Study on Relationship of AIDS awareness with Social factors

Salia Sahi Slum Social Research Methods course

XIMB
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Title Page
Project Title:
Study on Relationship of AIDS awareness with Social factors

Location:
Salia Sahi Slum of Bhubaneswar

Project Undertaken by:

Group 4 Ankita Pande (U311003) Deepak Kumar (U311011) Kuldip Kalita (U311021) Md. Nafis Haider (U311025) Shikha Rastogi (U311039) Swati Anoop (U311045)

Project Undertaken for:

Social Research Methods Course (Term-II)

Course Instructor:
Prof. Prahlad Mishra (XIMB)

Institute:
Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar (XIMB)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our grateful thanks to Prof. Prahlad Mishra (XIMB) for his valuable guidance, advice, suggestions and idea inputs.We do not know where we would have been without him. A humble Thank you Sir.

Fr. P.T. Joseph (Director, XIMB) and Prof. Subhajyoti Ray (Dean Academics, XIMB) provided all the necessary facilities during the entire course of the project work. We choose this moment to acknowledge their contribution gratefully.

Our special thanks to all faculty members of the Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar for all their support and guidance at times of need.

We also thank to all our interviewees of Salia Sahi who took out the valuable time from their busy schedule and cooperated us for the project.

Last but not the least there were so many who shared valuable information that helped in the successful completion of this project. Thank you all.

GROUP - 4 PGDRM-1 (XIMB)

Contents
1. 2. Abstract of findings: ........................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction: ................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. 2.2. 3. Overview of slum communities in Bhubaneswar: .................................................................. 7 Salia Sahi Slum: ....................................................................................................................... 7

Literature Review ............................................................................................................................ 8 3.1. 3.2. HIV/AIDS Awareness in Bhubaneswar: ................................................................................... 8 HIV: An Indicator of Marginalisation: ..................................................................................... 9

4. 5.

Objective: ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Hypothesis formation: .................................................................................................................. 10 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. A Priori Reasoning: ................................................................................................................ 10 Null Hypothesis (H0): ............................................................................................................ 10 Alternate Hypothesis (H1):.................................................................................................... 10

6.

Research Design: ........................................................................................................................... 10 6.1. 6.2. Purpose: ................................................................................................................................ 10 Modalities: ............................................................................................................................ 10

7.

Methodology:................................................................................................................................ 11 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5. 7.6. Sampling:............................................................................................................................... 11 Data collection: ..................................................................................................................... 11 Master table preparation:..................................................................................................... 12 Uni-variate analysis: .............................................................................................................. 12 Bi-variate analysis: ................................................................................................................ 12 Multi-variate analysis: ........................................................................................................... 12

8.

Findings: ........................................................................................................................................ 12 8.1. 8.2. Uni-variate analysis: .............................................................................................................. 12 Bi-variate analysis: ................................................................................................................ 18 CASE 1: .......................................................................................................................... 18 CASE 2: .......................................................................................................................... 18 CASE 3: .......................................................................................................................... 19 CASE 4: .......................................................................................................................... 20

8.2.1. 8.2.2. 8.2.3. 8.2.4. 8.3. 9.

Multi-variate analysis: ........................................................................................................... 20

Reference..21

10. Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 22 10.1. Uni-variate analysis Tables.................................................................................................... 22

10.2. Bi-variate analysis: ................................................................................................................ 25 10.2.1. 10.2.2. 10.2.3. 10.2.4. Case 1: AIDS awareness v/s Education ......................................................................... 25 Case 2: AIDS awareness v/s Occupation ....................................................................... 27 Case 3: AIDS awareness v/s Gender.............................................................................. 29 Case 4: AIDS awareness v/s Age ................................................................................... 31

10.3. Multi-variate analysis: ........................................................................................................... 33 10.4. Sample Questionnaire:.......................................................................................................... 35 10.5. Master Table: Family Profile: ................................................................................................ 38

1. Abstract of findings:
The aim of the study was to explore the relationship among HIV& AIDS awareness and the social & demographic factors like Age, Gender, Education and Occupation. The study was conducted in the Salia sahi area of Bhubaneswar, which is an urban slum. The respondents were randomly selected from a pool of residents across Salia Sahi. The sample size was 60 residents including both the gender representatives. The questionnaire prepared to do the study was filled with selectively chosen questions so that there is no privacy breach. Using the questionnaire survey we tried to measure peoples awareness and understanding about modes of HIV transmission, clinical testing and prevention, individuals attitudes towards those infected with HIV/AIDS, peer pressures, HIV/AIDS intervention strategies, employment rights, and marital and reproductive health issues etc. The sample consisted of 39 males and 21 females between the age group of 17-55years. Almost all the respondents were from the nuclear family. The data collected were analysed using Descriptive statistical tools, uni-variate analysis, Bi-variate analysis and Multivariate analysis tool using special software package SPSS package.

