COMPUTERIZED ENGINE CONTROLS

Seventh Edition Steve V. Hatch

Denver Automotive and Diesel College

Dick H. King
Glendale Community College

Australia

Canada

Mexico

Singapore

Spain

United Kingdom

United States

Computerized Engine Controls, Seventh Edition Steve V. Hatch and Dick H. King Vice President, Technology and Trades SBU: Alar Elken Editorial Director: Sandy Clark Senior Acquisitions Editor: David Boelio Developmental Editor: Sharon Chambliss Marketing Director: David Garza Channel Manager: Dennis Williams Marketing Coordinator: Mark Pierro Production Director: Mary Ellen Black Production Editor: Barbara L. Diaz Art & Design Specialist: Cheri Plasse Editorial Assistant: Andrea Domkowski

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Library of Congress Cataloging-inPublication Data: ISBN: 1-4180-1139-8

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Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Introduction: A Review of Electricity and Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Electrical Circuits versus Electronic Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Electron Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Conductors and Insulators . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Circuit Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Integrated Circuits (ICs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Common Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Sensing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Actuators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . . 71 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Chapter 3: Common Operating Principles For Computerized Engine Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Electronic Fuel Injection System Operating Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Ignition System Operating Principles . . . . 89 Emission Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Variable Valve Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 42-Volt Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Chapter 1: Computers in Cars. . . . . . . 29

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Why Computers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Exhaust Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Economy and Driveability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Attitude of the Technician . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . . 42 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Chapter 4: Diagnostic Concepts . . . . 105

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Types of Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) . . . . . 106 Data Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Functional Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Pinpoint Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Flowcharts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Electrical Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Chapter 2: Common Components for Computerized Engine Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

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Other General Diagnostic Concepts . . . . 111 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Diagnostic Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Diagnostic Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Chapter 5: Diagnostic Equipment . . . 115

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Scan Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Breakout Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Non-Powered Test Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Logic Probes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Digital Volt-Ohmmeters (DVOMs) . . . . . . 121 Digital Storage Oscilloscopes (DSOs) . . 129 Safety Considerations When Using a DVOM or DSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Gas Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Diagnostic Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Chapter 8: Multiplexing Concepts . . . 185

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Multiplexing Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Multiplex System Designs. . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Multiplexing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Communication on a J1850 VPW Data Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Multiplexing Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Diagnosis of Multiplexed Circuits . . . . . . 194 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Chapter 9: General Motors Electronic Fuel Injection . . . . . . . . . . 199

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Powertrain Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 222 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Chapter 6: Exhaust Gas Analysis . . . 141

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Theory of Gas Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Measured Gasses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Gas Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Diagnosing with the Gasses . . . . . . . . . . 151 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Chapter 7: OBD I and OBD II . . . . . . 157

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 CARB/EPA/SAE/OBD Background . . . . . 157 Why OBD II? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 What Does OBD II Do?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Standardization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Monitoring Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Setting DTCs and Turning on the MIL. . . 169 Diagnostic Management Software . . . . . 169 Monitoring Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Cold Start Emissions Reduction . . . . . . . 178 Diagnostic Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Chapter 10: General Motors Port Fuel Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Powertrain Control Module (PCM) . . . . . 232 Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Fuel Supply System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Injectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Throttle Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Non-PCM Emission Controls . . . . . . . . . 238 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 272

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Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Diagnostic Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Chapter 11: Cadillacs Digital Fuel Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Powertrain Control Module (PCM) . . . . . 281 Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Body Control Module (BCM). . . . . . . . . . 299 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 307 Cadillac Dignostic Update. . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 000 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Chapter 14: Fords Electronic Engine Control V (EEC V) . . . . . . . . . 000

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Engine Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Emission Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Advanced For Computer System Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Lincoln LS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 000 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Chapter 12: Advanced General Motors Engine Controls . . . . . . . . . . 319

