FOURTH GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
What is 4G (FOURTH GENERATION) TECHNOLOGY? The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGICMobile multimedia, Anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless solution, and Customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks. This report presents an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and integration of mobile communication. The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one wordintegration. The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands. The continuous expansion of mobile communication and wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile subscriber, wireless network access, mobile services, and applications. An estimate of 3.2 billion users by the end of 2008 justifies the study and research for 4G systems.

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CHAPTER 2 HISTORY
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to fourth generation are discussed in this section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile telephone technologies. This process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems. Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the 1980s. The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit-switched data communication services at a low speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), mainly in Europe; TDMA (time division multiple access) (IS-54/IS-136) in the U.S.; PDC (personal digital cellular) in Japan; and CDMA (code division multiple access) (IS-95), another U.S. system. These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today's mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is very limited. During the 1990s, two organizations worked to define the next, or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate previous incompatibilities and become a truly global system. The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband data capabilities, upto 2 Mbps. Unfortunately, the two groups could not reconcile their differences, and this decade will see the introduction of two mobile standards for 3G. In addition, China is on the verge of implementing a third 3G system. An interim step is being taken between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, upto 384 kbps. A very

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important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (personal digital assistant), or laptop. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia communication in today's society, which greatly depends on computer communication in digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical indication of a generation revolution occurring once a decade, the present appears to be the right time to begin the research on a 4G mobile communication system. First Generation (1G): 1G wireless mobile communication systems, was introduced in the early 1980s. 1G wireless was analog and supported the first generation of analog cell phones. They include a signaling protocol known as SS7 (Signaling System 7). Speed upto 1.9kbps. Second Generation (2G): 2G systems, fielded in the late 1980s, were intended primarily for voice transmission and was all about digital PCS. Speed upto 14.4kbps. Third Generation (3G): 3G systems, fielded in the late 1999. 3G in wireless will be a deliberate migration to faster, data-centric wireless networks. The immediate goal is to raise transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2M bit/sec. Fourth Generation (4G): 4G design began in 2000. 4G is a conceptual framework for or a discussion point to address future needs of a universal high speed wireless network that will interface with wire-line backbone network seamlessly. Speed upto 200Mbps.

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FOURTH GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

History of Mobile communication:

Technology Design Began Implementation Service

1G 1970 1984 Analog voice, synchronous data to 9.6 kbps

2G 1980 1991 Digital voice, short messages

2.5G 1985 1999 Higher capacity, packetized data

3G 1990 2002 Higher capacity, broadband data up to 2 Mbps

4G 2000 2010 Higher capacity, completely IP-oriented, multimedia, data to hundreds of megabits Single standard

Standards

AMPS, TACS, NMT, etc 1.9kbps FDMA PSTN

Data Bandwidth Multiplexing Core Network

TDMA, CDMA, GSM, PDC 14.4kbps TDMA, CDMA PSTN

GPRS, EDGE, 1xRTT 384kbps TDMA, CDMA PSTN, packet network

WCDMA, CDMA2000

2Mbps CDMA packet network

200Mbps CDMA Internet

TABLE NO: 1

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CHAPTER 3

MOTIVATION
Some of the requirements that lead for development of 4G are
etc. Wider Bandwidth, Higher Bit Rates. Global mobility and service portability difficult due to different standards hampering. Primarily Cellular (WAN) with distinct LANs; need a new integrated network. Apply recent advances with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes. Need all digital networks to fully utilize IP and converged video and data. Low cost. Scalability of Mobile Networks as shown in figure 1. Support for Interactive Multimedia Services: Teleconferencing, Wireless Internet

Figure No: 1 Value for Next Generation 4G:

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CHAPTER 4

FEATURES OF 4G
The 4G mobile networks could be systems: Horizontal communications between different access technology including cellular, cordless, WLAN, short-range connectivity, and wired.A common platform to complement other services connection through a common, flexible, seamless ,IP-based core network. Advanced media access technology that connects the core network to different access technologies. Global roaming and interworking between different access technologies; both horizontal (intrasystem) and vertical (intersystem) handover as shown in Seamless service negotiation including mobility, security and QoS. Among the most critical technical features of 4G we highlight here the ubiquitous and seamless provision of services and the support of high data rates in moderate to high mobility radio environments. The integration of eclectic wireless networks needs to be figure 4.

