B3.

0 Principles of energy conservation and thermodynamics can be used to describe the efficiency of energy transformations
For the following sections, answer the questions, using the Internet and your textbook as resources. Put all answers into a Word document and submit in the appropriate folder in the drop-box on D2L. Cite all websites used in a bibliography attached to your assignment (will lose marks if not included). All submissions are due by 12:00 p.m., Thursday, April 21, 2011. Hand in your Check and Reflect questions (at the end of each section) separately on Thursday, April 21, 2011. B3.1 Laws of Thermodynamics

Use the Internet or your textbook to answer the following questions:

1) Distinguish between 3 types of systems: Open, closed and isolated. Include an example for each.

An open system is where matter may flow in and out of the boundaries. It constantly interacts with its environment. The Earth is an example of an open system. A closed system is a system where no transfer of mass or energy may occur outside of the system. The system will always remain with the same amount of heat, energy, work, or any other force. A closed can of soup is an example of a closed system because no matter can leave or enter, but the matter can move around inside the can. An isolated system is more restrictive. No mass, heat, energy or work takes palce across the boundary. A thermos is an example of an isolated system.
2) What is the difference between heat and work?

Heat is energy that can be transferred to other types of energy. Work is the effect as a result of applying force or energy.

3) Give an example for the following scenarios: a. We can increase energy in a system 2 ways: i. Adding heat to the system EXAMPLE: Heating up a metal rod over a fire. ii. Work is done in the system EXAMPLE: Jumping on a pogo stick.

b. We can decrease energy in a system 2 ways: i. Heat flow out of a system EXAMPLE: Placing the hot rod in a pot of cold water. ii. Work done by system on its surroundings EXAMPLE: The pogo stick pressing on the ground, causing it to bounce

back up.
4) The First Law of Thermodynamics a. Define

The first law of thermodynamics is the same thing as the law of conservation of energy. The total energy, including heat, in a system and its surroundings remain the same. For example, whenever heat is added to the system, it is transformed into the same amount of another form of energy.
b. Look up Perfect Machines. What are these?

A perfect machine is a hypothetical contraption in which all of the energy within the system is turned onto mechanical energy.
c. Is a perfect machine possible? Why or why not?

The perfect machine cannot be created. In order for a machine to be classified as a perfect machine, all mechanical energy must remain as mechanical energy during energy transfer.
5) Define the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics says that heat flows naturally from a hot object to a cold object, but never flows naturally from a cold object to a hot object.
6) Give a description of a heat engine and a heat pump. What is the difference between the two?

Heat engines are contraptions that turn heat into mechanical energy. Heat pumps are devices that use mechanical energy to transfer heat. Heat engines

B3.2 The Development of Engine Technology

Use the internet or your textbook to answer the following questions:

For the following types of engines, include the following: Description (i.e. how does it work) Advantage Disadvantage Picture

Engines: 1) The Gunpowder Engine a. Huygens experimented with gunpowder to create this engine. The gunpowder explodes within the engine, and some gases were released. The explosion drives the piston forward inside the cylinders. b. c. The engine is not used because of the obvious problems with explosions near people. It can be a problem and somebody could get hurt.

d. 2) Heat Engine a. Otto put 2 hollow hemispheres together, and then extracted the air from the inside. He demonstrated the force of vacuums. He also showed that the volume of water increases by 1300 times when turned into steam. The device would create steam with heat to do work b. This device could be cheaply used and created. c. Otto didnt pursue the creation of his work because it was difficult creating a large drum in which water supposed to be heated.

d. 3) Savory Engine a. Thomas Savery created the first steam powered engine. The steam could lift water through a tunnel up to a height of about 6 meters. b. Cheap, easy to lift, no human work. c. The water could only be lifted to about 6 meters, which wasnt much of an improvement from the animal powered engines.

d. 4) Newcomen Engine a. Thomas Newcomen created patented the next heat engine which uses steam as the driving force. b. The engine was easy to build and maintain, and could pump water farther distances. c. The cycle of heating and cooling in the cylinder was ineffective. Also, the engine needed a large amount of heat to function. 5) Watt Engine a. In 1763, James Watt took the Newcomen engine and improved it. He made it so less heat was required to have it work, making it work 3 times better. b. Watt took the engine and improved on many of the things. The most recognizable improvement is that it took much less heat to make it work. c. The engine was very large, and they needed big boilers to work properly.

