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the
anarchist
communes; they
launched
against By JuIy
and a counter-revolutionary.
was driving
wards Moscow, and Makhno was stiIl Ukraine. His retreat continued
retreating August in
westwards a series to
through
c o n c l - u si v e
insurgents.
fn
late
September which
Makhnots in
column the
reached of the
Umant
in
northwest of the
Uk-
hands to
remnants
Direc-
Handing
the
a pitched through to
routing
breaking
the
from
Umanf to
began to
rear.
Makhno,
that First,
forces
were
oefeated
artilfery cities
Berdiansk. in his
Last, rear .
on the
momentum. The Red Army held counter-attacked, up in the and eventually Crimea.
end of
L9L9 , bottled
Denikin
I n D e c e m b e r 1 9i 9 still operating to
ordered
Army,
by a typhus that if he
epidemic,
the
Po1ish
Makhno, weII
aware
L2
economic the
demands or
on
them
would
have
been
identical
to
those
of
Russians
the
Germans.
role his
crucial the
on one or on the It
balance
possibly,
revolution.
integrity
prevented
pogroms, that
who led it
a peasant
after
was not
atrocities
of conspicuous
brutality
of
two in
trends, influence
both in
resentf
u1
of
decline
a modernised with
The strata of
anarchists peasantry, or
capable
constructive Together
solidarity a rear-guard
treme
pressure.
fought
which
they
perhaps rather
everything.
reafi-
was the
determinant
The third
element, of
was the
extraordinary his
and unstable
personality
leadership
contradictions were
between makit'rg,
Bolsheviks
58
two-thirds tile
of
the
Ukraine, areas.
making
it
one of
the
worl-d' s most
f er-
grain-producing
fn the
typical
settlement
pattern the
steppes to
Guliai-
PoIe had grown by the over 30'000 people. cobbled streets built banks, ft
end of
century in
length,
and brick
bourgeoisie
a post
office, the
station,
vol,ost,
flour-mills,
factory
ribbon
development
of
industrialisation
had created
a small
prolel-and. in the
workers
on the
Others
factories
or foundries , or in the homes of servants. 1 Jews, Great Russians, area, but the peasants
the mid-
and German
were overwhelmingly
1. Anatol' Hak (pseud. ), vid Hul-iai-Polia do N'iu-rorku (Neu ulm, Ig73), p.2I; victor Peters, Nestor l|akhno (winnipeg , , p.16-1g; BSE 2nd d., s.v. [Ig7o]) "GuIiai-PoIe". Peters' chapter on Makhno's early life was substantially based on information provided by Hak (rvan Antypenko), an emigre native of GuriaiPole who subsequencly pubJ-ished his memoirs.
62