PSYCHO-ANALYSIS BY SIGMUND FREUD Psychoanalysis is a method of treating certain nervous disorders of mind by examining the sufferers memories from

past life, past experiences and dreams. It is an effort to find the hidden cause of the illness. It was introduced by Sigmund Freud, he says that human mind doesnt act in a voluntary manner, because side by side of our conscious mind there are certain other activities which are done by us unknowingly and it gets expressed in our behavior. This particular state of mind is defined by Sigmund Freud as the state of sub-conscious and to make us understand about the theory of sub-conscious Freud states about dreaming. Human mind has three different layers i.e. idd, ego and superego. There is also a membrane between idd and ego, that is known as sensor. Idd doesnt understand reasoning, rationality or logic, idd understands only the raw desire. Human mind is governed by idd at his childhood, then when the child grows up he or she is given to understand the lessons of ethics and other social values. Finally, to inculcate and reflect a kind of behavior which is ideal for the society, then the mind is governed by ego. Ego is our self but it is presented in many ways and we say the part of mind which is called ego is only catering to the requirement of our self. It has been already mentioned that there has been a membrane like structure between ego and idd. So sensor passes all the value system to the ego. Sensor is different for different people. That is why we find differences in moral and ethical values of different person. Sensors will allow those to pass through, which are generally accepted by our mind. That is how it transfers all the value system to our ego pushing back the raw desires which remained combined with them. Then super ego is that part of our self which is projected to the society and this is a preventive act, the truth of which is known by the self, which is ego, and super ego hides it. But freud says that there are some facts which is not known by our ego and this are our desires. Our value system does not approve of certain desires but we are very much aware of it and that is why some desires are suppressed in our mind. In such context Freud said that every normal male child is sexually attracted to his mother and develops enmity for his father. So this desire of his is known to the self but the value system doesnt approve it. He also categorises about so many other desires which remain suppressed in our mind. He says that if all such desires which the value system doesnt approves are kept at suppressed then their might come one day when it would revolt to come to the surface of the human mind and this may result the person to be mad. So to escape from such difficult state of mechanism of human mind automatically follows a process that is when we sleep then this surprised desire come to the surface of the mind and unknowingly even these ordinary desires also gets fulfilled and this happens in the process of dream. Freud says that every dreams is a device and there are four stages of formulating a dream Dream Symbolism:- When the suppressed desires which gets manifested in the form of a dream dont come to the surface of our conscious mind in a direct manner but in the form of certain symbols. And Freud gives a number of symbols, for example:- Journey reflects death, King father or an old ancestor, Queen mother, but Freud says that every symbol is culture specific. Displacement of the nucleus:- It is defined by Sigmund Freud as, dream doesnt want us to understand the central theme of it. It is a mechanism where the central theme is kept aside and when some insignificant places or people or object comes in our dream then it is known as displacement of nucleus.

Dream Condensation:- We dream so many things at a time and the dream condensation is a process when so many dreams are considered because if we follow the same sequence and the time of the incidence then the dream will last for a long time. That is why incidences are being condensed in a sequence and it is made in a presentable manner. Secondary elaboration:- It deals with the formulation of the relationship of the micro units of the dream process, so that the dream is coherent and unbroken. Learning and Behavior We behave because of our learning habits and there are three phases by which learning could be developed. They are propounded in the form of theories which are as follows Learning by condition Learning by reinforcement Cognitive mapping

Freud says that our behavior is guided by conditioning because we are conditioned and condemned to learn. So, our behavior is not reflected completely by the natural stimulants. It is not because of learning we show a particular behavior but according to Sigmund Freud there are some other things in our mind which guides our behavior with all creative expression and this is known as libido. According to Freud, libido is like a river flowing in six different directions a. It flows in the outward direction which he named as gratification. It is connected to all the objects we love. b. c. It flows inwards which is called narcissism. It is related to the love for the self. It also flows backward towards the early memories which is known as regression (to recollect)

d. It flows downwards which is known as repression which means to control or to hold back or to prevent natural, emotion, feelings or desires publicly. e. When the repressed ideas get fixed in the mind, then it is known as fixation.

f. Sublimation means to replace our natural urges especially the sexual ones with the socially acceptable activities Freud says that all our creative forces is governed not only be learning but also by libido. It is an autonomous body which keeps coming to our mind. Freud says our mind is a combination of two separate level conscious and subconscious level which functions together, reflecting our behavior and expression. So if we observe it in the work of an artist then at times we see artist are unable to explain every details of their work because some works are done even without his knowledge. The later scholars made a critical interpretation of this theory. They argued weather Freuds theory should at all be considered as aesthetic theory at all. As it appeared to be irrational.