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Presentation Overview
1. 2. 3. 4. General Concepts & Field Layout Riser System Types Overview of Fundamentals of Riser Engineering Riser Design Considerations
Key Messages
Dry tree vs wet tree: Tensioned vs Compliant yp Riser Types
TTRs, Flexibles, SCRs, Hybrids
Riser Fundamentals
Large displacement, effective tension, equations of motion, time vs frequency domain
ENVIRONMENTAL
PRODUCTION SCHEME
CONDITIONS
FIELD LAYOUT
SURFACE UNIT
RISER SYSTEM
Preliminaries:
( (Christmas) Tree ~ manifold type structure ) yp
Point at which reservoir fluid is controlled Head of the well
FPSO Semi
Deep d ft D draft
Mini TLP
SCRs
7 Initial - 9 Future
Umbilicals
STU
Deepest TLP
Deepest Spar
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Dry Tree
Single or Dual Casing Riser
(from Seabed to Surface)
Wet Tree
No need (below wellhead = below seabed)
How many cans/tensioners required to support the risers? Tapered sections (reinforcements at seabed and vessel interfaces)
EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics
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Flexible Risers
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PLIANT WAVE
STEEP S
LAZY S
Design Considerations
Polyurethane fatigue and creep
Non-linear material properties
Steep Wave
Manufacturing tolerances
13
Buoyancy Devices
Types
Distributed lazy wave and steep wave configurations
Configuration achieved by buoyancy modules Manufacturers include Trelleborg CRP Ltd Flotech Emerson Cuming
Distributed Buoyancy
Distributed
Steep-wave Lazy Lazy-wave Lazy wave Wave Pliant wave Floatation attached to result in desired riser configuration Buoyancy Supplied by discrete modules Clamps required for buoyancy module to make connection to pipe
Steep Wave Pliant Wave
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Distributed Buoyancy
Design considerations
Usually syntactic foam Net buoyancy requirement
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Review of design requirements for system with lost modules - currently 10% in API RP 17B Guidance on module spacing
Concentrated Buoyancy
Concentrated buoyancy
Steep-S yS Lazy-S
Steep-S Lazy-S
Design considerations
Usually pressurized steel tanks Buoyancy requirement
ensure taut in all internal fluid conditions
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Subsea Arch
Subsea Arch
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18
19
Seabed Connection
FPSO
Bend Stiffener 50 m
Buoyancy Tank (5.0m dia x 25-30m long)
Flexible Jumper
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Beam Stresses
y x z
Vy =
dMz dx
Euler-Bernoulli B E l B lli Beam: Axial stresses much larger than shear stresses
T = dA
M z = y dA
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Effective Tension
Global Effects
Derive effective tension from apparent weight Additional hydrodynamic and mechanical loads add to effective tension Buckling is a function of effective compression (negative effective tension); not true wall compression
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Md + Cd + Kd = F + Kd
~ ~ ~ ~
~ rb
= R
~
Mathematically, system of 2nd order linear differential equations Equations are nonlinear as mass and stiffness matrices are functions of displacement. Nonlinear stiffness includes terms that are a function of stress (effective tension) Rigid body terms accounts for large displacement and rotation
Solve in Time Domain or Frequency Domain
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M dt + C dt + K dt = Ft
~ ~ ~ ~
Static:
Note:
K dc = Fc + K drb
~ ~ ~
M, C and K assumed time-invariant Cannot apply where geometric nonlinearity C t l h ti li it significant in dynamic Note capacity for linearised dynamic about nonlinear static
e i t : d t = d 0 e i t : F 0 , d 0
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Complex
d t = i d 0 e i t : d t = 2 d 0 e i t
Substitute into dynamic equation
( 2 M + i C + K )d 0 e i t = F 0 e i t
~ ~
d0
~
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S ( )
n d
, radians/second
(t ) =
a
i =1
cos( k n y n t + i )
Frequency Domain
Solve equations of motion once for each wave spectrum harmonic (50 harmonics) Generate response spectrum directly Calculate fatigue life from properties of response spectrum
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Fatigue Calculations