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Northstar Engine Overview. . . . . . . . . . . 320 Northstar Inputs/Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Cadillac LH2 Northstar Upgrades . . . . . . 336 Cadillac HFV6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 GM Generation III Smallblock V8s . . . . . 340 GM Generation IV Smallblock V8s . . . . . 342 GM Displacement On Demand (DOD) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 GM 42-Volt Hybrid Silverado. . . . . . . . . . 344 GM Voice Recognition/Navigational System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 348 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Chapter 15: DaimlerChyrsler Fuel Injection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Powertrain Control Module (PCM) . . . . . 000 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 DaimlerChrysler Multiplexing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Advanced DaimlerChrysler Electronic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 000 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Chapter 13: Fords Electronic Engine Control IV (EEC IV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Powertrain Control Module (PCM) . . . . . 000 Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Chapter 16: European (Bosch) Engine Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

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Continuous Injection System (CIS). . . . . 000 Pulsed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Motronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Control Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Bosch OBD II Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 000 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Chapter 18: Alternative Power Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Honda Insight, Civic, and Accord Hybrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Toyota Hybrid System (THS) . . . . . . . . . 000 Ford Escape Hybrid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Fuel Cell Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 000 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Diagnostic Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Chapter 17: Asian Computer Control System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Nissan: Electronic Concentrated Control System (ECCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 000 Toyota Computer-Controlled System (TCCS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 000 Honda: Programmed Fuel Injection (PGM-FI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 System Diagnosis and Service. . . . . . . . 000 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Appendix A: Approach to Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Collecting the Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Hard Fault Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Soft Fault Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Verifying PCM Control of the Air/Fuel Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Appendix B: Terms and Acronyms . . 000 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Preface

The application of the microprocessor with its related components and circuits has made automotive technology exciting, fast paced and more complicated. Recent technological developments and those that follow will require entry level automotive service technicians to be well trained in the principles of automotive technology and to be career-long students. Those who respond to this requirement will find the task challenging, but achievable and rewarding. This text was written in response to a widely recognized need within the industry: to help studenttechnicians get a commanding grasp of how computerized engine control systems work and how to diagnose problems within them. The studenttechnician who studies this text will soon come to realize that no single component or circuit within any given computerized engine control system, other than the computer itself, is complicated. Computerized Engine Controls is written with the assumption that the reader is familiar with the basic principles of traditional engine, electrical system and fuel system operation. Although everything here is within the grasp of a good technician, this is not a beginners book. A computerized engine control system does in fact become an integral part of an engines electrical and fuel system, but it is much too significant and complex to be taught as just a unit in an engine performance textbook or class. For purposes of instruction, we have taken this topic out of context and examined it as a stand-alone controllevel system. Once the student-technician fully un-

derstands the systems purpose, operation and diagnostic approach, the diagnostic procedures in the service manual will put the system back in its proper perspective as an integral part of the engines support system. Computerized Engine Controls presents each popular, multifunction computer control system in a separate chapter. Each system is fully covered, with enough specific information and detail to enable the reader to get a complete and clear picture of how the system works. This text is written with the premise that understanding how the overall system works and what it should be doing not only makes the diagnostic process easier but also makes the diagnostic literature much easier to understand. Correctly interpreting diagnostic procedure directions is often a problem if the technician is not aware of what the procedure is trying to measure, what normal readings or responses should be or what conditions will cause abnormal readings or responses. The chapters of this edition contain: Objectives. Objectives are provided at the beginning of each chapter to help the reader identify the major concepts to be presented. Key Terms. Terms that are unique to computerized engine control systems are provided at the beginning of each chapter as a Key Term and then appear in boldface type at their first use in the chapter. These Key Terms are also provided in the Glossary, along with their definitions.

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Diagnostic and Service Tips. These tips offer helpful advice for the technician on diagnosing and servicing vehicles, as well as addressing customer concerns. Chapter Articles. Chapter Articles give additional nice-to-know information about technical topics covered in the chapter. Summary. Each chapter contains a Summary near the end to review the major concepts presented in that chapter. Diagnostic Exercise. A Diagnostic Exercise is provided near the end of each chapter that applies a real-life scenario to one of the concepts covered in that chapter. Review Questions. Review Questions are provided at the end of each chapter to help a reader assess his/her recall and comprehension of the material read in each chapter, as well as to reinforce the concepts covered in each chapter. Without exception, all of these Review Questions have been written in a multiplechoice format, the type of question that would be found on an ASE test. Personal safety concerns peculiar to specific computerized engine control systems are highlighted where applicable. The book follows the industry standards for how to use the following terms: Warnings indicate that failure to observe correct diagnostic or repair procedures could result in personal injury or even death. Cautions indicate that failure to observe correct diagnostic or repair procedures could result in damage to tools, equipment or the vehicle serviced. Each student should be aware that while working with computerized controls is not inherently dangerous, failure to observe recognized safety practices is. There are unfortunately many more injuries and accidents in the automotive repair business than there should be. Good safety practices, if learned early in a students career, literally can be life-saving later on.