2. Introduction:
2.1. Overview of slum communities in Bhubaneswar:
The slum dwellers are poor, largely uneducated people who toil hard to earn their daily bread. Oriya is the main language of the slum residents. Hindi is more or less understood by all. There are also Hindi, Telegu and Bengali speaking people. There are tribal people like Munda, Hol etc. There are different Mohallas like Telegu Sahi, Bangali Para, Marwari Basti, Muslim Colony, Christian Sahi , Rickshaw colony, Harijan Sahi etc. based on the profile of the community. There are Hindus, Muslims and Christians among the slum dwellers. Population in the four slums is as follows: Mali Sahi: around 12,000. Salia Sahi: Population around 1, 20,000. NiladriVihar: Population around 50,000. Bharatpur: Around 35,000.

2.2. Salia Sahi Slum:

There are 36 inter pockets in this large slum. There are both pucca as well as kuccha households. Water supply is quite good. More than hundreds of overhead tanks are present. People have formed user groups and maintain pumps, pipe line and stand posts. Tribes like Munda, Hole, Bhil live in this slum. Road condition is poor. There is no black top or cement concrete road within the slum. Electricity supply is good. Sanitation is extremely poor in areas like Keute Sahi, Mayfair Basti, Christian Colony, AdivasiGaon. Most of the youths, men and women are construction labourers. Others are auto drivers, drivers, shop keepers etc. Average family earning is around Rs. 2,000 to Rs. 3,000 per month. Salia Sahi is one of the four slums in the city where the BMC is implementing Centralsponsored Rajiv Awash Yojana (RAY). The scheme for urban poor envisages a 'slum-free India'. The other three slums are Patharabandha, Mahinsakhali and NiladriVihar. Salia Sahi, spreading over 105 acres and having a population of nearly 1, 20,000. Salia Sahi that consists of around 40 clusters is one of the 99 authorized slums here. The city has around 320 slums housing around 2.8 lakh people. The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel would soon troop down into Salia Sahi, the biggest slum in Bhubaneswar, to interact with the dwellers and carry out social activities and sensitization programmes. The central force has adopted the slum as part of its social responsibility

3. Literature Review
3.1. HIV/AIDS Awareness in Bhubaneswar:
According to health department officials there were 127 full-blown AIDS cases till March 2002. In a span of two-and-a-half years, the state recorded a significant jump in the number of AIDS cases. While 288 cases were recorded till September 2004, 125 people have died so far. There are 34 centres for AIDS surveillance in 15 districts and more units are being planned with support from National Aids Control Society. Of the 34 centres, 14 are AIDS surveillance centres and 20 voluntary confidential testing and counselling units. In Bhubaneswar there is a Voluntary Confidential Counselling and Testing Centre (VCCTC) Unit in Capital Hospital. This hospital also has STD / STI treatment clinic and a Prevention of Parent to Child Transmission (PPTCT) Unit. About 360 people came for counselling in August06. 200 were tested and 11 were found HIV positive. Among them 3 were women. VCCTC staff mentioned that many women come accompanied by NGO workers. They felt that men and women from the poorer segments and in the age group of 25 to 40 years were the most vulnerable. College youth also come for counselling. VCCTC staff mentioned the following cases: There was an IDU case that came to VCCTC, was tested positive and was undergoing ART treatment. He has again started taking injected drug. Wife found out that her husband had been involved in casual sex when he was out for work at Surat. Wife brought husband for testing. In one case husband was tested HIV positive. During counselling he was told that the partner should also come for test. He took one year to bring his wife for testing and she was also found positive. A HIV positive couple had a baby even after knowing the risks. The baby is one and a half years old now. Quacks take people for a ride. A person was getting treated for HIV by a quack. Later he learnt that he was not HIV affected after getting tested at VCCTC. Persons living with HIV/AIDS are stigmatised. Even staffs of hospital and private clinic doctors refuse to treat, do surgery of HIV positive persons. People also have misconceptions like the virus is air or vector borne and so may be contracted by living with or sharing toilets with

