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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Overview of Riser Engineering


Dr Patrick OBrien
Honorary Professor of Engineering, University of Aberdeen & Group Director, MCS Kenny

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Presentation Overview
1. 2. 3. 4. General Concepts & Field Layout Riser System Types Overview of Fundamentals of Riser Engineering Riser Design Considerations

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Key Messages
Dry tree vs wet tree: Tensioned vs Compliant yp Riser Types
TTRs, Flexibles, SCRs, Hybrids

Riser Fundamentals
Large displacement, effective tension, equations of motion, time vs frequency domain

Riser Design Considerations


Vessel motions Touchdown response and buckling Flexible pipe design issues and failure modes SCR design issues: touchdown and top connection flex/stress joint Internal flow regime and insulation Cross-section impact on global motions Coupled vessel-mooring-riser response EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

1. General Concepts & Field Layout 1 G lC t Fi ld L t


Dry Tree vs Wet Tree Tensioned vs Compliant

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Riser System Selection


RESERVOIR CONDITIONS

ENVIRONMENTAL
PRODUCTION SCHEME

CONDITIONS

FIELD LAYOUT

SURFACE UNIT

RISER SYSTEM

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

System Architecture: Girassol Subsea

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Boomvang Nansen Fields

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Two Main Riser Types


Dry Tree riser Wet Tree riser

Preliminaries:
( (Christmas) Tree ~ manifold type structure ) yp
Point at which reservoir fluid is controlled Head of the well

Tree at seabed ~ Wet Tree Tree at sea surface ~ Dry Tree


EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Feasibility of Dry or Wet Tree...


A riser should be vertical below wellhead (or Tree) Tree)
to allow equipment to be transmitted through the well

If Dry tree riser...


Riser must be vertical (from surface to seabed) Cannot be connected directly to moving vessel

If Wet tree riser...


No need to be vertical (from surface to seabed) Can connect directly to vessel (Slack in Riser)
EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Dry vs Wet Tree Fundamentals


How to cope with motions of vessel (Dry)
pp y y y y Riser Supported Vertically by buoyancy cans Riser connected to vessel by Tensioners
Tensioners (like springs) extend and compress

Riser top response decoupled from vessel motions


Vessel Heaves, riser doesnt

How to cope with motions of vessel (Wet) ( )


Riser connected directly to vessel Enough slack/compliancy built into riser
e.g. use of Wave shape configuration

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Offshore Production Facility Types

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Floating Production Vessel Types

FPSO Semi
Deep d ft D draft

Mini TLP

SPAR EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Independence Hub Semi

Worlds deepest risers2,438m

SCRs
7 Initial - 9 Future

Umbilicals
STU

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Technology Limits: Water Depth


Deepest Semisubmersible

( (Independence Hub approx 2,440m) p pp ) (Nakika 1,920m)

Deepest TLP

(Magnolia approx 1,433m)

Deepest Spar

(Devils Tower approx 1,707m)

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

2. Riser System Types 2 Ri S t T


Top Tensioned Risers (TTRs) Flexible Risers Steel Catenary Risers (SCRs) Hybrid Steel-Flexible Risers Steel Flexible

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

SPAR Top Tensioned Risers

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

SPAR Risers - Detail

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Riser Top Tensioners (TLP)

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Individual Riser Tensioners

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Top Tension Riser Design

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Dry vs Wet Tree Design


Must have dual independent barrier between uncontrolled reservoir fluid and environment
I.e. below wellhead
13 3/8 Outer Casing

Dry Tree
Single or Dual Casing Riser
(from Seabed to Surface)

Outer Annulus 9 5/8 Inner Casing Inner Annulus 5 Production Tubing

Wet Tree
No need (below wellhead = below seabed)

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

TTR Riser Design Issues What is the wall thickness of casings?


Withstand stresses (hoop, axial, bending ) (hoop axial bending,..) Extreme, fatigue, VIV loading

How many cans/tensioners required to support the risers? Tapered sections (reinforcements at seabed and vessel interfaces)
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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Flexible Risers

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Flexible Pipe Cross Section

Example : Rough-bore Pipe (with Carcass) Carcass (Stainless Steel)


External Pressure Resistance
Carcass Profile:

Internal Sheath (Polymer)


Internal Fluid Containment Barrier

Pressure Armor (Carbon Steel)


Hoop Load Resistance
Armor Profile:

Tensile Armor (Carbon Steel)


Tensile Load Resistance

External Sheath (Polymer)


External Fluid Barrier EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Flexible Riser Configurations


FREE HANGING LAZY WAVE STEEP WAVE

PLIANT WAVE

STEEP S

LAZY S

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Bend Stiffeners Function


Prevents over-bending Provides moment transition between flexible and rigid end connection
Bend Stiffener