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FOURTH GENERATION TECHNOLOGY

done at the IP. Networking layer, where IP plays the fundamental role of uniting cohesively the networks. Both access and core network exploit the IP paradigm as shown in figure 3. In addition, it is commonly agreed that modulation and multiple access schemes in 4G will be based on multicarrier techniques. OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and its multiuser extension OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) are the principal candidate techniques, usually combined with other access techniques, typically CDMA and TDMA, to allow, among others, more flexibility in multi-user scenarios as shown in figure 2. Fortunately, and despite of the several open issues reigning in the 4G domain, several important features have been widely recognized and accepted. We summarize the main 4G features in Table 2 .

Features of 4G:
Specifications Data transfer capability Networking 100 Mbps (wide coverage) 1 Gbps (local area) All-IP network (access and core networks) Plug & Access network architecture An equal-opportunity network of networks Found everywhere Mobile Seamless and Continuous 10-fold that of 3G. Connection delay < 500 ms Transmission delay < 50 ms Cost per bit: 1/10-1/100 lower than that of 3G Infrastructure cost: 1/10 lower than that of 3G Person-to-person Person-to-machine Machine-to-machine Features Features

Connectivity

Network capacity Latency Cost Connected Entities Specifications

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4G Keywords

Heterogeneity of networks, terminals and services Convergence of networks, terminals and services Harmonious wireless ecosystem

Table No. 2

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4G Network Architecture:

Figure No: 2

Physical Layers in 4G:

Figure No: 3

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Layered structure for 4G:

Figure No: 4

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CHAPTER 5

4G TRANSMISSION PROTOCOLS
OFDMA: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is a digital modulation technology in which in one time symbol waveform, thousands of orthogonal waves are multiplexed. This is good for high bandwidth digital data transition. W-OFDM: W-OFDM enables data to be encoded on multiple high-speed radio frequencies concurrently. This allows for greater security, increased amounts of data being sent, and the industries most efficient use of bandwidth. W-OFDM enables the implementation of low power multipoint RF networks that minimize interference with adjacent networks. This enables independent channels to operate within the same band allowing multipoint networks and point-to-point backbone systems to be overlaid in the same frequency band. MC-CDMA: MC-CDMA is actually OFDM with a CDMA overlay. Similar to single-carrier CDMA systems, the users are multiplexed with orthogonal codes to distinguish users in (multi-carrier) MC-CDMA. However in MC-CDMA, each users can be allocated several codes, where the data is spread in time or frequency. LAS-CDMA: link Air Communications is developer of LAS-CDMA(Large Area Synchronized Code Division Multiple Access) a patented 4G wireless technology. LASCDMA enables high-speed data and increases voice capacity and latest innovative solution, CDD, merges the highly spectral efficient LAS-CDMA technology with the superior data transmission characteristics of TDD. This resulting combination makes CDD the most spectrally efficient, high-capacity duplexing system available today.

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COMPARISION BETWEEN 3G AND 4G

ATTRIBUTE Major Characteristics Network Architecture 3G Predominantly Voice Data Wide Area Cell Based 4G Converged Data and VoIP Hybrid-Integration of Wireless Lan (WiFi),Bluetooth, Wide Area 2-8 GHz Smart antennas, SW multiBand, wide band Radios 100+MHz 20-100Mbps MC-CDMA or OFDM Concatenated Coding Packet 200 kmph All IP(IP v6.0) ~2010

Frequency Band Component Design Bandwidth Data Rate Access Forward Error Correction Switching Mobile Top Speed IP Operational

1.6-2.5 GHz Optimized Antenna, Multiband Adapters 5-20 MHz 385 Kbps-2Mbps WCDMA/CDMA2000 Convolution Code 1/2,1/3; turbo Circuit/Packet 200 kmph Multiple Versions ~2003

POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF 4G
Some of the applications of 4G are Virtual Presence: 4G system gives mobile users a "virtual presence" --for example, always-on connections to keep people on event. Virtual navigation: A remote database contains the graphical representation of streets, buildings, and physical characteristics of a large metropolis. Blocks of this database are transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle.