HIV/AIDS affected people. This also leads to tendency of concealing HIV status and deters inclination for voluntary testing. Many a times when a person is tested positive he asks VCCTC to give a negative report as well so that he can show it to his family. The VCCTC does not give wrong report but ensures confidentiality. Kalinga Network for Positive People (KNP+) gives care and support to HIV positive persons. They also provide support in linking to ART treatment providers in other state AIDS patients upset with ART centres study by Ashok Pradhan,Bhubaneswar AIDS patients visiting anti-retroviral therapy (ART) centres in the state face discrimination when it comes to using toilets or drinking water from the facilities available. A survey by the Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar, revealed that over 56 per cent respondents were not allowed to drink water from the facilities available at the ART centres. Moreover, 32 per cent surveyed patients said there were no drinking water facilities and toilets at the centres. The survey said some HIV positive people were not visiting the ART centres due to fear of rejection and discrimination. The study recommends addressing absenteeism among doctors, nurses and paramedical staff through mechanized attendance system and train counsellors to better handle the AIDS patients. Commenting on the study, HIV/AIDS activist Dilip Samal said, "The findings are on expected lines. The awareness level on HIV/AIDS is still very low and discrimination against AIDS patients continues."

3.2. HIV: An Indicator of Marginalisation:

An estimated 2.5 million people are living with HIV and AIDS in India: -- more than the entire populations of HIV prevalent countries like Botswana or Lesotho. Whilst the HIV response has been scaled up, it has not prevented an acceleration of the injecting drug-usedriven epidemic, the growing feminisation of the epidemic and a fast increase in the number of children affected by HIV. Prevention, treatment, care and support services are hampered by lack of political commitment, insufficient capacity of coordinating bodies, weak healthcare services and severe stigma and discrimination associated with HIV.

4. Objective:
The objective of the research was to find out relation between different independent variables like Education, Age, Gender and Occupation with the dependent variable HIV/AIDS Awareness among common people.

5. Hypothesis formation:
5.1.

A Priori Reasoning:There is relationship between dependent variable i.e.

HIV awareness and independent variables i.e. Education, Age, Gender and Occupation.

5.2. 5.3.

Null Hypothesis (H0):

There is no direct relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables.

Alternate Hypothesis (H1): There is direct relationship between the

dependent variable and the independent variables.

6. Research Design:
6.1. Purpose:
The Purpose of our study is to find out about the awareness level of the community on HIV/AIDS and to analyse the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables.

6.2. Modalities:
In order to carry out research, following points have been taken into consideration as modalities for recording data. These modalities will act as protocol for carrying out the process and to fill the questionnaire. Socio economic status Occupation Age factor Gender General awareness about HIV/AIDS

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Maintaining privacy of the Respondents No cross gender interviews

These key points will act as the background for carrying out the research.

7. Methodology:
This will comprise formulating general research questionnaire guidelines. This study will be carried out in natural settings in reference with people residing in Salia Sahi. The research questions will be continually refined and larger research question(s) will be segmented into more numerous, focused ones. The research questionnaire prepared by us is tested in the field and then it is restructured and filtered. As the research topic is highly sensitive towards the social health of the community so all questions were framed in such way that it should neither hurt anyones feelings nor create an atmosphere of hesitation for the respondent. During the field survey it is practised that each of the respondent is kept aloof from the other members of the family just to keep his/ her responses unaffected by others. Care has been taken to maintain privacy of the respondents so that they can answer to the questionnaire openly.

7.1. Sampling:
For our questionnaire survey we had selected a random sample of sixty respondents across Salia Sahi. Care has been taken to consider both the genders as our respondents and also to maintain the privacy of them.

7.2. Data collection:

The study will be confined to a selected group of slum dwellers who are willing to support in the research. The research will be relying more on the data collected by filling the questionnaire on the basis of response given by them. The effort will be made to work together closely with the subjects of study to collect data. We will target sixty randomly selected residents of the slum for our research study to fill up the questionnaire which comprises both male and female of all age groups.

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7.3. Master table preparation:

The collected data were tabulated in a spread sheet and all the data were coded and entered in the spread sheet.

7.4. Uni-variate analysis:

Uni-variate analysis of the data using uni-variate tools like Pie diagram, Histogram were done and the appropriate results were inferred with the help of the above tools.