New to This Edition

This revision of this textbook contains two newly added chapters: Chapter 3: Common Operating Principles For Computerized Engine Control Systems Chapter 18: Alternative Power Sources Chapter 3 provides some conceptual information concerning the system operating principles that are common to all systems (similar to the manner in which Chapter 2 provides information relating to the components that are common to all systems). Chapter 3 will give insight to the reader so that, when the product-specific chapters are read, the reader will be able to apply the information from Chapter 3 to the product-specific information, thus increasing the readers grasp of the subject matter. For example, reading in Chapter 3 about the three levels of information to the PCM that are common to all ignition and fuel injection systems will allow the reader to apply these concepts as manufacturer-specific crankshaft and camshaft sensor designs are covered in the product-specific chapters. Chapter 18 provides information on gasoline/electric hybrid drive vehicles that are quickly becoming commonplace today. Also, an introduction into fuel cell vehicle technology is provided. This chapter is designed to take the reader who is comfortable with the earlier chapters of the book into areas of some of the newest exciting technologies that are already found on some of todays vehicles. Countless other changes have also been made throughout this textbook. For example, an in-depth discussion on fuel trim is now provided for the first time in a generic chapter (Chapter 3). And an in-depth discussion of the use of voltage drop testing to verify the PCMs power and ground circuits is now provided in Chapter 5. Many other changes and additions have been made as well in order to make this textbook the most exciting automotive textbook that you will read this year.

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SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO USE THIS TEXT

Read the Introduction first. This section provides the background needed to help the reader understand the operation of many components common to most systems. Chapters 1 through 8 should be read next as they contain information that pertains to all makes of vehicles. Reading these chapters will also provide some background that will make understanding specific system designs and diagnostic strategies easier when the product-specific chapters of this book are read. The remaining chapters, which are specific to individual systems, can be read in any order, though most students will find it much easier to read a manufacturers set of chapters in chronological sequence, the way they appear in the book. Generally systems become

more complicated over time, and the later versions are easier to understand with a good background knowledge of the earlier, simpler systems. Many students may not wish to study each specific chapter, or their instructors may not choose to assign the study of each chapter. We suggest, however, that at least three of the specific system chapters be selected for study. Remaining chapters can then be skimmed or serve as a reference for future use. Finally, Appendix A: Approach to Diagnostics, which offers a strategy-based diagnostic approach, should be read to help the reader apply the information contained within the chapters of this book to a live vehicle. Also, Appendix B: Terms and Acronyms, provides a central location where the reader can look up many of the terms and acronyms that relate to automotive electronic systems.

Acknowledgments

I am very honored to be able to present a textbook of such magnitude as this. But there are those around me that I depend on greatly, and without which, this textbook would not be the success it is today. Many thanks to my family, my friends, and my colleagues who have so encouraged me. Many thanks to my students who, while they were in my classes over the years, asked the right questions that encouraged me to find the answer. And many thanks to my colleague, Kevin Dowell, who took the time out of his busy schedule to offer me technical advice in his area of expertise (and also took the time to gather some waveforms for me). I would also like to thank my wife, Geralyn, for her continual patience with the many hours that this effort has required of me, as well as for the great help that she was to me in performing many of the tasks associated with this type of work. And finally, many thanks to the following for their critical reviews and/or answers to questions concerning this text: Wane Boysun Montana State University-Northern Havre, MT David Byrd Wayne Community College Goldsboro, NC

Neal Clark Erie Community College Orchard Park, NY Ron Darby University of Southern Colorado Pueblo, CO Carl Hinkley Central Maine Technical College Auburn, ME Kevin Johnson Montana State University-Northern Havre, MT Donald Lumsdon Ivy Technical State College Lafayette, IN Bryan Ricco Spokane Community College Spokane, WA

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