DTS Audio Compression Guide

DTS Overview
Audio DSP Ksharing: Rajesh Sharma www.rajeshsharma.co.in sharma.rajesh@gmail.com
History: Surround Sound in Movies
1940: Fantasia
Walt Disney can be considered the inventor of surround sound Costly Fanta sound systems: only two systems were sold
1950: Multiple channel surround stereo

Cinerama & Cinemascope This is Cinerama: seven channel surround sound These were also costly systems
1970: Dolby Stereo system

Optical Four channel technology by Dolby in 1976 1977s Star Wars was a surround sound Hit
1980: Dolby SRS and THX

1983:THX standard by Lucasfilm: named after movies: THX 1138 1987: Dolby SR: improved Dolby Stereo system
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History.
1990: The beginning of digital era

1992: Dolby Digital Surround:- Audio Coding 3 --- AC3---- DD
5.1 channel system: L, R, C, Ls, Rs, LFE (deep bass) Putting data on films optical tracks in digital format Batman Returns was the first movie to use DD
1993: DTS Surround Sound technology

DTS Coherent Acoustics Audio: 5.1 channel system Putting data on CD instead of films tracks First Movie was Jurassic Park in 1993
1993: SDDS by Sony

7.1 channel system
1999: Dolby Digital Surround EX: 6.1 channel system Later on with Dolby True HD etc..
DTS followed with DTS-ES, DTS-96/24 etc.
DTS HD Master Audio: Lossless Audio Coding Bit to Bit Matching the Studio Recording (Lossless)
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Bitrates
Audio data bitrates for kbps/ch

44.1KHz 16 Bit 24 Bit 705.6 1058.4 48KHz 768 1152 96KHz 1536 2304 192KHz 3072 4608
Audio data bitrates for consumer audio players

sampling rate CD Audio Digital Audio Tape, DAT DVD Audio (example) 44.1KHz 48KHz 96KHz sample size 16 16 24 kbps/ch 705.6 768 2304
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Compression for Quality
Traditional coding schemes focus on compression DTS utilize compression for improving audio quality
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LPCM vs DTS audio
Replacing LPCM CD audio with dts audio
The algorithm operates over a continuum of bitrates.
CD Audio: 44.1kHz. 16Bit LPCM audio
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DTS Coherent Acoustics
DTS is fully scalable.

New streams are always backward compatible DTS Core Decoder: DTS Digital Surround (legacy decoder)
CORE Audio delivers 5.1 channels at 48KHz, 24 Bit
DTS Extended Audio: DTS ES, DTS 96/24

Extended Audio has additional audio e.g.
96KHZ /24 Bit support Center Surround channel support Extra channel support
FILE Structure:
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Encoding Specs
Encoding algorithm operates for

Up to 5.1 primary audio channels + 32 extended audio channels 16-24 Bit input range 8-96 KHz sampling frequency 32 6144 kbps bitrates 3:1 up to 40:1 compression ratios PCM Frame Size: 256-4096 samples Subframe size: 32 sub band samples SubSubframe size: 8 sub band samples Bitstream Frame size: 95 16383 Bytes
Dynamic Meta Data:

Dialog Normalization Dynamic Range Compression Dynamic DownMixing
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Encoding Process
Complexity of coding system

Asymmetrically weighted toward the encoder
decoder is simple as compared to encoder
Encoder Overview:
32 sub band filter bank Objective Redundancy Removal: ADPCM on each sub band Perceptual irrelevancy removal: Psycho Acoustics & transient analysis
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Decoding Process
Decoding is simple process:

De-multiplex the data into each sub band Inverse quantization of sub band signals Inverse poly phase filter bank
DSP function block: programmable by user

Up/down matrixing, Dynamic range control, inter channel delays..
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Framing
Different frame size for

Better audio compression / quality To reduce burden on decoder side Long frames gives good compression for steady audio Small frames are good for transient audio Maximum decoder buffer size can not exceed 5.3kbyte
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Sub band ADPCM
Encoder side ADPCM process
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ADPCM
Encoder ADPCM
Decoder ADPCM:
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Global Bit Management
Global Bit management algorithm makes use

psychoacoustic analysis
Psychoacoustics analysis makes use of

Auditory masking phenomenon Threshold of hearing
Key to bit allocation: SMR :- Signal to Masking Ratio
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Variable Length Coding
Further 20% reduction by doing

variable length entropy coding of sub band differential quantizer codes
Entropy coding of side information for low bit rate application Vector quantization of prediction coeff. to increase efficiency Iterative Bit Rate control loop
Adjusting the scale factor and repeating the whole process of ADPCM
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Other features
Joint frequency coding Down Mixing on decoder side Dialog Normalization Dynamic Channel Mixing on decoder side Optional DRC functionality on decoder side Other user data like time code data Extension data for quality improvement
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Encode: Extension Data: X96
This bit stream structure
is useful for
Scalable audio codec Backward compatible decoder
Encoding 96kHz/24Bit Data in extension: X96
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Extension Decode
Backward compatible extension decoding
Three types of Extensions in Core Substream

X96 for 96kHz/24 Bit audio data XCh for one extra channel audio data: 6.1 audio XXCh for more than 5.1 audio data: 7.1 audio (example)
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Core+X96
X96 carries data for bandwidth > 24 KHz
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CORE + Extension Architecture
Core Audio:
primary audio for 5.1 channel reproduction Audio Bandwidth < 24kHz (SF <= 48KHz) Bit rate up to 1.5Mbps
Extended Audio:
Up to 32 additional full bandwidth channels Audio bandwidth > 24kHz Bit rate up to to 6 Mbps
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DTS HD
DTS High Definition Audio:

DTS-HR: High Resolution Audio with constant Bit rate of 6 / 3Mbps: XBR DTSDTS-HD MA: Master Audio with variable Bit Rate: XLL DTSLossless Audio of bit rate up to 24 / 18 Mbps Bit to Bit Matching studio recording
DTS HD Stream: up to 4 extension sub streams
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Audio Presentation
Possible to code several audio presentation in single stream Up to eight audio assets in an extension substream Various audio presentations possible by mixing different assets Mixing information to be transmitted as Metadata Examples:
Audio asset 0 carries the primary audio: music, effects Audio asset 1 carries dialog in English Audio asset 2 carries dialog in Hindi Audio asset 3 carries directors commentary in Hindi Audio Asset 4 carries the audio description..
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Coding Modes
Four Coding Modes for compression into an audio asset DTS-HD coding mode
May contain multiple coding component e.g. 5.1/48kHz core + 7.1 lossless extension
DTS HD Lossless coding mode

Without associated constant bit rate component
DTS HD Low Bit Rate coding mode Auxiliary Coding mode
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Coding Components
First coding mode may consist of several coding components Ten components defined till date
Core: core components with core sub stream XCh: DTS-ES backward compatible 6.1 extension within core sub stream X96: sampling frequency extension up to 96 kHz within core sub stream XXCH: channel extension beyond 5.1 within core sub stream ExSSCore: Core component within extension sub stream ExSSXBR: constant bit rate extension (>1.5Mbps) within extension sub stream ExSSXXCh: XXCh within extension sub stream ExSSX96: X96 within extension sub stream ExSSLBR: Low Bit Rate component within current extension sub stream ExSSXLL: Lossless extension within the extension sub stream
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DTS variants (Products)
DTS-Core: 5.1 Primary audio stream core component decoder DTS-ES: Core + XCh, XXCh support DTS 96/24: Core + X96 Support DTS LBR: ExSSLBR support DTS-HD High Resolution: Core + ExSSXBR support DTS-HD Master Audio: ExSSXLL support DTS-Broadcast DTS Neo, DTS- Surround Sensation are additional support systems
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Surround Sound
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Phantom Source
Alan Blumlein: 1931 gave stereophonic law of sines for

phantom source.
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Law of sines
To make the sound follow the actor across the screen, Blumlein gave
the stereophonic law of sines
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ITU-R BS.775: 5.1 speaker placement
ITU recommendation for

5.1 speaker layout
L: +30 Ls: +110
R: -30
Rs: -110
There is speculation that rear loudspeakers at 150 provide "more exciting surround effects
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Dolby 5.1 Layout
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DTS 5.1 standard Layout
courtesy dts
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7.1 channel layout
7.1 standard (DTS) speaker layout
courtesy dts
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7.1 rear surround speaker layout
courtesy dts
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Surround Sound
3-D
sphere of human hearing can be virtually achieved, using audio channels above and below the listener
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Thank You
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DTS Audio Compression Guide

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DTS Audio Compression Guide

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DTS Overview

Audio DSP Ksharing: Rajesh Sharma www.rajeshsharma.co.in sharma.rajesh@gmail.com

History: Surround Sound in Movies

1950: Multiple channel surround stereo

1970: Dolby Stereo system

1980: Dolby SRS and THX

1990: The beginning of digital era

1993: DTS Surround Sound technology

1993: SDDS by Sony

DTS followed with DTS-ES, DTS-96/24 etc.

Audio data bitrates for kbps/ch

Audio data bitrates for consumer audio players

Compression for Quality

LPCM vs DTS audio

Replacing LPCM CD audio with dts audio

The algorithm operates over a continuum of bitrates.

CD Audio: 44.1kHz. 16Bit LPCM audio

DTS Coherent Acoustics

DTS is fully scalable.

DTS Extended Audio: DTS ES, DTS 96/24

Encoding algorithm operates for

Dynamic Meta Data:

Complexity of coding system

Decoding is simple process:

DSP function block: programmable by user

Different frame size for

Sub band ADPCM

Encoder side ADPCM process

Global Bit Management

Global Bit management algorithm makes use

Psychoacoustics analysis makes use of

Key to bit allocation: SMR :- Signal to Masking Ratio

Variable Length Coding

Further 20% reduction by doing

Encode: Extension Data: X96

This bit stream structure

Scalable audio codec Backward compatible decoder

Encoding 96kHz/24Bit Data in extension: X96

Backward compatible extension decoding

Three types of Extensions in Core Substream

X96 carries data for bandwidth > 24 KHz

CORE + Extension Architecture

DTS High Definition Audio:

DTS HD Stream: up to 4 extension sub streams

DTS HD Lossless coding mode

DTS HD Low Bit Rate coding mode Auxiliary Coding mode

DTS variants (Products)

Alan Blumlein: 1931 gave stereophonic law of sines for

ITU-R BS.775: 5.1 speaker placement

ITU recommendation for

L: +30 Ls: +110

Dolby 5.1 Layout

DTS 5.1 standard Layout

7.1 channel layout

7.1 standard (DTS) speaker layout

7.1 rear surround speaker layout

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