Design Considerations
Polyurethane fatigue and creep
Non-linear material properties

Steep Wave

Steel collar for load transfer Interface arrangement


e.g. I-tubes, porch,

Manufacturing tolerances

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Buoyancy Devices
Types
Distributed lazy wave and steep wave configurations
Configuration achieved by buoyancy modules Manufacturers include Trelleborg CRP Ltd Flotech Emerson Cuming

Concentrated lazy S and steep S configurations


Configuration achieved by tether buoy g y y Manufacturers include Trelleborg CRP Ltd

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Distributed Buoyancy
Distributed
Steep-wave Lazy Lazy-wave Lazy wave Wave Pliant wave Floatation attached to result in desired riser configuration Buoyancy Supplied by discrete modules Clamps required for buoyancy module to make connection to pipe
Steep Wave Pliant Wave

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Distributed Buoyancy

Design considerations
Usually syntactic foam Net buoyancy requirement

output from configuration design


Clamping g

Module slippage can alter configuration


Gradual loss of buoyancy over time Clashing

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Distributed Buoyancy Buoyancy Module


2 half shells Held in place by clamp Half shells strapped together over clamp Profiled to avoid overbending of riser

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Distributed Buoyancy Issues


Numerical modeling of modules discrete or smeared g parameters that reduce Accounting for p buoyancy:
Water absorption Initial elastic compression Creep Marine growth Manufacturing tolerances
Courtesy of Trelleborg CRP Ltd.

Review of design requirements for system with lost modules - currently 10% in API RP 17B Guidance on module spacing

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Concentrated Buoyancy
Concentrated buoyancy
Steep-S yS Lazy-S
Steep-S Lazy-S

Design considerations
Usually pressurized steel tanks Buoyancy requirement
ensure taut in all internal fluid conditions

Compartmentalized buoyancy tanks


Redundancy

Tether hold-down arrangement Gutter to prevent interference

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Subsea Arch

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Subsea Arch

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Subsea Arches - Key Issues


Redundancy for mid-water arches with buoyancy tanks in case of flooded tank/compartment fl d d t k/ t t
Depends on risk level i.e. production (oil) versus water service over midwater arch Too much redundancy can be prohibitive Tolerances Arch Sizing Installation issues g

Courtesy of Trelleborg CRP Ltd.

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Steel Catenary Risers

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Steel Catenary Risers

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Hybrid Riser Key Components


Flexible jumpers (dynamic bundles) Buoyancy tank (air cans)

Taper joint (or hinge connection)

Core pipe (tether)

Riser bundle (integral/non integral)

Flexjoint (taper joint) Spools (jumpers)

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Hybrid Riser Towers Tower Extremity Illustrations


Tower-Jumper Interface

Seabed Connection

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Single Leg Hybrid Risers

FPSO

Bend Stiffener 50 m
Buoyancy Tank (5.0m dia x 25-30m long)

Flexible Jumper

Single Pipe Riser

Riser Base Joint Suction Pile

Rigid Jumper Flowline

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

3. Overview of Fundamentals of 3 O i fF d t l f Riser Engineering

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Beam Stresses
y x z

Vy =

dMz dx

Euler-Bernoulli B E l B lli Beam: Axial stresses much larger than shear stresses

T = dA
M z = y dA

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Effective Tension
Global Effects
Derive effective tension from apparent weight Additional hydrodynamic and mechanical loads add to effective tension Buckling is a function of effective compression (negative effective tension); not true wall compression

Internal Cross-Section Effects


Work with true wall tension and compute true wall p stress Stress criteria developed from true wall tension and other stresses Von Mises derived from true wall tension
EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Riser Large Displacements

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Convected Axes Deformed Riser

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Final Matrix Equations of Motion

Md + Cd + Kd = F + Kd
~ ~ ~ ~

~ rb

= R
~

Mathematically, system of 2nd order linear differential equations Equations are nonlinear as mass and stiffness matrices are functions of displacement. Nonlinear stiffness includes terms that are a function of stress (effective tension) Rigid body terms accounts for large displacement and rotation
Solve in Time Domain or Frequency Domain

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Frequency Domain Method


Decompose into 2 equations: Dynamic:

M dt + C dt + K dt = Ft
~ ~ ~ ~

Static:
Note:

K dc = Fc + K drb
~ ~ ~

M, C and K assumed time-invariant Cannot apply where geometric nonlinearity C t l h ti li it significant in dynamic Note capacity for linearised dynamic about nonlinear static

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Frequency Domain Dynamics


Ft = F0
~ ~ ~

e i t : d t = d 0 e i t : F 0 , d 0
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Complex

d t = i d 0 e i t : d t = 2 d 0 e i t
Substitute into dynamic equation

( 2 M + i C + K )d 0 e i t = F 0 e i t
~ ~

Solve directly for

d0
~

Solve matrix equation once for single frequency


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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Wave Spectrum Discretisation Equal area discretisation