7.5. Bi-variate analysis:

For Bi-variate analysis SPSS package was used and the relation between the dependent variable (that is awareness of HIV/AIDS) and independent variable like Education, Age , Gender, occupation were found out.

7.6. Multi-variate analysis:

For Multi-variate analysis also SPSS programme was used and relationship between dependent variable i.e. HIV/ AIDS awareness and independent variables like Education, Age, Gender, Occupation etc. were found out.

8. Findings:
8.1. Uni-variate analysis:
It has been found from the survey that almost all (90%) the respondent of the target area are aware of the term AIDS/HIV and at least they know that this disease is very fatal in nature.

Have You Heard of HIV/AIDS Before

NO 2%

YES NO

YES 98%

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 It is very interesting to say that even people are aware of the HIV AIDS but most of them take this as a social taboo so they hesitate to discuss on this issue. This is the only reason that can be attributed for high percentage of people who have not discussed regarding AIDS with anyone.

Discussed about HIV/AIDS

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
35

15 3 Spouse Friends

2
Family

2
Health Worker

3 Collegue No One

As all the respondents were asked whether they are interested in going for a medical check-up to get tested of AIDS. 62% of the population showed their interest for medical check-up but those who responded in negation cited the result that they dont have the disease as they dont have any illegal sexual relation.

Readiness to go for HIV test

NO 23 38% YES 37 62% Don't Know 0 0%

39% of the respondent told that a healthy looking person can be infected from HIV/AIDS, 18% told that healthy looking person will not be infected by AIDS and

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the rest 43% dont have any idea about the question. So it simply depicts that 54% of the respondent do not have awareness about AIDS/HIV.

Can A healthy Looking person be infected from HIV

Don't Know 26 43%

YES 23 39%

NO 11 18%

When the respondents were asked about how HIV can transmit from an infected person to a healthy one most of the respondents went for blood transfusion option but at the same time there were people who also opted that sharing foods and clothes with infected person will lead to infection of AIDS. Almost 34% (21 in numbers) respondents knew very well that unsafe sexual relation is the one of the major cause of AIDS. This option came out of the respondents itself as we put blank space stating others... in the option sheet. This shows that there are people who are highly aware of about AIDS and know its preventions.

How can HIV be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person

60 50 40 30 20 10 0
53 43 28 7 7 21

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 67% of the respondents knew very well that there are ways to prevent oneself from AIDS and they counted reasons like Safe Sex. But still 33% of the population of have the notion that either there is not any way to prevent from AIDS or they dont know any measures to prevent from it.

Do you think there are ways to avoid AIDS?

Don't Know 16 27% NO 4 6% YES 40 67%

YES NO Don't Know

77% of the respondents favours that having a single partner will reduce the chances of getting AIDS infection but only 6% counter the statement and 17% do not have any idea about the statement. Hence in total 23% of the population has either wrong information or unaware of AIDS.

Can the chances of AIDS be reduced by having a single sex partner

Don't Know 10 17% NO 4 6%

YES NO YES 46 77% Don't Know

Just to test awareness about the detective measures of AIDS we asked that which test is used to detect AIDS/HIV infection, majority of the population i.e. 68% answered

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correctly however the rest either dont know or have answered wrong. It means that rest 32% of the population are not aware of the AIDS or its related information. Which test is used to detect HIV/AIDS?

Urine Test Don't Know 7 12 12% 20%

Urine Test Blood Test Don't Know

Blood Test 41 68%

Only 50% of the respondents know that AIDS does not have any permanent cure rest believes that either it has permanent cure (only 8%) which is utterly wrong or they dont know about it. hence it can be inferred that 50% of the population is not at all aware of AIDS and its general characteristics.

Does AIDS have permanent cure?

Don't Know 25 42% YES 5 8% NO 30 50% YES NO Don't Know

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 Interestingly we came to know that 62% of the population have the view of nondiscrimination towards AIDS infected people and they told that they will allow their colleague to work with them even after on AIDS infection. 28% responded that AIDS infected people should quit job and cited reason that how a sick people can work. Rest 10% people dont have any idea regarding this matter. In this case only small percentage of the population needs awareness. Should a HIV +ve collegue be allowed to work?

