Waste Management at Construction Site

Ambalal S dhongadi ambalal.b240@gmail.com Sawan D Revankar sawanrev@gmail.com

BVBCET, Hubli

Abstract
The Waste is not just rubbish and unwanted material, but also includes: excavated material such as dirt, sandstone and soil construction, building and demolition waste such as asphalt, bricks, concrete, plasterboard, timber and vegetation asbestos and a contaminated soil. This paper analyzes the dangers of construction & demolition waste and availability of resources and construction waste management measures put forward some suggestions and ideas, through the integration of the classification of construction waste, so that the already huge waste into a mixture of resources, and ultimately the sustainable development of the construction industry. The purpose of this paper is to provide measures to prevent solid waste from being blown or washed off a construction site and onto adjacent properties or into the City's streets, drainage ditches, storm water sewers, and natural bodies of water within the City, in the interest of public peace, health, safety, morals, and general welfare and the protection of the environment. This paper mainly deals with the various techniques of waste management like proper disposal of wastes, recycling & reutilization of waste thereby minimizing the hazardous effects of waste leading to a pollution free environment. significant impact on the environment, especially as the total volume available landfill is decreasing. The various companies are involved with several construction projects that produce large volumes of waste therefore, effective waste management will Reduce the costs associated with waste disposal, Reduce the amount of material sent to landfill by adopting the reduce, re-use, recover and recycle ethos.

It is estimated that the construction industry in India generates about 10-12 million tons of waste annually. According to a study commissioned by Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), 70% of the construction industry is not aware of recycling techniques.

2. How the waste is generated?

Construction and demolition waste is generated whenever any construction/demolition activity takes place, such as, building roads, bridges, fly, over, subway, remodeling etc. 8,000 lbs of waste are typically thrown into the landfill during the construction of a 2,000 square foot home.

3. Characteristics:
Keywords: construction waste, hazards, recycling 1. Introduction
The minimization and disposal of waste has become one of the most significant environmental issues of recent years. The disposal of waste can have a This category of waste is complex due to the different types of building materials being used but in general may comprise the following materials Major components: Cement concrete Bricks Cement plaster

Steel (from RCC, door/window frames, roofing support, railings of staircase etc.) Rubble Stone (marble, granite, sand stone) Timber/wood (especially demolition of old buildings) Minor components: Conduits (iron, plastic) Pipes (GI, iron, plastic)

As the city increased the amount of construction waste, garbage dump sites are also increasing, while the area of garbage dumps are also gradually expanding. In addition, construction waste open dumps in various cities under external force, but also into the smaller pieces of gravel near the soil, changing the material composition of the soil, destroy soil structure, reduce soil productivity.

4.2 The Pollution of Waters:

Piling and construction waste landfill in the process, due to fermentation and rain leaching, erosion, and surface water and groundwater and the infiltration of sewage soaking will cause the surrounding surface water and groundwater heavily polluted. Not only within the landfill leach ate contains large amounts of organic pollutants, but also contains a lot of metal and nonmetal contaminants, water quality components are complex. Once the drinking water is contaminated that will cause great harm to the human body.

fig.1 4. Hazards of construction waste:

Most construction waste goes into landfills, increasing the burden on landfill loading and operation. Waste from sources such as solvents or chemically treated wood can result in soil and water pollution. Construction waste on the environmental impact of our lives with the broad, fuzzy and hysteresis characteristics. Broad objective, but the fuzzy and the lag will be reduced importance in it, resulting in ecological and geological environmental pollution, serious damage to urban sanitation; housing and living conditions deteriorate and hinder the healthy development of the city.

fig.2

4.1 Occupation of land, reduce soil quality:

5. The Availability of Construction Waste Treatment:

5.1 Construction waste in rocks, concrete blocks and broken bricks are treated as a concrete or mortar aggregate use. Construction waste in rocks, concrete blocks and broken bricks can also be directly used for strengthening soft soil. The principle is the use of construction waste in the form of bulk material pile of inorganic materials, through the piles and pile hammer impact on the interaction between the soil to form a composite foundation, thus to improve the bearing capacity Scrap steel, wire, steel wire and various accessories such as metal, can be used by sorting, concentration, re-melting, and processing into a variety of steel products

Architectures and Engineers must establish waste reduction goals and define what levels of diversion are achievable and reasonable under the project's conditions Establish requirements for waste reduction: Begin with making waste reduction a priority from the start of the project and planning for it throughout all phases of design, Construction, installation, and occupancy Set goals: Set specific waste reduction goals for each project and assemble a team of qualified professionals experienced in environmentally sound design and construction practices. Include these goals and requirements for experience in requests for proposals and other contract documents. Identify materials that can be salvaged and reused. Monitor and support the program: Monitor the progress of waste reduction efforts by requiring contractors to submit the waste management plan and waste management progress reports. Support these efforts by identifying locations to collect and store recyclables on-site. Use a Construction Waste Management Specification: A Construction Waste Management Specification written with legally enforceable language is your most effective tool to ensure waste reduction happens successfully on your project.

