Why does the earth have ocean basins? 1. Structure of Basins a. Shape depth profile b. Why i.

Result of tectonic configuration ii. Result of earths interior iii. Dynamic w/ active plates 2. Layering of Interior a. Desistiy stratification b. What is density i. Mass per volume 1. Water 1gm/cm3 c. Seperated during cooling i. Inner core ii. Outer core iii. Mantel 3. How do we know a. Drilling holes? NO i. Deepest holes 7.5 miles super pressure 1. Only covered 1/500th of surface ii. Earthquakes YES 1. Seismic waves travel through earth 2. Technology over 100 years a. Seismographs 4. Forces that cause earthquakes a. Low frequency waves= seismic b. Waves reflect and bend as physical properties of medium they are traveling through i. Sesmic p-waves 1. Like slinky 2. Move through solids and liquids ii. S-waves 1. Side to side 2. Unable to go through liquids c. Waves are a blend of both p and s waves in earth thus me know earth has solid crust liquid center 5. Classification a. Crust i. Less than 1% ii. Oceanic crust more dense, salt iii. Contiential crust more less dense, grantite b. Mantle

i. 83% of volume c. Core 6. i. 16% of volume mostly Iron Another class..physical properties a. Lithosphere i. Cool rigid outer (both oceanic, contintel, and outer mantle) 1. Can vary on different parts of the world a. Moho-boundary between crust and mantle 2. Floats on the mantle a. Buoyant-more mass deeper the lithosphere goes i. Can change as mound erodes lithosphere rises I that area b. Asthenosphere i. Hot partially melted slowly flowing ii. Upper mantle till 300-350 km down c. Lower mantle (mesosphere) i. Same comp as above ii. Hotter more pressure d. Outer core i. Hot dense liquid e. Inner Core i. Solid Continetal Drift a. Theory that continents were floating over the mantle i. First proposed in 1915 by Wegener b. Envidence i. Shapes of continent fit ii. Pacific ring of fire 1. Where earthquakes occur thats where the plates are iii. Ocean floor symmetry 1. Found ridges on sea floor Plate Tectoncics a. Unified continental drift and sea floor spreading theories i. First proposed in 1960 by Harry Heess ii. Convection currents in mantle are driving plate movement iii. Ne crust mad at mid-ocean ridges iv. Old crust destroyed at subduction zones v. REVOLUTIONIZED GEOLOGY Plate Boundries a. Divergent i. New crust created at mid ocean ridges ii. Volcanoes tame ones

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iii. E.g. Iceland b. Convergent i. Crust subducted and re-melted ii. Volcanoes and big earthquakes c. Transform i. Plates sliding past each other ii. Earthquakes Divergent a. Where sea floor spreading occurs b. New basin forms c. Rifdges at center d. Small valcones/ earthquakes e. Examples at various stages of formation i. Young E Africa ii. Intermediate Red Sea iii. Mature Atlantic Ocean f. On ridges hydrothermal vents i. Spew chemical gaseous that are poisons yet full of life Transform Plate boundaries a. Do not create or destroy crust b. Plates slide past each other i. E.g. San Andreas fault ii. Very active Convergent plate boundaries very very violent places a. Ocean-continent i. Ex: Andes mountains w/ south America b. Ocean-Ocean i. Japanese Volcanic Isles c. Continent-Continent i. Himalayas ii. India Asia Collisions Geo magnetic data a. Key to proving plate theory i. Earth has bi pole magnetic field ii. Direction of magnetic field switches polarity 1. Every 700,000 thousand 2. Have been documented 330 million pack (400 total) 3. Last 780k ago 4. Polarity gets locked in rocks can date and show spreading a. Oldest late jurasic Terrane Formation a. Continent or voalcanic arc collisions with larger continent

b. Bits scrape off and dont get subducted c. How west coast has grown d. Exotic terrenes 15. Hot Spots a. Mantle plumes not related to divergent plate boundaries/ spreading centers i. Maybe precursors to spreading centers 1. Yellowstone a. Super volcano 2. Hawaii 16. Wilson Cycles a. Tectonic cycles over geologic time scales of ocean basin i. Creation-growth-closure-destruction 1. Has appended several times in earths history