NO 17 28% YES 37 62%

YES

NO
Don't Know Don't Know 6 10%

57% of the population believes that AIDS patients should go to specialized AIDS treatment centre for their cure. 37% advocates for Govt. Hospital but none of them said for treatment at home by local witch.
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

From Where AIDS Patients should Get Treatment? 34

22

4 0
Home Govt. Hospital Pvt. Hospital Specialised AIDS Treatment Centre

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8.2. Bi-variate analysis:

Bivariate analysis involves the analysis of the relation between the pair of two variables for the purpose of determining the empirical relationship between them. In our study we have done bivariate analysis to determine the relationship of level of AIDS awareness with different independent variables like age, gender, occupation and education.

8.2.1. CASE 1:
Dependent variable: AIDS awareness Independent variable: Education INTERPRETATIONS FROM MODELSUMMARY TABLE (Appendix 10.2.1): i. The value of the coefficient of correlation (R) comes out to be 0.143. The value is positive and hence it means that there is a positive relation between education and level of AIDS awareness. However, it is quite low that means it is not close to being a perfect correlation. ii. The value of the coefficient of determination (R-square) is 0.21. This means that 21% variability in the dependent variable can be explained by this model. INTERPRETATIONS FROM COEFFICIENT TABLE (Appendix 10.2.1): i. The estimated regression equation is: AIDS awareness= 2.780 + 0.126* Education (0.000)

8.2.2. CASE 2:
Dependent variable: AIDS awareness Independent variable: Occupation INTERPRETATIONS FROM MODEL SUMMARY TABLE (Appendix 10.2.2):

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i.

The value of the coefficient of correlation (R) comes out to be 0.071. The value is positive and hence it means that there is a positive relation between Occupation and level of AIDS awareness.

ii.

The value of the coefficient of determination (R-square) is 0.005. This means we can account for only 5% variability with the variable specified in this model i.e. occupation.

INTERPRETATIONS FROM COEFFICIENT TABLE (Appendix 10.2.2): i. The estimated regression equation is: AIDS awareness= 2.913 + 0.466* occupation (0.000)

8.2.3. CASE 3:
Dependent variable: AIDS awareness Independent variable:Gender INTERPRETATIONS FROM MODEL SUMMARY TABLE (Appendix 10.2.3): i. The value of the coefficient of correlation (R) comes out to be 0.004. The value is positive and hence it means that there is a positive relation between Gender and level of AIDS awareness. However the value being low shows that the correlation between is very low. ii. The value of the coefficient of determination (R-square) is 0.000. This means that no variability in the dependent variable can be explained by this model. INTERPRETATIONS FROM COEFFICIENT TABLE (Appendix 10.2.3): The estimated regression equation is: AIDS awareness= 3.165 + 0.465* Gender (0.000)

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8.2.4. CASE 4:
Dependent variable: AIDS awareness Independent variable: Age INTERPRETATIONS FROM MODEL SUMMARY TABLE (Appendix 10.2.4 ): i. The value of the coefficient of correlation (R) comes out to be 0.051. The value is positive and hence it means that there is a positive relation between Age and level of AIDS awareness. ii. The value of the coefficient of determination (R-square) is 0.003. This means we can account for only 3% variability with the variable specified in this model i.e. age. INTERPRETATIONS FROM COEFFICIENT TABLE (Appendix 10.2.4): i. The estimated regression equation is: AIDS awareness= 3.254 + 0.310* Age (0.000)

8.3. Multi-variate analysis:

Multivariate analysis is used for the analysis of the impact of more than one variable on a dependent variable. In our study, multivariate analysis aims at finding the relation between the dependent variable i.e. AIDS awareness and 4 independent variables. Dependent Variable: AIDS awareness Independent Variables: Education, occupation, age, gender

VALUES

PROVIDED

BY

THE

MODEL

SUMMARY

TABLE

AND

THEIR

INTERPRETATIONS (Appendix 10.3)

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It is clearly evident from the above table that the value of R-square (coefficient of determination) comes out to be 0.47. This means we can account for only 4.7% variability with the variables specified in this model. The value of the correlation coefficient R comes out to be 0.218. Since the value is positive, it reflects that there is a positive relation between the dependent variable and the independent variables specified in the model. The value is not close to 1 and therefore it means that the correlation is not perfect. INTERPRETATIONS FROM COEFFICIENT TABLE (Appendix 10.3): The un-standardized coefficients are the regression coefficients. The regression equation is: AIDS awareness = 1.659 + 0.222*education + 0.198*occupation + 0.140*gender + 0.15*age The (0.139) standard errors are the errors of the regression coefficient. The digits (0.235) (0.705) (0.881) shown in brackets are the significance levels. The standardized coefficients are used to analyse the relative importance of a different predictors that influence a dependent variable. The value of the same for education is 0.252 which is the highest. It means that it has the most effect on the level of awareness about AIDS in the residents of Salia sahi.

