Arab-Israeli conflict =Conflict of 2 peoples seeking to establish a homeland in the same place Effect of the creation of Israel on the

Palestinian people, on neighbouring countries and on Jewish communities in Arab countries 14 May 1948 State of Israel proclaimed by David Ben Gurion British mandate ended, gave up responsibility -> Resolution 181 UN divided the area known as Palestine into 2 (partition) Jewish= 1/3 pop. Gained 60% of land Arab= 2/3 pop. Gained 40% land Palestinian people: Lost their country to Zionists Became refugees- were either forced off their land or threatenedmassacre at Dier Yassin by members of Irgun. Majority went to Jordan, others to Syria, Egypt some remained in areas known as occupied territories from 1967 war as Israel controlled these areas- Golan Heights, Gaza strip, West Bank. Since formation of Israel have been fighting a war of liberation to regain their land from an expansionist colonial state Triggered a campaign of militia and guerrilla attacks on Jewish militants, civilians and villages. Israelis in retaliation formed their own militant groups= Haganah (later to become Israeli army), Stern gang and Irgun Neighbouring countries: Declared war immediately Opposed Israels existence, refused to sign any peace treaties with Israel and refused to recognise it Jewish communities in Arab countries: All Jewish people, of any ethnicity, background or faction had the right of return to the state of Israel. This led to 687000 Jewish immigrants by 1951 Jews were expelled or left Muslim countries In 1948 Jews of Europe made up 75%, by 1961 Jews of Europe represented only 55% Created problems for Israel as European and non-European Jews were so different in language, customs and culture, danger that 2 Israels would be created 15 May 1948- 1949 War of Independence (Jewish) The disaster (Arab) Cause= creation of state of Israel

Arab world= Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Syria and Lebanon aimed at pushing the Jews into the sea Israelis stunning victory against Arabs- gained Negev Desert, west Jerusalem, land to Lebanese border and west of river Jordan Arabs Catastrophe Palestinian homeland taken Organization on Israels part- unified as opposed to the disunity of the Arab forces- and timely Czech arms supplies allowed Israel to win the war.

Significance of the rise of pan Arab nationalism and Gamal Abdul Nasser Pan Arab Nationalism The Arab world became radicalised in the early 1950s partly as a result of their failure to deal with Israel: several examples include o Increasing level of fedayeen attacks on Israeli border areas (fedayeen= Arab guerrilla fighters) o Arab propaganda held an extreme anti-Zionist stance matching Israels Zionist propaganda-> young Palestinians growing up in refugee camps were taught that they would one day erase Israel and return home o Assassination of King Abdulla in Jordan o King Farouk (Egypt) over thrown by the free officers revolt 1952 This Arab nationalism bought all the Arab nations together in a common cause, in times of war this concept brought all the Arab countries together This growing Arab nationalism concerned some allied countries Significance of Gamal Abdul Nasser He was an influential and charismatic leader of the Egyptian people after beating Neguib in a presidential election in 1954 Ardently promoted Arab Nationalism, dreamed of creating Arab unity In order to modernise Egypts army Nasser turned to the Soviet block to purchase weapons Sept 1955 Pursued policies deliberately aimed at hurting Israels position Tried to boost Egyptian economy through the construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile River US secretary of state cancelled the Aswan Dam deal-> humiliating Nasser -> Nasser nationalised (seized) Suez Canal Was a significant player in Suez war and Six Day War as he tried to gain economic stability and prestige for Egypt-> never fulfilled any of these, died of heart attack after Six day war 1956 Suez Crisis In response to Nasser nationalising Suez Canal, B F determined to recapture canal and overthrow Nasser, Israel saw merit in taking advantage

Conspiracy with B F and Israel Israel occupied Sinai, Gaza and Sharm el sheikh but all returned-> no land gained, lost face as conspired with western imperialists B, F big losers, 2nd rate status clear to world Nasser big winner, great Arab hero Situation between Arab world and Israel largely unchanged

