FahmiA,ZamriA,AzrulT,HanafiE,HafizM,HizalA

SOLAR LED STREET LIGHT SYSTEM

1. INTRODUCTION

Electric Street Lights are big consumers of energy, costing millions to cities and municipalities around the world. According to Works Minister Datuk Shaziman Abu Mansor, The government can reduce costs by up to 50 per cent if it uses LED (light-emitting diode) bulbs for road lighting, citing that the government spent an amount of RM26 million annually to light up the street. Apart from being a burden to the government street light is also known to be the primary case of light pollution that is happening nowadays around the world. This light pollution not only affect the ecosystems but also produce extra heat as a byproduct of over-illumination during the night time which indirectly increases the global warming rate. To reduce the affect on economic and the ecosystems people can opt to Solar LED Street Light System. This renewable energy technology has been available for a long time and is widely available nowadays. This lighting system harnesses the widely available sunlight of our climate and converts the energy into electricity. The energy harness from the sunlight is then stored to provide illumination from dusk to dawn. Typical solar power system includes the power generator in a form of photovoltaic(PV) panel, storage (battery) and management (controller) as well as the LED light, pole and weather-proof housing. Illumination is utilized by a High Power LEDs with superior thermal management design which are switched on by a timer switch or sensors built into the system. The Solar LED Street Light System also uses less cable depending on the installation. This is achieve via a proper planning by installing the PV panel closer to the load(lamp). Comparing to the normal installation the power cable is laid from the incoming mains which could located few hundred meters away.

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With the use of solar power system it is firmly believe that this system will not only reduce the running cost but will also provide a cleaner and sustainable energy for the future.

2. KEY BENEFITS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY On 2nd April 2010 the cabinet has pass a bill called National renewable energy(RE) policy. The aim of this bill is to Enhance the utilisation of indigenous renewable energy resources to contribute towards national electricity supply security and sustainable socio-economic development. To further increase the interest in RE government has also introduce a scheme called Feed-in Tariff (FiT). Via this scheme any excess RE generated will be feed back to the existing power grid system and the TNB will pay an amount according to the power feed back into the grid. As the bill is passed solar power has been identified as a type of RE legible for FiT.

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2.1 Benefits of Solar LED Street Light System.

Easy installation no wiring required All parts are corrosion resistant NO wiring run from and to the grid NO cuts through existing roads, sidewalks or landscaping NO maintenance costs NO utility bills Maintenance-free Batteries Better colour rendition and nighttime visibility No light pollution No Warm-Up or Cold Start Problems Solar panel has a lifetime of 25 years

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3. COMPARISON TABLE: Regular Street Light Solar LED Street Light System

Uses standard size/connection 90-480 W high pressure sodium/HID 5500 Lumens (3850 effective) 30-50 Lumen / Watt Photo-sensor or wire control No Back Up Power Source

Uses standard size/connection 28-196W Ultra High Efficient Array 3400 Lumens 113.3 Lumen / Watt Photo-sensor, wire or solar panel Internal Battery, fully integrated into Street Light Head (Approx. 3 nights autonomous operation/battery reserve)

No solar array Requires electricity Works only when grid is energized Cable requires expensive trenching Additional wiring in the ground Wire in the pole Significant resources to install

28-196W Integrated solar array Solar powered Works during power outages No trenching No wire in ground No wire in pole Single piece, simple install

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4. PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL WORKING PRINCIPLE

PV panel working principle

Photovoltaic process uses the photovoltaic cells to capture the light and convert it to direct current. This is done by exciting the electrons so that they flow in a form of current is generated. Typically the principal components of a photovoltaic cell are semiconductor made of silicon crystals that have been doped with other elements such as Phosphorous or Boron. The bottom layer is doped with Boron and is termed as the P-Type semiconductor while the upper layer is doped with Phosphorous and is termed as the N-type conductor and the space between them is called P-N Junction. When light, in the form of photons, hits the PV panel, its energy breaks apart electron-hole pairs. Each photon with enough energy will normally free exactly one electron, resulting in a free hole as well. If this happens close enough to the electric field, or if free electron and free hole happen to wander into its range of influence, the field will send the electron to the N side and the hole to the P side.

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This causes further disruption of electrical neutrality, and provided with an external current path, electrons will flow through the path to the P side to unite with holes that the electric field sent there. The electron flow provides the current, and the cell's electric field causes a voltage. With both current and voltage, power will be created.