9. References:
http://www.banglanatak.com/Report%20on%20Alliance%20supported%20Project%20at%2 0%20Amritsar%20and%20Bhuvenswar.pdf http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-0325/bhubaneswar/29188267_1_artcentres-link-art-aids-patients http://www.phfi.org/images/publications/journals/Avahan_Evaluation_Abstract_Lancet_Oct 2011.pdf http://nipccd.nic.in/reports/rawe.pdf

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10.

Appendix

10.1.Uni-variate analysis Tables

Table: 1 Heard Of HIV/AIDS Before YES NO
59 1

Table: 2 Have You Discussed About AIDS with Someone? Spouse Friends Family Health Worker Colleague No One

3 15 2 2 3 35

Table: 3 Readiness to Take HIV Test YES NO Don't Know 37 23 0

Table: 4 Can a Healthy Looking Person be Infected from HIV/AIDS 23 YES 11 NO 26 Don't Know

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Table: 5 How Can HIV be transmitted from HIV Infected person to healthy person? 7 Eating Together Exchanging Clothes Exchanging Razors Receiving Blood From HIV Infected mother to New born child 7 43 53 28

Others

21

Table: 6 Do you think There are ways to avoid AIDS? YES NO Don't Know 40 4 16

Table: 7 Can The Chances of HIV be reduced by having a single sex partner? 46 YES 4 NO 10 Don't Know

Table: 8 Which Method is Used to detect HIV Urine Test Blood Test Don't Know

7 41 12

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Table: 9 Does AIDS have Permanent cure? YES NO Don't Know 5 30 25

Table: 10 Should a HIV +vecollegue be allowed to work? YES NO Don't Know

37 17 6

Table: 11
From Where AIDS patient gets treatment? Home Govt. Hospital Pvt. Hospital Specialised AIDS Treatment Centre

0 22 4 34

Table: 12
Did you notice AIDS Awareness Campaign in last 3 months?

YES NO

48 12

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10.2.Bi-variate analysis ( SPSS Output): 10.2.1. Case 1: AIDS awareness v/s Education
Model Summary
b

Change Statistics Adjusted R Model 1 R .143

a

Std. Error of the Estimate 1.189E0

R Square Change .021 F Change 1.215 df1 1 df2 58

Sig. F Change .275

R Square .021

Square .004

a. Predictors: (Constant), Education b. Dependent Variable: AIDSawareness

ANOVA Model 1 Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares 1.717 81.933 83.650 df

Mean Square 1 58 59 1.717 1.413

F 1.215

Sig. .275
a

a. Predictors: (Constant), Education b. Dependent Variable: AIDSawareness

Coefficients Unstandardized Coefficients Model 1 (Constant) Education B 2.780 .126 Std. Error .369 .115 .143 Standardized Coefficients Beta

95% Confidence Interval for B t 7.527 1.102 Sig. .000 .275 Lower Bound Upper Bound 2.041 -.103 3.519 .355

a. Dependent Variable: AIDSawareness

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10.2.2. Case 2: AIDS awareness v/s Occupation

b

Model Summary

Change Statistics Adjusted R Model 1 R .071

a

Std. Error of the Estimate 1.198E0

R Square Change .005 F Change .291 df1 1 df2 58

Sig. F Change .591

R Square .005

Square -.012

a. Predictors: (Constant), Occupation b. Dependent Variable: AIDS awareness

ANOVA Model 1 Regression Residual Total a. Predictors: (Constant), Occupation b. Dependent Variable: AIDS awareness Sum of Squares .418 83.232 83.650 df

Mean Square 1 58 59 .418 1.435

F .291

Sig. .591
a

Coefficients Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients Model 1 (Constant) Occupation B 2.913 .077 Std. Error .466 .143 Coefficients Beta

95% Confidence Interval for B T 6.246 Sig. .000 .591 Lower Bound Upper Bound 1.979 -.210 3.846 .365

.071

.540

a. Dependent Variable: AIDS awareness

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10.2.3. Case 3: AIDS awareness v/s Gender