Hs (m) From 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 To 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 From Tp (s) To Mean 0.0024 0.0024 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0 2 1 0.1533 0.1389 0.0140 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2 4 3 2.1821 0.4586 1.5456 0.1732 0.0048 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4 6 5 10.9055 1.1013 4.9933 3.9070 0.8611 0.0376 0.0051 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 6 8 7 29.4055 1.7016 12.2997 8.5255 4.8037 1.6510 0.3539 0.0657 0.0044 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 8 10 9 32.5839 0.5055 8.7117 11.1960 6.5943 3.0600 1.5647 0.6708 0.2492 0.0318 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 10 12 11 Totals 14.5441 0.0934 1.6113 4.1127 3.4991 2.4005 1.3607 0.7023 0.4908 0.2187 0.0489 0.0055 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 12 14 13 7.4283 0.0000 0.3840 0.9179 1.9210 1.5853 1.1369 0.6509 0.2940 0.2361 0.1817 0.0825 0.0284 0.0078 0.0016 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 14 16 15 2.2937 0.0092 0.0958 0.1215 0.3316 0.5127 0.4860 0.3919 0.0982 0.0910 0.0554 0.0421 0.0284 0.0165 0.0081 0.0034 0.0013 0.0004 0.0001 16 18 Damage 17 0.3821 0.0000 0.0151 0.0270 0.0441 0.0376 0.0192 0.0575 0.1109 0.0394 0.0082 0.0072 0.0055 0.0041
1.00E-05
0.1017 0.0000 0.0048 0.0000 0.0541 0.0072 0.0096 0.0014 0.0202 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 20 22 21
0.0173 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0075 0.0000 0.0096 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 22 24 23
100 4.01104488 29.6752296 28.9811682 18.12123 9.29179766 4.94570048 2.54044251 1.26765446 0.61774198 0.2950103 0.13792245 0.06342379 0.0289774 0.01292296 0.00572224 0.00249835 0.00107121 0.00044149 From To Mean
-6.00E+00--5.00E+00 -7.00E+00--6.00E+00 -8.00E+00--7.00E+00
Full-3D Bending
1.00E-06
1.00E-07
2.35m-10.62s-180
1.91m-11.19s-180
3.52m-12.31s-180
2.17m-10.30s-180
1.75m-9.61s-180
1.68m-10.62s-225
1.65m-9.75s-225
Frequency Domain - Solve for each seastate - Fatigue damage from spectrum of response
2.16m-10.83s-225
2.39m-10.19s-225
3.56m-11.90s-225
0.01
CurvatureStandardDeviation (1/m)
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 LoadcaseNo
2.62m-11.79s-225
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CurvatureStandardDeviation (1/m)
0.0035
0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0 620 621 622 623 624 Distancealongriser(m) 625 626 627 628
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Mean
LF (sig/max)
HF (sig/max) HF (peak)
Vessel Excursion
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Static Excursion
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Compiled from: Model tests Radiation/diffraction programs Generally imposed in riser design as motion RAOs (6 DOFs)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
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28
Phase Ph Lag
Phase Lead
Heave
Surge
Pitch
Compiled from:
Model Tests Radiation/Diffraction analysis
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Lower bending to riser porches Larger configurations limits HT elastomer performance challenges More expensive than stress joints
Stress Joints
Current limit: 10 ID, approx 65 ft long (depends on machining and transportation capability) R Required l i d length i l th is long f hi h motion for high ti vessels High bending applied to riser porch
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Bend Stiffener
Steep Wave
Animation A i ti
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Heave & pitch induced heave dominated. dominated TLP/Spar Vessel: small heave implies riser compression generally not an issue
Hangoff 50m Forward of COM Hangoff 100m Forward of COM Hangoff 150m Forward of COM Hangoff 200m Forward of COM
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
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0.5
0 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
-0.5
-1
Time (s)
Cd . .Ddrag
02.10.02002
Gravitational Force Fd = m.g
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4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00 4.5" Water Injeciton Near 6" Production Near 4.5" Water Injection Far 6" Production Far
0.50
4.00
3.50