Area = S ( n )d = 1 2 a n 2

S ( )

n d

, radians/second

(t ) =

a
i =1

cos( k n y n t + i )

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Fatigue Calculations: Time Domain vs Frequency Domain


Spectrum discretised into finite number of harmonics Time Domain
Random wave synthesised by superposition with random phases Generate time-history of wave loading and vessel motions Run time domain analysis for 3 hour storm (54,000 timesteps) Statistical analysis of output timetraces to calculate fatigue damage

Frequency Domain
Solve equations of motion once for each wave spectrum harmonic (50 harmonics) Generate response spectrum directly Calculate fatigue life from properties of response spectrum

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Fatigue Calculations
Hs (m) From 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 To 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 From Tp (s) To Mean 0.0024 0.0024 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0 2 1 0.1533 0.1389 0.0140 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2 4 3 2.1821 0.4586 1.5456 0.1732 0.0048 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 4 6 5 10.9055 1.1013 4.9933 3.9070 0.8611 0.0376 0.0051 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 6 8 7 29.4055 1.7016 12.2997 8.5255 4.8037 1.6510 0.3539 0.0657 0.0044 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 8 10 9 32.5839 0.5055 8.7117 11.1960 6.5943 3.0600 1.5647 0.6708 0.2492 0.0318 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 10 12 11 Totals 14.5441 0.0934 1.6113 4.1127 3.4991 2.4005 1.3607 0.7023 0.4908 0.2187 0.0489 0.0055 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 12 14 13 7.4283 0.0000 0.3840 0.9179 1.9210 1.5853 1.1369 0.6509 0.2940 0.2361 0.1817 0.0825 0.0284 0.0078 0.0016 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 14 16 15 2.2937 0.0092 0.0958 0.1215 0.3316 0.5127 0.4860 0.3919 0.0982 0.0910 0.0554 0.0421 0.0284 0.0165 0.0081 0.0034 0.0013 0.0004 0.0001 16 18 Damage 17 0.3821 0.0000 0.0151 0.0270 0.0441 0.0376 0.0192 0.0575 0.1109 0.0394 0.0082 0.0072 0.0055 0.0041
1.00E-05

0.1017 0.0000 0.0048 0.0000 0.0541 0.0072 0.0096 0.0014 0.0202 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 20 22 21

0.0173 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0075 0.0000 0.0096 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 22 24 23

100 4.01104488 29.6752296 28.9811682 18.12123 9.29179766 4.94570048 2.54044251 1.26765446 0.61774198 0.2950103 0.13792245 0.06342379 0.0289774 0.01292296 0.00572224 0.00249835 0.00107121 0.00044149 From To Mean
-6.00E+00--5.00E+00 -7.00E+00--6.00E+00 -8.00E+00--7.00E+00

Full-3D Bending

0.0027 0.0018 0.0010 0.0006 0.0003 18 20 19

1.00E-06

1.00E-07

Wave Scatter Diagram


1.00E-08 2.38m m-6.84s-0 1.78m m-6.63s-0 1.89m m-5.60s-0 1.89m-5.91s-0 2.20m-7.36s-45 1.85m-6.10s-45 27s-45 1.89m-6.2 1.61m-7.37s-45 2.15m-8.13 3s-90 1.87m-6.81s-90 s-90 1.94m-8.23s 2.24m-8.38s-90 1.33m-9.00s-135 1.78m-10.14s-13 35 2.79m-9.27s-135 5 1.82m-10.08s-135 1.90m-11.61s-180 1.61m-11.17s-180 315.1 270.1 225.1 180.1 135.1 90.1 45.1 0.1 Location (Wire.Cnr) 3.61m-11.05s-225 2.73m-10.67s-225

2.35m-10.62s-180

1.91m-11.19s-180

3.52m-12.31s-180

2.17m-10.30s-180

1.75m-9.61s-180

1.68m-10.62s-225

1.65m-9.75s-225

Frequency Domain - Solve for each seastate - Fatigue damage from spectrum of response

2.16m-10.83s-225

2.39m-10.19s-225

3.56m-11.90s-225

Loadcase (Hs1, Tp1, Dir1)

Fatigue Damage around Cross-Section

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Frequency Domain Results (1)

0.01

CurvatureStandardDeviation (1/m)

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 LoadcaseNo

Curvature at Fatigue Hotpsot EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

2.62m-11.79s-225

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Frequency Domain Results (2)

CurvatureStandardDeviation (1/m)