Model Summary

Change Statistics Adjusted R Model 1 R .004

a

Std. Error of the Estimate 1.201E0

R Square Change .000 F Change .001 df1 1 df2 58

Sig. F Change .973

R Square .000

Square -.017

a. Predictors: (Constant), Gender b. Dependent Variable: AIDS awareness

ANOVA Model 1 Regression Residual Total a. Predictors: (Constant), Gender b. Dependent Variable: AIDS awareness Sum of Squares .002 83.648 83.650 df

Mean Square 1 58 59 .002 1.442

F .001

Sig. .973
a

Coefficients Unstandardized Coefficients Model 1 (Constant) Gender B 3.165 -.011 Std. Error .465 .325 -.004 Standardized Coefficients Beta

95% Confidence Interval for B t 6.800 -.034 Sig. .000 .973 Lower Bound Upper Bound 2.233 -.662 4.096 .640

a. Dependent Variable: AIDS awareness

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10.2.4. Case 4: AIDS awareness v/s Age

Model Summary

Change Statistics Adjusted R Model 1 R .051

a

Std. Error of the Estimate 1.199E0

R Square Change .003

F Change .150 df1 1 df2 58

Sig. F Change .700

R Square .003

Square -.015

a. Predictors: (Constant), Age b. Dependent Variable: AIDSawareness

ANOVA Model 1 Regression Residual Total a. Predictors: (Constant), Age b. Dependent Variable: AIDS awareness Sum of Squares .216 83.434 83.650 Df 1 58 59

Mean Square .216 1.439

F .150

Sig. .700
a

Coefficients

Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients

95% Confidence Interval for B Upper

Model 1 (Constant) Age

B 3.254 -.034

Std. Error .310 .088

Beta

t 10.505 -.051 -.387

Sig. .000 .700

Lower Bound Bound 2.634 -.211 3.874 .143

a. Dependent Variable: AIDS awareness

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10.3.Multi-variate analysis ( SPSS Output):

Model Summary
b

Change Statistics Adjusted R Model 1 R .218

a

Std. Error of the Estimate 1.204E0

R Square Change .047 F Change .686 df1 4 df2 55

Sig. F Change .605

R Square .047

Square -.022

a. Predictors: (Constant), Age, Occupation, Gender, Education b. Dependent Variable: AIDSawareness

b

ANOVA Model 1 Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares 3.973 79.677 83.650

df 4 55 59

Mean Square .993 1.449

F .686

Sig. .605
a

a. Predictors: (Constant), Age, Occupation, Gender, Education b. Dependent Variable: AIDSawareness

Coefficients Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients

95% Confidence Interval for B Upper

Model 1 (Constant) Education Occupation Gender Age

B 1.659 .222 .198 .140 .015

Std. Error 1.198 .148 .165 .368 .098

Beta

t 1.385 .252 .180 .057 .022 1.500 1.200 .381 .150

Sig. .172 .139 .235 .705 .881

Lower Bound -.741 -.075 -.132 -.597 -.182

Bound 4.059 .519 .527 .877 .212

a. Dependent Variable: AIDSawareness

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10.4.Sample Questionnaire:
Xavier Institute of Management Bhubaneswar Questionnaire for Household Survey HIV/AIDS Awareness A comparative Study among the Residents ofabout HIV/AIDS Awareness QUESTIONNAIRE Locality : 1. IDENTIFICATION PARTICULARS: (i) Name of the Respondent : (ii) Age (iii) Caste: :........ Sex : Male Female Ward No. :

SC / ST / OBC / General

(iv) Religion .

2.FAMILY PROFILE
Sl. No Name of the Family Members Respondent 2 3 4 5 6 Relationship With HoF Gender Age Education Marital Status Occupation Primary Secondary

Primary Occupation: Engaged for 250 days/ year or more Secondary Occupation: Engaged less than 115 days/year HoF: Head of Family

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Details about HIV/AIDS

Q 1 Have you ever heard about HIV/ AIDS? Yes/No

Q 2 In the recent past with whom did you talk about HIV/AIDS. Wife/ friend/ family member/ health worker/ colleague / havent talked to anyone.

Q 3 Can a healthy looking person be infected with the HIV virus? Yes/ No/ Dont Know.

Q 4 How do you think that HIV/AIDS is transmitted from one person to another? (tick options) Eating Food together with an HIV infected person. Exchanging clothes with an HIV infected person. Exchanging razors with an HIV infected person. Receiving blood from an HIV infected person. From HIV infected mother to unborn child. Others .