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00 4.5 4.5" Water Injection Near 6" Production Near 4.5" Water Injection Far 6" Production Far 0.00 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Minimum Effective Tension (kN) 0.50
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Alternative Configurations
Free-Hanging Configuration S Configuration Wave Configuration
Lazy
Wave
Lazy-S
Lazy Wave
Steep
Pliant Wave (Tethered) Steep-S Steep Wave
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Water Depth ( m )
1500
1000
500
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Design Pressure vs ID
P x ID = 90 000
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Friction-induced stress
Nonlinear hysteretic response The main hurdle to globally integrated stress analysis
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11t n 22,diff = 0
11t t + 32,tot = 0
Method of Solution
Incremental curvature determines incremental non-slip axial stress I t l t d t i i t l li i l t Incremental non-slip axial stress determines incremental tangential shear, normal interface and tranverse shear stresses Check Coulomb law and gradually relax stresses while retaining equilibrium Wire curvatures from loxidromic / geodesic equations EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics
Friction-Induced Stress
MCS Structural Model for Friction Regular Loading
Pipe Bending Curvature 1.5E-02 Curvature (rad/ /m) 1.0E-02 5.0E-03 0.0E+00 -5.0E-03 -1.0E-02 -1.5E-02 0 5 10 15 Time 20 25 30 Stress (MPa) ) 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0 5 10 15 Time 20 25 30 Wire Stress
Hysteresis Loop 80 60 Stress (MPa a) 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -1.5E-02 -1.0E-02 -5.0E-03 0.0E+00 5.0E-03 1.0E-02 1.5E-02
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Friction-Induced Stress
MCS Structural Model for Friction Irregular Loading
Pipe Bending Curvature 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0 01 0.005 0 -0.005 -0.01 -0.015 -0.02 -0.025 0 10 20 30 Time (s) 40 50 60
100 80 60 Stress (MPa) ) 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0 10 20 30 Time 40 50 60 Wire Stress
Hysteresis Loop 100 80 60 Stress (MPa) ) 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02
1.65E+06 1 65E+06
0.006
Tension (N)
1.45E+06 1 45E 06
-0.004
-0.006
Tension
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750E+06
700E+06
Stress (Pa)
650E+06
600E+06
550E+06
500E+06
0deg
45deg
90deg
135deg
180deg
225deg
270deg
315deg
Outer Sheath
Hole, Tear, Rupture, Crack Ingress of Sea Water
ROV installation of riser repair clamp. Outer sheath was damaged during riser deployment
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44
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Example Systems
Typical for many GOM SCRs Favourable performance with TLPs Spar low motions favour SCRs
Animation
Fundamental Stages:
Design
Assumptions
Design Basis i) WD ii) SCR Diameter ) iii) Fluids iv) Waves v) Currents vi) Soil vii) TLP Motions
Strength (Pipe & FJ) WF Fatigue VIV Fatigue Installation Analysis Interference CP D i Design Fracture Mechanics
Installation
F/J Delivery & End Match Fatigue Testing Welding & Spooling
Operation
Installation
Installation Fatigue
Operations
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FlexJoints
Combination of steel and elastomer layers Flexjoint connected to hull via riser porch Bellows may be required Spool connects flexjoint to hull piping Reduces bending moment at the riser vessel hang-off
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(Courtesy of CRP)
1. 1 2.
Strakes
Typically polyurethane, fibreglass or plastic Typically fibreglass or plastic
Fairings
250
500
750
1000
1250 0
1500
1750
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
20-inch Gas Export 15 deg HO 10-inch Production 14 deg HO 8-inch Production 12 deg HO
30
35
15
20
25
Touchdown
Hang-Off
5 0 10 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000
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100,000,000 , ,
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
Dirliks Rayleigh
10,000
1,000
Seabed Touchdown
100 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 Distance from Top of SCR (ft)
SCR Touchdown Fatigue Behaviour at SCR p ) y touchdown point ( (TDP) key design driver
Fatigue
50
3. Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion protection/inhibition within SCR.