0.0035

0.003

0.0025

0.002

0.0015

0.001

0.0005

0 620 621 622 623 624 Distancealongriser(m) 625 626 627 628

Bend Stiffener Region EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

4. Riser Design Considerations 4 Ri D i C id ti


Vessel Motions Touchdown Response & Buckling Flexible Pipe Design & Failure Modes Internal Flow Regime and Insulation Cross-section impact on global motions Coupled vessel-mooring-riser response
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Riser Host Vessel Characteristics


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 9 10. Host Vessel vs Water Depth Host Vessel 6 DoF Motions Vessel Motions & Environmental Forces Mean Loads & Excursions High Frequency Forces & Excursions Low Frequency Motions & Excursions Host Vessel Motion Data for Riser Design Coupled vs Uncoupled Motion Analysis Host V H t Vessel M ti Ch l Motion Characteristics t i ti Host Motions Induced Riser Fatigue

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Types of Mooring Systems

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Vessel Motions & Environmental Forces


Mean Excursions
Drag dependent Wind, current

High Frequency Motions


Heave, Roll & Pitch (buoyancy dominated) Surge, Sway & Yaw (drag, skin friction dominated) Not influenced by mooring stiffness or risers

Low Frequency Motions


Highly mooring stiffness influenced g y g Interaction of waves of different frequencies in an irregular sea. Drag dominated

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Moored Vessel Motions


API Max

Mean

LF (sig/max)
HF (sig/max) HF (peak)

Initial Offset for Riser Simulations

Vessel Excursion

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MSc in Subsea Engineering

Vessel 6 DOF Motions

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Mean Loads & Excursions


Constant loads
Wind & current (6 DOFs, although often only 2 DOFs)

Considered in riser design as static vessel e c rsions essel excursions


Wind & Current

Static Excursion

Free Hanging Catenary

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High Frequency Forces & Excursions


1st order, wave frequency component
1.4

Compiled from: Model tests Radiation/diffraction programs Generally imposed in riser design as motion RAOs (6 DOFs)

1.2 Displacement RAO (ft/ft) & Rotational RAO (deg/ft)

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 0 4 8 12 Period (sec) Heave Surge Pitch 16 20


180

24

28

Head Sea (incident on Bow)


150 120 90 60 30 0 4 -30 -60 -90 -120 -150 -180 Period (sec) 8 12 16 20 24 28

Phase Amps wrt to Wave Crest (degrees) (

Phase Ph Lag

Phase Lead

Heave

Surge

Pitch

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Low Frequency Motions & Excursions


2nd order wave and wind components (mainly wave)
Can be significant loads for severe storms Low damping at these long periods from mooring

Compiled from:
Model Tests Radiation/Diffraction analysis

Often imposed in riser design as sinusoidal response superimposed on HF motions

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Vessel Motion Characteristics


TLP Spar Semi FPSO WF moderate low moderate high LF low moderate moderate high Other ringing g g Hull VIV Hihg heave motions High heave motions

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

SCR Riser to Host Connection


Flex Joints

Lower bending to riser porches Larger configurations limits HT elastomer performance challenges More expensive than stress joints

Stress Joints

Current limit: 10 ID, approx 65 ft long (depends on machining and transportation capability) R Required l i d length i l th is long f hi h motion for high ti vessels High bending applied to riser porch

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Flexible Riser to Host Connection


Bend Stiffeners Bend Restrictor

Bend Stiffener

Steep Wave

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Riser Buckling at Touchdown

PROPOSAL PREPARED FOR

THE OIL COMPANY


DATE

Animation A i ti

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Riser Hang-off Location on FPSO


Buckling
RAO of Vertical Motion (m/m)

Sensitivity of Vertical Motion to Riser Hangoff Positioning


2.2
Hangoff 0m Forward of COM

Heave & pitch induced heave dominated. dominated TLP/Spar Vessel: small heave implies riser compression generally not an issue

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1

Hangoff 50m Forward of COM Hangoff 100m Forward of COM Hangoff 150m Forward of COM Hangoff 200m Forward of COM

FPSO: Heave is significant


Pitch induced heave depends on distance from COM Bow mounted turret is most severe

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Period of Response (s)

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Analysis of Post-Buckling Behaviour


Beam Element Equations
Use small deformation beam bending equations Modelling of geometric nonlinearity required to account for post buckling behaviour Convected Co-ordinates to account for Geometric Nonlinearity under large deformations and DATE rotations

Solution once Pcr is not exceeded for each element


Element lengths should be sufficiently small sho ld s fficientl

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Riser Hang-off Motions


1.5

N Non Dimensional Parameter ( Positiv Increasing, Negative Decreasing ve )

0.5

0 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

-0.5

-1

Velocity Acceleration Curvature


-1.5

Time (s)

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Non-Dimensional Buckling Parameter


VTer min al = 2.m.g
PROPOSAL PREPARED FOR

Cd . .Ddrag

THE OIL COMPANY


Drag Force = .Cd..Ddrag.V2

02.10.02002
Gravitational Force Fd = m.g

Non-Dimensional Buckling Parameter: b = Vhangoff / Vterminal


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Curvature vs Non-Dimensional Parameter


