USE OF PCM IN BUILDINGS

Classification of PCM PCM

paraffins organic non-paraffin hydrate salts inorganic metallics organic-organic eutectic organic-inorganic inorganic-inorganic inorganic inorganic

Commercial PCM
PCM name
RT 20 Climsel C23 ClimselC24 RT 26 RT 25 STL 27 S27 RT 30 RT 27 TH 29 Climsel C32 RT32 Type of product Paraffin Salt hydrate Salt hydrate Paraffin Paraffin Salt hydrate Salt hydrate Paraffin Paraffin Salt hydrate Salt hydrate Paraffin Melting point [C] 22 23 24 25 26 27 27 28 28 29 32 31 Heat of fusion [kJ/kg] 172 148 216 131 232 213 207 206 179 188 212 130 Source Rubitherm GmBH Climator Climator Rubitherm GmBH Rubitherm GmBH Mitsubishi chemical Cristopia Rubitherm GmBH Rubitherm GmBH TEAP Climator Rubitherm GmBH

Characteristics of PCM

From Phase change materials: overview Centre for sustainable engineering

Advantages
Simple to use Non-corrosive p g No or low supercooling No nucleating agent recyclable

Disadvantages
Generally more expensive Lower latent heat density q g g Often quite broad melting range High volume changes during phase changes Can be combustible Some react with concrete (bton) ith Need careful preparation Need additives to stablise for long term use Prone to supercooling Can be corrosive to some metals

Organic

Salt-based

Generally cheap Good latent heat density Higher thermal conductivity Well defined PC temperature Non-flammable g y Biodegradable and recyclable

Building applications g pp
UNDERFLOOR

AIR EXCHANGER

WALL

Applications pp
polymers

Encapsuled in plastic or metallic packaging

aluminium

steel

Applications pp

Impregnation porous materials as panelboard and concrete

Macrocapsule PCMs Microencapsulated PCMs

15 mm thick board = 9 cm thick concrete wall

Schematic view of a lightweight wall g g

8 m

Images from P. Schossig et al article g g

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) image of PCM micro-capsules in gypsum plaster

Properties of PCMs p
Thermophysical properties
- melting temperature in the desired operating temperature range - high latent heat of fusion per unit of volume - high specific heat to provide additional heat storage - small volume change on phase transformation - small vapour pressure at operating temperature - congruent melting of the pcm for a constant storage capacity t lti f th f t t t it

Properties of PCMs p
Kinetic properties
high nucleation rate to avoid supercooling of the liquid phase high rate of crystal growth

Chemical properties
- complete reversible freeze/melt cycle - no degradation after a large number of freeze/melt cycle - no corrosiveness to the construction materials - non-toxic - non flammable non-flammable

Stability of PCM y
Stability of the proprieties of PCM after many cycles of charging and discharging must be guaranteed guaranteed. 20 years 7300 cycles

The major problem in using salt hydrates as PCM is that most of them melt incongruently.

The thermal capacity of pure salt declines quickly from an p y p q y initial value of 238 kJ/kg to 63 kJ/kg after 40 cycles.

Stability of PCM y
Several technique to become stable the PCM has studied :

Calorimeter analysis allow to measure the thermal proprieties of Phase Change Material

provide, time, Accellerate cycles allow to provide in a short time the behavior of the PCM after many cycles of fusion and solidification

Measurement technique q
DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry)
Measure the temporal variation of the thermal energy p gy exchanged with the sample of PCM. The output of the measurement is the energy time diagram gy g (thermogram) Use a very small quantities of sample (1-10 mg)

TA (Thermal Analysis)
Measure the temporal variation of temperature in the sample of PCM. The output of the measurement is the temperature - time p p diagram Use small or big quantities of sample (10 g 10 kg)

Calorimeter analysis

Wall Application pp
A PCM layer can be placed within wall constructions to increase the thermal mass of the house
The room air temperature results more comfortable and less varied p

The energy consumption for both air conditioning and heating will decrease

Wall Application 1 pp
A PCM layer can be placed within the wall close to the external layer
DAY The PCM layer in warm days store a great deal of the energy that flows through the wall NIGHT The PCM layer release energy stored in the day outside and inside the building

Wall Application 2 pp
A PCM layer can be placed within the wall close to the external layer with a ventilated air chamber
DAY The PCM layer in warm days store a great deal of the energy that flows through th wall d i particular t th th h the ll due in ti l to the solar radiation NIGHT The PCM layer release outside the energy stored in the day The ventilation in the chamber evacuates part of the energy stored

Wall Application 3 pp
A PCM layer can be placed behind a glass and a air chamber

DAY The PCM layer is directly irradiated to solar radiation and store the energy NIGHT The PCM release the energy store in the day within the building If the energy want to be evacuate outside, the air chamber will be open and becomes ventilated

Wall Application 4 pp
A PCM layer can be placed within wall constructions to increase the thermal mass of the house
The PCM is contained to the internal finish The PCM exchange energy with the internal room Store energy when the air temperature is higher than the temperature of fusion Release energy stored when th air R l t d h the i temperature is lower than the temperature of fusion

Wall - confrontation

Glauber salts Na2SO410H2O melting temperature 32C, density 1450 kg/m3, latent heat of fusion 1.9105 J/kg, specific heat in the liquid and solid state equal to 3.6103 J/(kgK). 3.6 10 J/(kg K).