6) Steam-powered Engine a. 7) Internal Combustion Engine a. In 1794, Robert Steele took another look at the steam powered engine and had an idea. He created an engine that used the gas from explosions caused within a piston. b. Was simple, small, and made easily. c. Was very small, and didnt produce much energy. B3.3 Useful Energy and Efficiency

Use the internet or your textbook to answer the following questions:

1) Give a description of useful energy in machines, including useful energy input and useful energy output. Why does the energy input NOT EQUAL the energy output? How is this energy lost? Useful energy is the initial energy added to a machine which is converted into the type of energy needed to do the work you want finished. Everything else is wasted energy. The initial energy source is called energy input, and the energy needed is called useful energy output. And work that is supposed to be done is called useful

work output.

2) What is the formula for percent efficiency? Efficiency=useful work output total work input

3) Using this formula, answer the following questions: a. A crane lifts an elephant cage into a new pen on the third floor of a building. The crane does 2.30 x 104 J of mechanical energy input, while doing 8.00 x 103 J of mechanical energy output. What is the mechanical efficiency of the crane? Eff=8000/23000 Eff=0.347X100

Eff=34.2%

b. Jane is heating a pot of water to cook KD and it took 2.00 x 103 J of heat from the element. If 5.00 x 102 J of energy was actually used by the water, what was the percent efficiency of the stove element? Eff=500/2000 Eff=2.5%

B3.4 Energy Applications

Use the internet or your textbook to answer the following questions:

1) What is the difference between solar and non-solar energy sources? Solar energy sources derive directly or indirectly from the sun. Solar radiation is an example. Non-solar energy has no relationship to the sun at all. Nuclear energy is an example. 2) Make a comparison chart for the following energy sources: Solar radiation Wind energy Water energy Biomass Fossil fuels Nuclear Geothermal Tidal In your chart, you must include: definition; solar/non-solar energy source; advantage of use; disadvantage of use Solar Radiation The radiant energy radiated from the sun created by hydrogenhydrogen Solar Very easy to maintain, available during the day, easy to store, easy to access. Not available at night, expensive.

Wind energy

Water energy

Biomass

Fossil fuels

reactions. The result of heating of the surface of the Earth by the sun. This heat causes movement of the winds, and this movement can be used to move wind turbines. This energy is created when the sun heats the surface of the water. This creates the hydrologic cycle. The hot water evaporates and condenses in the sky, where it forms rain. Biomass is any form of organic matter that retains sun energy, such as algae, seaweed, wood, etc. This is an indirect form of solar energy because these organisms retain solar energy. This is considered solar because things like oil, coal and

Solar

Easy to access, available all the time,

Lots of space needed, needs open space

Solar

Not to expensive, water is cheap

Hard to build, takes a long time to put together when in damns

Solar

Free/cheap when combusted to make chemical energy. Easy to find

Bad for the environment, can be harmful to humans

Solar

Easy to find and obtain,

Expensive, bad for the environment

Nuclear

Geothermal

Tidal

natural gas are made from plants and other matter from thousands of years ago. Nuclear energy Non-Solar is made when nuclear Fission (Unranium or plutonium fission) or Nuclear fusion (HydrogenHydrogen) Geothermal Non-Solar energy is heat that comes from the earths core. The geothermal power plants use super-heated water to power generators. Tidal energy Non-Solar uses the movement of the ocean waters creating tides. Tides are created by the gravitational pull of the moon, and this movement can be transformed into other forms of energy.

Cheap, fairly easy to do.

If problems occur, very difficult to fix, very bad for environment

After the digging, water is cheap, easy to convert

Takes a lot of space for the

Cheap, water is free, fairly easy to make turbines

Can hurt the environment if not careful

3) How have energy demands changed in Canada? Include online statistics. What are three factors that are influencing this change? Yes they have. People are wanting more energy to fuel all theyre needs. We need more energy than ever. 1.Cars 2.Heat 3.Cooking and storing