4.50

4.00

3.50

Max Hangoff Velocity/Pipe Terminal Velocity

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 4.5" Water Injeciton Near 6" Production Near 4.5" Water Injection Far 6" Production Far

0.50

0.00 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Maximum Resultant Curvature (1/m)

b>1 implies high touchdown curvature


EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Tension vs Non-Dimensional Parameter


4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00 Max Hangoff Velocity/ Pipe Terminal Velocity

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00 4.5 4.5" Water Injection Near 6" Production Near 4.5" Water Injection Far 6" Production Far 0.00 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Minimum Effective Tension (kN) 0.50

Onset of buckling for b>1


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Flexible Riser Design Issues

Alternative Configurations
Free-Hanging Configuration S Configuration Wave Configuration

Lazy

Wave

Free Hanging Catenary

Lazy-S

Lazy Wave

Steep
Pliant Wave (Tethered) Steep-S Steep Wave

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Flexible Pipe Cross Section


Example : Rough-bore Pipe (with Carcass)

Carcass (Stainless Steel)


External Pressure Resistance
Carcass Profile:

Internal Sheath (Polymer)


Internal Fluid Containment Barrier

Pressure Armor (Carbon Steel)


Hoop Load Resistance
Armor Profile:

Tensile Armor (Carbon Steel)


Tensile Load Resistance

External Sheath (Polymer)


External Fluid Barrier EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

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Flexible Risers: Design Limits


Water Depth vs. ID
Current Design Limitation: Water Depth vs ID

2500 Field Data Qualification 2000

Water Depth ( m )

1500

1000

500

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Riser / Flowline ID (in)

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Flexible Risers: Design Limits


Pressure vs. ID
DP psi 3" DRAPS 15 000 14 000 13 000 12 000 11 000 10 000 9 000 9" Aasgard A/B 8 000 7 000 6 000 5 000 4 000 Aasgard B 3 000 Troll CSO 2 000 1 000 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ID in 19 20 Gulfaks Statfjord B 16.6" Aasgard B Terra Nova Magnus Vigdis Troll Wellstream T ll W ll t Gyrfalcon Wellstream 4" Veslefrikk P x ID = 67 000
(sweet API17J

Design Pressure vs ID

P x ID = 90 000

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Example Configurations - Animation

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Flexible Pipe Bending - Hysteresis


Stick-Slip Bending
Tensile Armour initially sticks on reverse bending Slip is inline with and transverse to lay-direction Hysteretic fatigue stress
150 100

Wire Str ress (MPa)

50 0 -50 -100 -150 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1

Regular Stress Cycle

Pipe Dynamic-Curvature (rad/m)

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Hysteresis Curve Cycles


150 100

Wire Stress (MPa)

50 0 -50 -100 -150 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1

Pipe Dynamic-Curvature (rad/m)

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Tensile Armour Wire Stress


Components of stress
Tension-induced Tension induced
Axial symmetric model

Wire bending stress


Loxodrome model
Lay angle assumed constrained Wire bends about both principal axes

Friction-induced stress
Nonlinear hysteretic response The main hurdle to globally integrated stress analysis

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Wire Equations of Equilibrium


d 11 t + 12,tot = 0 ds
Tangential 2

11t n 22,diff = 0

Surface Normal 3 Transverse

11t t + 32,tot = 0
Method of Solution

Incremental curvature determines incremental non-slip axial stress I t l t d t i i t l li i l t Incremental non-slip axial stress determines incremental tangential shear, normal interface and tranverse shear stresses Check Coulomb law and gradually relax stresses while retaining equilibrium Wire curvatures from loxidromic / geodesic equations EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Friction-Induced Stress
MCS Structural Model for Friction Regular Loading
Pipe Bending Curvature 1.5E-02 Curvature (rad/ /m) 1.0E-02 5.0E-03 0.0E+00 -5.0E-03 -1.0E-02 -1.5E-02 0 5 10 15 Time 20 25 30 Stress (MPa) ) 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0 5 10 15 Time 20 25 30 Wire Stress

Hysteresis Loop 80 60 Stress (MPa a) 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -1.5E-02 -1.0E-02 -5.0E-03 0.0E+00 5.0E-03 1.0E-02 1.5E-02

Pipe Curvature (rad/m)

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Friction-Induced Stress
MCS Structural Model for Friction Irregular Loading
Pipe Bending Curvature 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0 01 0.005 0 -0.005 -0.01 -0.015 -0.02 -0.025 0 10 20 30 Time (s) 40 50 60
100 80 60 Stress (MPa) ) 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0 10 20 30 Time 40 50 60 Wire Stress