Paolo Principi Dipartimento di Energetica Universit Politecnica delle Marche Ancona (Italia)

Air temperature (surface interne) p ( )

Thermal flow (Wm-2) through south wall ( g

Underfloor applications pp
Two PCM layer and plastic tube sandwich

[ [C] 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 Time 2004/08/23 14:15:00 2004/08/23 17:05:00 2004/08/23 19:55:00 2 2004/08/23 22:45:00 2004/08/24 01:35:00 0 2004/08/24 04:25:00 0 2004/08/24 07:15:00 0 2004/08/24 10:05:00 2004/08/24 12:55:00 2004/08/24 15:45:00 2004/08/24 18:35:00 2004/08/24 21:25:00 2 2004/08/25 00:15:00 0 2004/08/25 03:05:00 0 2004/08/25 05:55:00 0 2004/08/25 08:45:00 0 2004/08/25 11:35:00 2004/08/25 14:25:00 2004/08/25 17:15:00 2004/08/25 20:05:00 2 2004/08/25 22:55:00 2 2004/08/26 01:45:00 0 2004/08/26 04:35:00 0 2004/08/26 07:25:00 0 2004/08/26 10:15:00 2004/08/26 13:05:00 2004/08/26 15:55:00 2004/08/26 18:45:00 2004/08/26 21:35:00 2 2004/08/27 00:25:00 0 2004/08/27 03:15:00 0 2004/08/27 06:05:00 0 2004/08/27 08:55:00 0 2004/08/27 11:45:00 2004/08/27 14:35:00 time 5

Underfloor applications pp
air temperature

BOX 3 BOX 4

[C] 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 0 2004/08/23 11:30:00 2004/08/23 14:20:00 2004/08/23 17:10:00 2004/08/23 20:00:00 2004/08/23 22:50:00 2004/08/24 01:4 40:00 2004/08/24 04:30:00 2004/08/24 07:20:00 2004/08/24 10:10:00 2004/08/24 13:00:00 2004/08/24 15:50:00 40:00 2004/08/24 18:4 2004/08/24 21:30:00 2004/08/25 00:20:00 2004/08/25 03:10:00 2004/08/25 06:00:00 2004/08/25 08:50:00 40:00 2004/08/25 11:4 2004/08/25 14:30:00 2004/08/25 17:20:00 2004/08/25 20:10:00 2004/08/25 23:00:00 2004/08/26 01:50:00 40:00 2004/08/26 04:4 2004/08/26 07:30:00 2004/08/26 10:20:00 2004/08/26 13:10:00 2004/08/26 16:00:00 2004/08/26 18:50:00 40:00 2004/08/26 21:4 2004/08/27 00:30:00 2004/08/27 03:20:00 2004/08/27 06:10:00 2004/08/27 09:00:00 2004/08/27 11:50:00 40:00 2004/08/27 14:4 time R1 Box3 R1 Box4

Underfloor applications pp
surface temperature

[C] 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 2 2004/08/23 11:30 0:00 2 2004/08/23 14:20 0:00 2 2004/08/23 17:10 0:00 2 2004/08/23 20:00 0:00 2 2004/08/23 22:50 0:00 2 2004/08/24 01:40 0:00 2 2004/08/24 04:30 0:00 2 2004/08/24 07:20 0:00 2 2004/08/24 10:10 0:00 2 2004/08/24 13:00 0:00 2 2004/08/24 15:50 0:00 2 2004/08/24 18:40 0:00 2 2004/08/24 21:30 0:00 2 2004/08/25 00:20 0:00 2 2004/08/25 03:10 0:00 2 2004/08/25 06:00 0:00 2 2004/08/25 08:50 0:00 2 2004/08/25 11:40 0:00 2 2004/08/25 14:30 0:00 2 2004/08/25 17:20 0:00 2 2004/08/25 20:10 0:00 2 2004/08/25 23:00 0:00 2 2004/08/26 01:50 0:00 2 2004/08/26 04:40 0:00 2 2004/08/26 07:30 0:00 2 2004/08/26 10:20 0:00 2 2004/08/26 13:10 0:00 2 2004/08/26 16:00 0:00 2 2004/08/26 18:50 0:00 2 2004/08/26 21:40 0:00 2 2004/08/27 00:30 0:00 2 2004/08/27 03:20 0:00 2 2004/08/27 06:10 0:00 2 2004/08/27 09:00 0:00 2 2004/08/27 11:50 0:00 2 2004/08/27 14:40 0:00 time R2 Box3 R2 Box4 5

Underfloor applications pp
surface temperature

Transparent PCM faade panel p p

Ceiling air exchanger g g

Ceiling air exchanger g g

NIGHT storing outside cooling

DAY releasing stored cooling

Night behaviour

Day behaviour

Ceiling air exchanger g g

Heat exchanging
absorption

SOLID

LIQUID

release Daily cycle

The efficiency of PCM is associate with the heat exchanging

Heat exchanging
Conduction Conduction
Climate condition with temperature day - night high oscillation of

Natural Ventilation
The exchanging is facilitate with the natural air flow

Heat exchanging
Artificial ventilation
The changing and discharging is improved with mechanical system of ventilation

Hydraulic system
The energ is carried thro gh an s stem with water energy through system ith ater or other liquid