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5. SOLAR LED STREET LIGHT SYSTEM WORKING PRINCIPLE The solar street lights use solar energy, a form of the renewable energy. The solar street lights comprise of the photovoltaic cells, which absorb the solar energy during daytime. The photovoltaic cells convert solar energy into electrical energy, which is stored in the battery via a battery charger/ controller. At the nighttime the lamp starts automatically and it consumes the electricity already stored in the battery. During the day time the battery gets recharged and the process keeps on repeating every day. The solar street light system can be a standalone system as shown below or a centralize system where a few controllers is used to control a group of LED lamp and batteries.

Stand-alone LED solar lamp configuration

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6. SYSTEM COMPONENTS

The commonly used Solar Street Lamp configuration.

No. Item 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 PV Panel PV panel mounting Deep cycle maintenance-free battery Charge controller Battery box 12V street light Cable and other installation material

Qty 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 set

spec 12V DC

100Ah/12V DC

IP55

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5.1 PV Panel

Nominal 12VDC for standard output Outstanding IO-light performance High transparent low iron , tempered glass Unique techniques give the panel following withstands high wind pressure Technology ensure that problem of water-tight.

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5.2 Panel Support Frame

Provides a flexible mounting option for solar panel. Provides both pole and deck mounting grips The mounter rotates 360 degrees to maximize your panel's output by positioning the panel right at the sun.

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5.3 Maintenance Free Lead-Acid Battery

Supply for electric power system and nuclear power plant, energy storage of solar and wind power generation. Eco friendly: sealed structure with reliable safety valve, no leakage or no acidic gas spillage Good internal water cycling: based on the oxygen compound principle, little gas generated and little water depletion Excellent discharge characteristics: low internal resistance, compact, excellent discharge performance Low self-discharge: manufactured using only high quality materials, good storage life Long life: made of special alloy, cycle life 50% longer with Battery

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5.4 High Power LED Street Light

Specification :

Power: 40w Power Efficiency: >90% Voltage : AC 85V 265V ) DC 12V Luminous Efficiency: 80lm/watt Initial luminous Flux: 3200lm (40w) Frequency: 50 60Hz Effective Beam Angle: 65 Degrees Color Rendering Index : Ra 80 Color Temperature : 2700K 7000K Life Span : > 50000hours Protection Degree: IP 65 Certification: CE, ROHS Net Weight (kg) : 9.7kg

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5.5 Cables

The function of cables is to connect all the parts of this system together. The working temperature of the cables is -20~+50oC. Cables for this system include: PV module to Controller Controller to Battery Controller to Lamps

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6.6 Solar Charge Controller (with micro-controller for automatic lighting control functions)

Feature:

Microcontroller digital accuracy. Fully automatic operation. Manual test capability. Detects day and night using the PV array. Suitable for all 12/24 V DC lamps. Suitable for Seal lead acid battery. Temperature compensation.

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7. CALCULATIONS FOR SYSTEM SIZE AND COST

The basic cost calculation for PV panel is as follow.

System size in kilowatts (kW) = (kWh/day) / 4 hours (peak sun) x 1.43 (system losses) Step 1 Divide average kWh/day by number of hours of peak sun, or (kWh/ay) / 4 Step 2 Multiply by 1.43 to account for system losses due to friction, heat, and other inefficiencies.

For a 20kWh system the calculation is as follow 20kWh/4h = 5kW 5kW x 1.43= 7.15kW 7.15kW = system size to produce 20kwh/day assuming 4 peak sun hours (11am to 3pm).

System cost Assuming the cost per kWh at RM13,000 to RM15,000 7.15kW x RM15,000 = RM107,250

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8. CONCLUSION

With regards to the technical and cost data presented, this Photovoltaic cum solar powered system can be regarded as a bit costly. However if proper funding,studies and design can be provided the system can be very beneficial not only in terms of running cost but also towards the betterment of our ecosystems. However there are still four (4) keypoint that needed proper consideration.

I. Malaysia only has 4 hours solar insolation (some areas may be less due to pollution). II. Malaysia has average of 2 months cloudy/raining day per year, which solar power is not favourable. III. When solar cell (module/panel) heat up (after noon time), the solar cell's efficiency (power output) will start to drop. Which mean during a hot day, solar panel (PV) actually produce less. This is a major challenge for solar power in Malaysia. IV. Every few months, installed solar panels (array) need to be clean (due to dusk accumulation on the panel) for maximum efficiency.

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