Curvature (rad d/s)

Hysteresis Loop 100 80 60 Stress (MPa) ) 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

Pipe Curvature (rad/m)

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

3D (out-of-plane) Irregular Seas


3D Pipe Bending in Irregular Seas Hs = 2m, Tp = 13s, 15deg off-bow Global Tension (left) and Curvature (right) Responses
1.70E+06 0.008

1.65E+06 1 65E+06

0.006

0.004 1.60E+06 0.002 1.55E+06 0 1.50E+06 -0.002


Curvature (rad/m)

Tension (N)

1.45E+06 1 45E 06

-0.004

1.40E+06 15 35 55 Time (s) 75 95 115

-0.006

Tension

Local-y Pipe Curvature

Local-z Pipe Curvature

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3D (out-of-plane) Irregular Seas


3D Pipe Bending in Irregular Seas Hs = 2m, Tp = 13s, 15deg off-bow Armour Total Stress at 8 Equally Spaced Positions on the Cross Section
800E+06

750E+06

700E+06

Stress (Pa)

650E+06

600E+06

550E+06

500E+06

450E+06 15 35 55 Time (s) 75 95 115

0deg

45deg

90deg

135deg

180deg

225deg

270deg

315deg

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Flexible Pipe Failure Modes


Outer Sheath Damage

Outer Sheath
Hole, Tear, Rupture, Crack Ingress of Sea Water
ROV installation of riser repair clamp. Outer sheath was damaged during riser deployment

Repair Clips on riser Section

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Flexible Pipe Failure Modes


End Fitting
Internal Pressure Sheath Pull-out Pull out Tensile armour Pull-out Outer Sheath Pull-out Vent Valve Blockage / Leakage Failure of Sealing System Crack or Rupture of Tensile Armour Structural Failure of End Fitting From OMAE2004-51431, outer body or Flange sheath failure due to blocked riser
vent valve.

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Flexible Pipe Failure Modes Tensile Armour Layers


Multiple Wire Rupture Birdcaging or Clustering Kinking Individual Wire Rupture

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Flexible Pipe Failure Modes Carcass


Hole, Crevice Hole Crevice, Pitting or Thinning Carcass Profile: Unlocking Deformation Collapse or Ovalisation Circumferential Cracking / Wear Fatigue Pigging Multi-Layer PVDF

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

SCR Design Issues SCR = Steel Catenary Riser

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Example Systems
Typical for many GOM SCRs Favourable performance with TLPs Spar low motions favour SCRs

Animation

Animation EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

SCR Design Process Flowchart


Design

Fundamental Stages:
Design

Assumptions
Design Basis i) WD ii) SCR Diameter ) iii) Fluids iv) Waves v) Currents vi) Soil vii) TLP Motions

Strength (Pipe & FJ) WF Fatigue VIV Fatigue Installation Analysis Interference CP D i Design Fracture Mechanics

Design Sensitivities As-Built Design Analysis Design Verification

Procurement, Construction, Testing


Reeled Installation

Procurement, Construct & Testing Procurement Pipe

Pipe Weights SCFs S-N

Installation

F/J Delivery & End Match Fatigue Testing Welding & Spooling

Operation

Installation

Installation Fatigue

Operations

As-installed ROV-surveyed SCR condition

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SCR Global Configuration


Steel Catenary Riser (SCR)
Simple catenary shape effectively an extension of a seabed pipeline Close to 200 SCRs installed or planned Used for most export risers in GoM More recently widely employed for production service to semis, Spars, FPSOs and fixed structures.
EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Key SCR Design Issues


1. Wall-Thickness Design 2. 2 Host Vessel Layout and tie-in tie in 3. Interference Design 4. Strength Design 5. VIV Design 6. Fatigue Design & Qualification 7. Riser Hangoff (Porch) Design 8. Fracture Mechanics: UT Defect Criteria 9. Installation Engineering
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Components & Critical Design Areas

Typical hang-off receptacle with flex joint

Taper Stress joint (TSJ)

VIV Strakes Seabed Trenching

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

SCR Component Design

TSJs and FlexJoints


TSJs
Limits curvature without overstress Transmits bending moment into vessel hang-off Titanium or Steel Construction
(Courtesy of RTI Energy Services)

FlexJoints
Combination of steel and elastomer layers Flexjoint connected to hull via riser porch Bellows may be required Spool connects flexjoint to hull piping Reduces bending moment at the riser vessel hang-off

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VIV Suppression: Strakes/Fairings


Mitigation of VIV
Under long term and extreme currents

(Courtesy of CRP)

1. 1 2.