Six Day war 5-10 June 1967 Nasser under pressure to do something about Israel, sent troops into Sinai and made speeches about hoe they are now ready to confront Israel Israel faced with almost certain attack on all fronts-> launched preemptive strike Massive success short term for Israel conquered 70 000 sq km (Gaza, west bank including East Jerusalem- immediately annexed, Golan heights, Sinai- returned) Long term had to deal with increased refugees in occupied territories Arab defeat-> three noes resolution no negotiation, recognition or peace with Israel UN response was Resolution 242: two key principles o Israel should withdraw from occupied territories o All states should renounce the use of war and recognise right of all countries in region to live in peace o Known as land for peace Turning point for Palestinians, PLO lost confidence in Arab countries to defeat Israel-> rise of Palestinian nationalism and saw demise of Pan Arab nationalism Created situation of long term conflict

Creation, aims, methods and effectiveness of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) from 1964 Creation of PLO Formed in 1964 by Nasser to control the fedayeen groups as he feared they would drag Egypt into another war with Israel Aspirations of Palestinians were being ignored by Arabs and suppressed by Israel Made up of 8 separate groups became an army of refugees- dominant groups included Al Fatah (means conquest, established by Arafat in 1959 as Palestinians became disillusioned with the little help they were receiving from their Arab brothers) and PFLP= Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (Habash) 1968 Yasser Arafat new leader/ chairman Aims of PLO To destroy Israel and regain their land this initial aim then changed to wanting international recognition for themselves and their cause Establish a homeland Palestinian Charter 1968 set out the key aims of the Palestinian people and defined who a Palestinian was -> those that normally resided in Palestine until 1947 regardless of whether they fled or stayed, anyone born after that date to a Palestinian father, Jews who had normally resided in Palestine before Zionist invasion This charter was in response partly to Golda Meir (Israeli PM) statement there is no such thing as a Palestinian 1968 Methods of PLO Guerrilla attacks against Israel (Fedayeen)- created fear Terrorism-> surprise attacks, created publicity for cause o Bombings, suicide o Hijacking- planes 1970 PFLP hijacked 4 international airliners o Assassinations- after Black September group of radicals calling themselves Black September assassinated Jordanian Prime Minister o Hostages- Munich Olympics/ Massacre 1972 Israel athletes held hostage and killed in rescue attempt o Fire missiles into Israel from base country-> Israel always retaliated to host country Black September 1970 PLO thrown out of Jordan because of threat to King Hussein -> becoming too powerful and large in number, challenged Jordan army Hussein crushed Palestinians -> massacre of Palestinian refugee camps killing more than 3000, massacre perpetrated by brother Arabs became known as Black September PLO moved to Lebanon

1973 onwards PLO more moderate methods considered- talk of Palestinian mini state emerged Methods moved more to politics than terrorism recognising Israels right to exist and renouncing terrorism

Effectiveness By late 1980s PLO was legitimised internationally by recognition from many states. Perspectives changed, policies gained support Arab states designated it the sole representative of the Palestinian people in 1974 Arafat invited to speak to UN on behalf of PLO in 1974- angered Israel Arafat: I have come bearing an olive branch and a freedom fighters gun. Do not let the olive branch fall from my hand Still fighting and have not achieved their homeland

Roles and objectives of the superpowers in relation to events in the Middle East Arab israeli conflict became apart of the cold war as both US and USSR tried to increase their influence in the area. Roles US: policy was to support Israel at all costs. Changed from providing armaments to negotiating peace. Would not support Israels pre-emptive strike against Egypt and Arab world in 1967. Helped to resolve conflict in Lebanon 1982 USSR: supplied Egypt, Syria and Iraq with armaments. Instrumental in starting Six Day war-> false reports and threatened intervention in that war. Would not support a pre-emptive strike by Arabs. War of attrition in 1967-70 USSR greatly helped Egypt supplying military equipment and personal. No peace negotiations. Support ceased after 1988 UN: intervened in conflicts providing peaceful solutions. Peace keeping troops used in Lebanon 1983 and in Egypt Objectives US: stop the spread of communism, keep Jewish pop. of US happy, keep Suez Canal open (major trade route- oil supplies) post 1990 leader of the new world order USSR: please the Muslim pop. win allies among Islamic nations around world, use influence to control oil supplies to USA, test US resolve in ME by maintaining pressure on Israel. UN: resolution of international disputes without protagonists resorting to war. To push the PLO and Israel to accept resolutions 242 and 338 (called for Israel to return to pre 1967 borders)