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Tele-medicine. 4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. Tele-geoprocessing. Queries dependent on location information of several users, in addition to temporal aspects have many applications.

Crisis-management applications. Education-such as video conferencing.

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CHAPTER 6

FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS OF 4G
Some of the future enhancements required for 4G are Lower price points only slightly higher than alternatives More good coordination among spectrum regulators around the world More academic research Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulation, techniques, switching schemes and roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G A Voice-independent business justification thinking Integration across different network topologies Non-disruptive implementation:4G must allow us to move from 3G to 4G

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CHAPTER 7

LIMITATIONS TO 4G
Although the concept of 4G communications shows much promise, there are still limitations that must be addressed. One major limitation is operating area. Although 2G networks are becoming more ubiquitous, there are still many areas not served. Rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan areas are not being served well by existing wireless networks. This limitation of todays networks will carry over into future generations of wireless systems. The hype that is being created by 3G networks is giving the general public unrealistic expectations of always on, always available, anywhere, anytime communications. The public must realize that although high-speed data communications will be delivered, it will not be equivalent to the wired Internet at least not at first. If measures are not taken now to correct perception issues, when 3G and later 4G services are deployed, there may be a great deal of disappointment associated with the deployment of the technology, and perceptions could become negative. If this were to happen, neither 3G nor 4G may realize its full potential. Another limitation is cost. The equipment required to implement a next generation network is still very expensive. Carriers and providers have to plan carefully to make sure that expenses are kept realistic. One technique currently being implemented in Asian networks is a Pay-Per-Use model of services. This model will be difficult to implement in the United States, where the public is used to a service-for-free model (e.g., the Internet).

11.4G MARKETS

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The primary 4G technologies of the future are expected to be Long Term Evolution (LTE), Ultra WiMAX, the market research firm says. Research finds that 4G technologies will be OFDMA based and will support 100 megabits per second for wide-area mobile applications. In addition, 4G technology roll-outs will most likely start between 2010 and 2012 mobile operators will deploy 4G slowly at first, and rely on their EV-DO or HSPA networks to provide for more ubiquitous coverage. Mobile WiMAX is likely to have the most success among new market entrants looking to enter the market in the near. Mobile Broadband (UMB), and IEEE 802.16m term, such as landline operators seeking to include mobility in their service bundles. The worldwide broadband subscriber base has increased to nearly 250 million and the continued increase in broadband penetration will be an extremely important driver, as it is a vital requirement to enhance end-user experience

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CONCLUSIONS
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. 4G seems to be very promising generation of wireless communication that will change the peoples life in the wireless world. 4G is expected to be launched by 2010 and the world is looking forward for the most intelligent technology that would connect the entire globe.

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ABBREVIATIONS
1xRTT AMPS CDMA EDGE FDMA GPRS GSM NMT PDC PSTN TACS TDMA WCDMA = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps Advanced Mobile Phone Service Code Division Multiple Access Enhanced Data for Global Evolution Frequency Division Multiple Access General Packet Radio System Global System for Mobile Nordic Mobile Telephone Personal Digital Cellular Public Switched Telephone Network Total Access Communications System Time Division Multiple Access Wideband CDMA

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. B. G. Evans and K. Baughan, "Visions of 4G," Electronics and Communication Engineering Journal, Dec. 2002. 2. H. Huomo, Nokia, "Fourth Generation Mobile," presented at ACTS Mobile Summit99, Sorrento, Italy, June1999. 3. J. M. Pereira, "Fourth Generation: Now, It Is Personal," Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, London, UK, September 2000.

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