Strakes
Typically polyurethane, fibreglass or plastic Typically fibreglass or plastic

Fairings

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Typical SCR Stress Outputs


20-inch Gas Export 15 deg HO 10-inch Production 14 deg HO 8-inch Production 12 deg HO 8-inch Production 14 deg HO

Effective Tension (kips s)

250

500

750

1000

1250 0

1500

1750

Typical Effective Tension Profile

2500

5000

7500

10000

12500

15000

20-inch Gas Export 15 deg HO 10-inch Production 14 deg HO 8-inch Production 12 deg HO

8-inch Production 14 deg HO

API RP 2RD von Mi ises Stress (ksi)

30

35

Curvilinear Distance along the set SCR (feet)

15

Typical API RP 2RD Stress Profile

20

25

Touchdown

Hang-Off
5 0 10 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000

Curvilinear Distance along the set SCR (feet)

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Fatigue Life Along SCR Length


1,000,000,000

100,000,000 , ,

10,000,000

Fatigue Life (years)

1,000,000

100,000

Dirliks Rayleigh

10,000

Hang Off Hang-Off

1,000

Seabed Touchdown

100 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 Distance from Top of SCR (ft)

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

SCR Touchdown Fatigue Behaviour at SCR p ) y touchdown point ( (TDP) key design driver
Fatigue

TDP response source of design uncertainty


Soil properties Limitations of soil models
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SCR-Soil Interaction Modelling


Non-linear soil modelling now included in Flexcom STRIDE JIP
Soil suction model using soil force-deflection curve

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

CP Anodes, Inhibitors & Coatings


1. External Corrosion Protection
Determine required anode mass and spacing Not be desirable along SCRs

2. External Corrosion Coatings


FBE corrosion protection mechanically bonds pipe materials to external insulation (PE, PP) Typically TLPE for TDP Often TSA for straked sections

3. Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion protection/inhibition within SCR.

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Insulation / Heating Technology


State of the Art
Passive approach using the thermal inertia of materials added around the element to insulate. Important properties of the materials are: Thermal conductivity Heat capacity Density Active approach by adding some thermal energy to maintain the element at a given temperature. Energy can be brought by: Hot water Electricity Direct heating Skin effect Induction Mixed approach combining the two technical solutions described above

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Riser Concepts Flow Assurance


1. SCR / Riser Tower
With or without wet insulation

2. 2

Pipe-in-pipe (PIP) SCR


Improved Flow Assurance Significantly heavier

3.

Flexible Pipe w/ insulation


Proven design & track record

4.

Integrated Production Bundle (IPB)


Integrated Gas Lift, heating and services g , g Evolving technology based on flexible pipe

5.

Integrated Production Umbilical (IPU)


Integrated Gas Lift, heating and services Evolving technology based on SCR

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Riser Concepts (continued)


6. Single Leg Hybrid Riser (SLHR) Single Pipe
With or without wet insulation Combines steel and flexible pipe

7.

Single Leg Hybrid Riser (SLHR) Pipe-in-Pipe


Dry insulation

8.

Hybrid Bundle Riser (SLHR)


Wet insulated bundle

9.

Top Tensioned Riser (TTR)

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Integrated Production Bundle (1)


External Plastic Sheath Thermal Insulation Tubes for Hot Water or/and Gas Lift

Flexible Riser Structure Technip Patent

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Integrated Production Bundle (2)

Courtesy Technip

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

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Riser Solutions Flow Assurance

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Integrating Riser Design & Flow Assurance Key items of integration


Insulation and its impact on riser drag-to-weight ratio Riser slugging and its impact on riser dynamics and ultimately fatigue damage

Deep Water Steel Catenary Riser Example


How does riser shape influence slugging? How does slugging affect fatigue life?

Methodology of Investigation
Perform slugging analysis with multiphase transient flow assurance software Link flow assurance output with riser dynamics software and compute response

Key Findings
Slugging can have significant fatigue damage and depends of type of slugging and inclination of flowline into riser
EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Flow Assurance & Riser Dynamics


Riser Insulation:
Increases outside diameter of pipe at lower density levels

Drag-to-weight Ratio
Drag is a destabilising horizontal force and is proportional to riser diameter Weight (in water) is a vertically downward stabilising force Drag-to-weight (DTW) ratio is a measure of hydrodynamic stability Riser values vary from 2m2/tonf to 8 m2/tonf

Insulation increases the DTW value


Limit on amounts of insulation for catenary risers

Effective Tension is important for buoyant and top tensioned risers


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Flow Assurance & Riser Dynamics

Riser Slugging:
Impact of riser shape on slugging Impact of riser slugging on riser fatigue

Force terms from:


changes in pressure and density centripetal due to slug velocity along curved riser coriolis due to fluid motion in the moving riser frame of reference
EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Slugging Characterisation
WADO - Slugging Example - PPL Data 10" Flowline, Downslope, 20000 BPD, 90% Water Cut, 150 Sm3/Sm3 Slug Length Profiles (4x)
800
1.00 hours 1.25 hours 1.50 hours 1.75 hours 2.00 hours 2.25 hours 2.50 hours