51
2. 2
3.
4.
5.
52
7.
8.
9.
53
Courtesy Technip
54
Methodology of Investigation
Perform slugging analysis with multiphase transient flow assurance software Link flow assurance output with riser dynamics software and compute response
Key Findings
Slugging can have significant fatigue damage and depends of type of slugging and inclination of flowline into riser
EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics
Drag-to-weight Ratio
Drag is a destabilising horizontal force and is proportional to riser diameter Weight (in water) is a vertically downward stabilising force Drag-to-weight (DTW) ratio is a measure of hydrodynamic stability Riser values vary from 2m2/tonf to 8 m2/tonf
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Riser Slugging:
Impact of riser shape on slugging Impact of riser slugging on riser fatigue
Slugging Characterisation
WADO - Slugging Example - PPL Data 10" Flowline, Downslope, 20000 BPD, 90% Water Cut, 150 Sm3/Sm3 Slug Length Profiles (4x)
800
1.00 hours 1.25 hours 1.50 hours 1.75 hours 2.00 hours 2.25 hours 2.50 hours
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 28000
Distance (feet)
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WADO - SCR Touchdown Point Fatigue Enhancements 10" Catenary Riser Profile
0 TOPSIDES -250 -500 -750 -1000 -1250 -1500 -1750 -2000 -2250 -2500 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 RISER_2C RISER_2 RISER_3 RISER_3 RISER_3 RISER_3 RISER_1C RISER_1A RISER_1D RISER_1B
Riser section identification Force terms computed from fluid pressure and density changes, changes centripetal and coriolis forces due to slug / riser motions
RISER_2D RISER_2B
Uncoupled
RAOs, offsets, sinusoidal drift Full vessel time history (Spar generally) Prescribed Motions
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J-Lay
Reel Lay
Steel Riser and Flowline S-lay Installation moderately deep water, modified stinger for used up to
very deep water limit is curvature induced at stinger
J-lay
deep to ultra-deep water riser installation, typically expensive option
Reel-lay
Faster than J-Lay with more controlled shop (2G - horiz) instead of offshore (5G) welding More complex weld testing and fracture mechanics Large diameter may imply high reeling strains max strain and low cycle fatigue challenges Requires nearby spool base to be economical (WoA challenge)
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Steel Flowlines and SCRs Often lowest procurement cost in deepwater Deepwater pipelay vessel : J-Lay or reeled lay typical for deepwater applications, S-Lay for shallow-moderate depth Riser Towers Typically most expensive riser installation option B dl i t ll ti t i ll b t Bundle installation typically by tow-out t SLHR installation may be pipelay vessel or MODU installation
Vessel V l
Balder Deep Blue Hercules S-7000 Solitaire
Lay Type L T
J R, J S, R J S
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Installation Cost Mobilization Prefabrication (onboard or at spool base) Offshore Installation = f (vessel, inst. method) Lifting and handing over to receptacle Tie-in & hydrotest Demobilization Miscellaneous
Engineering, Inspection, Contingency
Issues Considered
Riser Types
TTRs, Flexibles, SCRs, Hybrids
Riser F d Fundamentals Ri t l
Tension / Bending, Effective Tension Large displacements Time Domain vs Frequency Domain
Extreme vs Fatigue
Vessel motions
Touchdown buckling
Thermal considerations Th l id ti Riser Design and Flow Assurance Drag-to-Weight Ratio Installation
EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics
60
Key Messages
Dry tree vs wet tree: Tensioned vs Compliant yp Riser Types
TTRs, Flexibles, SCRs, Hybrids
Riser Fundamentals
Large displacement, effective tension, equations of motion, time vs frequency domain
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