in the population vary Variation can be passed on to offspring More bacteria are produced than survive Bacterial survival is not random

Simple antibiotic treatment can result in _____________ selection in bacteria. Fig.10.18 ________________________ therapy is a powerful tool against drug resistance. p.271-2