Q 5 Do you think that there are ways to avoid getting infected with HIV/ AIDS? Yes/ No/ dont know

Q 6 Tell three ways by which you can protect yourself from getting HIV/ AIDS. . . . . Q 7 Can the chances of getting AIDS virus be reduced by having only one trusted partner? Yes/ No/ Dont Know Q 8 What is the method used to detect HIV/ AIDS? Urine test. Blood test. Dont know Q 9 Is there any permanent cure for HIV/ AIDS? Yes/ No/ Dont Know.

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Q 10 Do you personally know anyone who is infected from HIV/ AIDS? Yes/ No.

Q 11 If a co-worker is infected by AIDS but is not sick, should he be allowed to continue working? Yes/ No/ Dont Know. Q 12 Are you willing to go for test of HIV/ AIDS? Yes/ No. Q 13 Have you ever used Alcohol? Yes/ No. Q 14 If you found out that one of your relative is infected with HIV/ AIDS what would you do? Keep it as a secret/ inform other family members/ Seek medical advice/ Askhim (her) to resign from duty/ others. Q 15 Have you heard about STD? Yes/ No. Q 16 Do you know if having STD can increase the chance of a person getting AIDS? Yes/No Q 17 If someone is infected from HIV/AIDS, from where he can get his treatment. At home Govt. hospital Private hospital Specialized treatment centers for HIV/AIDS

Q 18 During the past few months have you heard or seen anything on the radio, television or newspaper about the HIV/ AIDS prevention programmes? Yes/No

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10.5.Master Table: Family Profile:

Respondent Number Name of the Respondent Age Sex Caste Education No. of family members Primary Occupation of Family 1= Govt. Job 2 = Private Job 3 = Business 4= Skilled labour 5= Unskilled labour

1= Less 1= than 25 yrs Male 2 = 26- 30 2= yrs Female 3 = 31 - 35 yrs 4 = 36 - 40 yrs 5 = 41 - 45 Yrs 6 = 46 and more 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 PhagunSoren RabindraNathSoren Sampat Nayak SangramMurmu Mohan Patra Sujata Nayak Ram Chandra Biswal ManjuBalaSahu Manesa Das Sarveswar Das KavindraMohanty Reena Rani Pusti Buddha DevPatra Purna Chandra Raut Namita Pradhan Pramitapatra ShantilataMahapatra Shashiprabharaut Reenapatra Annapurna nayak Pradeepjena MamtaBehera Purjanayak 5 6 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 5 2 2 6 4 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2

1= SC 2= ST 3= OBC 4= GEN

0 = No education 1= upto 5th 2= upto 8th 3= upto 10th 4= upto 12th 5= graduate or more 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 4 5 0 4 4 3 1 5 4 5 4 6 6 4 4 3 4 3 4 6 3 5 5 6 5 5 4 4 4 5

2 2 1 2 3 3 4 3 1 1 4 3 1 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 1 1 3

4 2 2 3 4 3 5 5 4 4 3 5 4 2 3 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4

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24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Sadhu CharanSahu PurnoyaBehera UshalataBehera Bharti Pradhan NareshMallick MeenraniPatnaik Subhash Chandra Behera Ashok Giri RakeshDigal KesiPatra Jugal Barik SnigdhaMohanty Santosh Kumar Dakua Chandani Nayak ManaswiBehera Pabitra Mohan Dilip Swain Deepak Pradhan Pobita Nayak DivyaRanjan Sahoo Sujeet Kr. Sahoo Jitendrakumar Sahoo Rabindra Kumar Sahoo Kailash Biswal VidyaDhar Sahoo Mangal Sahoo Buddha Swain Ranjanpatra Rahul Seth TapnMeher SantoshBiswal Jyoti Pradhan Lopa Nayak Narayan Lenka MamuniTripathy Janaki Swain JagmohanMeher

4 6 2 1 1 1 1 5 2 4 6 1 3 1 4 3 5 1 5 1 1 1 6 6 5 1 2 3 5 6 3 4 2 3 2 5 3

1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1

3 1 4 4 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 3 4 1 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 2

3 0 4 1 3 3 4 5 4 0 2 3 4 3 2 5 3 3 1 4 4 5 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 3 1

3 6 3 4 6 3 4 2 4 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 5 3 5 4 4 2 3 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 4

2 4 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 5 3 3 4 2 2 1 1 4 5 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 5 4 3 2 3 2 5

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