6. Uses of Construction Waste

The vast majority of construction waste and demolition debris materials can be reused on site, salvaged for reuse on-site or elsewhere, or recycled. Diverting 90% of construction jobsite waste and over 80% of demolition debris from landfill disposal is not uncommon. It has been generally accepted that recycled aggregates either fine or coarse can be obtained by primary and secondary crushing and subsequent removal of impurities. The best particle distribution can be achieved by primary crushing and then secondary crushing, but a single crushing process is more effective from the economic point of view Recycling of materials can save significant money for the state and other purchasers generate additional trade prospects, save energy by performing recycling at site, and preserve thinning resources.

7.1 Waste Minimization Techniques

While serious pollution generated from construction activities, a comprehensive construction waste management is urgently needed on every construction site. It is of great importance to structure ways for minimizing waste generation is seen as the most favorable solution to waste problems of any kind. Indeed, it should be made compulsory that every construction company should enact construction waste management plan tailored to its particular mode of business so that every personnel from the management to the operational level can head for the same goal of construction waste management.

7. Waste Management Planning

Waste management should be an integral part of a project's development. Each of the principal project participants-the Owner, their Architectural and Engineering services (or Construction Management consultant), the Contractor, and Subcontractors -will engage in waste management to some degree throughout the project. Initially, the Owner and their

7.2 Storage of Construction and Demolition Waste

These wastes are best stored at source, i.e., at the point of generation. If they are scattered around or thrown on the road, they not only cause obstruction to traffic but also add to the workload of the local body. All attempts should be made to stick to the following measures: All construction/demolition waste should be stored within the site itself. A proper screen should be provided so that the waste does not get scattered and does not become an eyesore. Attempts should be made to keep the waste segregated into different heaps as far as possible so that their further gradation and reuse is facilitated. Material, which can be reused at the same site for the purpose of construction, leveling, making road/pavement etc. should also be kept in Separate heaps from those, which are to be sold or land filled. This subject is often neglected in case of repair/maintenance of roads, water pipes, underground telephone and electric cables etc. It is not uncommon to see that after such work, the waste remains piled for months on the roads or pavements. The concerned departments and contractors must coordinate with the municipality for removal of the debris generated. The municipality while giving permission for such work should clearly sort out the issue of removal of the debris and should insist that immediately after the job is over, the road should be repaired and brought back to its normal shape.

Close co-ordination between the Sanitary Department, Municipal Engineering Department and Town Planning Department is essential if there is no consolidated Solid Waste Management Department to take care of the construction and demolition waste in addition to other municipal garbage.

7.4 RECYCLING AND REUSE:

Some materials can be recycled directly into the same product for re-use. Others can be reconstituted into other usable products. Unfortunately, recycling that requires reprocessing is not usually economically feasible unless a facility using recycled resources is located near the material source. Many construction waste materials that are still usable can be donated to non-profit organizations. This keeps the material out of the landfill and supports a good cause. Construction waste recycling is the separation and recycling of recoverable waste materials generated during construction and remodeling. Packaging, new material scraps and old materials and debris all constitute potentially recoverable materials. In renovation, appliances, masonry materials, doors and windows are recyclable.

7.3 Collection and Transportation:

If the construction debris is stored in skips, then skip lifters fitted with hydraulic hoist system should be used for efficient and prompt removal. In case, trailers are used, then tractors may remove these. For handling very large volumes, front-end loaders in combination with sturdy tipper trucks may be used so that the time taken for loading and unloading is kept to the minimum. For small generators of construction debris, e.g., petty repair/maintenance job, there may be two options Specific places for such dumping by the local body and Removal on payment basis. In case of small towns where skips and tipping trailers are not available, manual loading and unloading should be permitted.

fig.3 Need For Adoption of Proper Method of Recycling It reduces the demand up on new resources. Cuts down the cost and effort of transport and production.

Use waste which would otherwise be lost to landfill sites

The use of these materials basically depends on their separation and condition of the separated material. A majority of these materials are durable and therefore, have a high potential of reuse. It would, however, be desirable to have quality standards for the recycled materials. For example the properties of fresh recycled aggregate concrete are as follows: The air content of recycled aggregate concrete is slightly higher (4-5%) than concrete with natural aggregate. This increased air content in the recycled concrete leads to reduction in the density of fresh concrete The bulk density of fresh concrete made with natural aggregates is in the range of 2400 kg/m3, where as the concrete made with recycled aggregates is significantly lighter, 2150 kg/m3.

7.5 DISPOSAL
Being predominantly inert in nature, construction and demolition waste does not create chemical or biochemical pollution. Hence maximum effort should be made to reuse and recycle them as indicated above. The material can be used for filling/leveling of low-lying areas. In the industrialized countries, special landfills are sometimes created for inert waste, which are normally located in abandoned mines and quarries. The same can be attempted in our country also for cities, which are located near open mining quarries or mines where normally sand is used as the filling material. However, proper sampling of the material for its physical and chemical characteristics has to be done for evaluating its use under the given circumstances.

8. Conclusion
It is not only the quantity of reuse, also the quality is important. Other applications than road building are necessary for durable recycling. Special local government policy can rise the amount of recycling of C&D waste. CE marking will be the next step in the broad acceptance of secondary granulates.