700

600

500

2.75 hours 3.00 hours

400

300

200

100

0 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 28000

Distance (feet)

Time, length and location of slugs


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Riser Model Discretisation


SLUG 15 m Sect 1 15 m Sect 2 15 m Sect 3

Riser discretisation for slug force computation

WADO - SCR Touchdown Point Fatigue Enhancements 10" Catenary Riser Profile
0 TOPSIDES -250 -500 -750 -1000 -1250 -1500 -1750 -2000 -2250 -2500 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 RISER_2C RISER_2 RISER_3 RISER_3 RISER_3 RISER_3 RISER_1C RISER_1A RISER_1D RISER_1B

Riser section identification Force terms computed from fluid pressure and density changes, changes centripetal and coriolis forces due to slug / riser motions

RISER_2D RISER_2B

Distance from FPSO, m

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Coupled vs Uncoupled Motions


Coupled Motion Analysis (Hydrodynamic coupling)
(QTFs, wave forces RAOs, current & wind force coefficients, radiation damping & added matrices) Required Required if inertia, damping, stiffness of risers & mooring significantly affect response of host facility

Uncoupled
RAOs, offsets, sinusoidal drift Full vessel time history (Spar generally) Prescribed Motions

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Installation Vessels - SCRs

J-Lay

Reel Lay

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Installation, Schedule, Cost Drivers

Steel Riser and Flowline S-lay Installation moderately deep water, modified stinger for used up to
very deep water limit is curvature induced at stinger

J-lay
deep to ultra-deep water riser installation, typically expensive option

Reel-lay
Faster than J-Lay with more controlled shop (2G - horiz) instead of offshore (5G) welding More complex weld testing and fracture mechanics Large diameter may imply high reeling strains max strain and low cycle fatigue challenges Requires nearby spool base to be economical (WoA challenge)

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Riser & Flowline System Selection

Impact on Cost and Schedule


Flexible Pipe
Tradeoff = procurement cost vs. installation cost

Steel Flowlines and SCRs Often lowest procurement cost in deepwater Deepwater pipelay vessel : J-Lay or reeled lay typical for deepwater applications, S-Lay for shallow-moderate depth Riser Towers Typically most expensive riser installation option B dl i t ll ti t i ll b t Bundle installation typically by tow-out t SLHR installation may be pipelay vessel or MODU installation

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Installation Challenges and Vessel Capacity


Installation Challenges
Ultra-deepwater high tension loads Large diameter Positioning for TDP & clashing during transfer Rigging/handling of pull-in/abandonment Weather fatigue during installation Vessel on-site vs. abandonment & recovery (A&R)

Installation Vessel Capacities:


Company C
Heerema Technip Global Saipem Allseas

Vessel V l
Balder Deep Blue Hercules S-7000 Solitaire

Lay tension y (kips)


2800 1697 1200 1160 2,500

Lay Type L T
J R, J S, R J S

Max. Pipe p Size (in)


30 28 60 (S), 18 (R) 32 60

Based on Reported Tension Capacities (2003)

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Procurement & Installation Costs


Procurement Costs
Line Pipe or flexible pipe Corrosion Protection coatings Insulation Coating (riser/flowline), concrete coating (flowline) J-lay Collars Ancillary devices (Flexjoints, strakes, anodes, buoys, clamps, bases, bend stiffeners/restrictors, buoyancy modules/tanks, pipe supports or mudmats)

Installation Cost Mobilization Prefabrication (onboard or at spool base) Offshore Installation = f (vessel, inst. method) Lifting and handing over to receptacle Tie-in & hydrotest Demobilization Miscellaneous
Engineering, Inspection, Contingency

EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

Issues Considered
Riser Types
TTRs, Flexibles, SCRs, Hybrids

Riser F d Fundamentals Ri t l
Tension / Bending, Effective Tension Large displacements Time Domain vs Frequency Domain
Extreme vs Fatigue

Vessel motions
Touchdown buckling

Thermal considerations Th l id ti Riser Design and Flow Assurance Drag-to-Weight Ratio Installation
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Key Messages
Dry tree vs wet tree: Tensioned vs Compliant yp Riser Types
TTRs, Flexibles, SCRs, Hybrids

Riser Fundamentals
Large displacement, effective tension, equations of motion, time vs frequency domain

Riser Design Considerations


Vessel motions Touchdown response and buckling Flexible pipe design issues and failure modes SCR design issues: touchdown and top connection flex/stress joint Internal flow regime and insulation Cross-section impact on global motions Coupled vessel-mooring-riser response EG55F6 Risers Systems and Hydrodynamics

MSc in Subsea Engineering

The End Any Questions?

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