Success/ Failure US: stopped spread of communism, US Jews happy, Suez Canal remained open. USSR: Muslims unhappy, oil continued to go to US, failed to use this as a ground for negotiations, US resolve tested UN: failed its first objective, PLO accepted resolutions 242 and 338 in 1988

1973 Yom Kippur war October 1973 Anwar Sadat wanted to break the log jam in negotiations, and gain legitimacy as leader of Arab world. Launched a surprise attack on Israel on Yom Kippur (the holiest day of Jewish year)-> Golda Meir Nobody thought that a war was imminent Massive support from US ensured losses of equipment by Israel was replaced-> US could not afford to lose Israel, a significant ally in ME Results: shock of near defeat demolished myth of Israeli invincibility Log jam in negotiations cleared Arab states lost war militarily but world attention now focused on the Arab/Israeli conflict more seriously. Used oil as a new weapon-> would not sell to pro Israeli countries-> economic impact on Europe and USA dramatic-> highly effective diplomatic strategy at least in short term

1979 Israel- Egypt (Camp David) peace agreement Sadat moved camps from USSR to US as he realised the best way to put pressure on Israel was through US Sadat needed peace because of disastrous state of his economy Went to Israel, addressed Knesset in 1977 to explore peace options between Egypt and Israel Menachan Begin reciprocated Sadats visit-> went to Egypt in 1977 President Jimmy Carter (USA) acted as a middle man between Sadat and Begin Camp David produced two agreements, signed 1979 o A framework for peace in the Middle East dealt with the West Bank and Gaza, 5yr autonomy period with Palestinian and Jordanian representatives to negotiate terms followed with talks on final status of territories, Palestinians did not become involved for more than a decade o A framework for the conclusion of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel provided for Israel to withdraw from Sinai, presence of

international observer force in Sinai, normalisation of relations between Egypt and Israel, all achieved by 1982 Israel-> major success as most powerful Arab country no longer a threat Arab world-> treaty denounced, Sadat= traitor, was assassinated October 1981 by extremist Islamic group

Causes of the events leading to the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and the course of the war Causes Lebanon had a problem maintaining a balance between Muslims and Christians -> this was further complicated due to the presence of 320 000 Palestinians who had fled there after 1984-49 war and PLO expelled from Jordan PLO expelled from Jordan 1970-> fled to southern Lebanon and converted some refugee camps into military training and equipment centres. PLO was supported by Syria, Iraq and Iran. From these bases guerrilla attacks were carried out against Israel-> Israel reprisals bought suffering to Palestinians and Lebanese These terrorist attacks launched from fatehland = southern Lebanon led to Israeli invasion of Lebanon Israeli invasion June 1982-85 Aim: was to drive the PLO out of the country PLO fled to Tunisia, and Palestinian fighters dispersed around Arab world Israel had superior military strength-> gained control of southern Lebanon (had Christian Lebanese allies) this became a security zone when they withdrew in 1985 Results for Israel was USA support seriously challenged/ threatened Israel politically and morally weakened/ world opinion turned against them due to actions 1. Invasion based on flimsy excuse 2. Israel allowed Lebanese Christian militia people to enter refugee camps where they massacred Palestinians-> Israeli forces blamed for not preventing these actions

Reasons and consequences of Jewish migration to Israel and Jewish settlements in Jerusalem and the West Bank Jewish migration European Jews: after WWII 100 000 displaced persons made their way to Israel, had to live in transit camps for many years, were well educated Arabic Jews: creation of Israel, Jews in nearby Arab states joined right of return by 1957 500 000 had arrived from Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Yemen. Outnumbered European Jews-> division and tension between the groups Russian Jews: 1970s immigration increased, allowed to settle in Occupied territories or acquire more land. Collapse of USSR (1990-91) -> 300 000+ immigrants arrived 5%pop Ethiopian Jews: thought to have faith for 1000years. 1982-92 45 000 immigrated to Israel-> created ethnic tension Settlements Allon Plan -> Israeli settlements only in small populated Arab areas, land for peace (Labour) 1977 Likud govt -> supported settlements on Occupied Territories because Israel now national home i.e. would not leave Settlers generally extreme Zionists unsympathetic. Mixing led to violence and tension Jerusalem Jews feared safety after emergence of PLO and violence.